( ) 2006 7 20
i 21 1962 1969 1987 1992 2005 65 1972 1977 1997 1977 1998 1982 1998 2002 2004 2005 SPP 1999
ii 1 g cm m 6378km ( ) 4.2, 4.3 5.1 7.1 8.1 4.1 7.3, 7.4 7.1 1 2 7.1 8.2 2 5 6 1, 2 2.3 4.2, 4.3 7.1, 7.5 8.1 1 3 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 7.3, 7.4 1 2006 7 20 5 6
iii I 1 1 3 1.1................................... 5 1.2.................................. 10 1.3.................................. 16 1.4..................................... 22 1.5..................................... 25 II 33 2 35 2.1............................. 35 2.2................................ 35 2.3...................... 38 2.4............................... 38 2.5................................. 38 3 41 3.1.................................. 41 3.2............................. 42 3.3............................... 42 4 45 4.1.................. 45 4.2............... 47 4.3 ph............. 50
iv III 53 5 55 5.1..... 55 5.2.................... 56 5.3.......... 58 5.4........................ 58 6 59 6.1........................... 59 6.2................... 62 7 77 7.1............................... 77 7.2........................... 79 7.3............................ 82 7.4........................... 85 7.5........................... 88 8 91 8.1..................... 92 8.2............... 94 8.3............................. 96
I
3 1 * 1 *1 2003 8
4 1 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 16 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 22 1. 2. 3. 25 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ph 8.
1.1 5 1.1
6 1
1.1 7
8 1
1.1 9
10 1 1.2
1.2 11
12 1
1.2 13
14 1
1.2 15
16 1 1.3
1.3 17
18 1
1.3 19
20 1
1.3 21
22 1 1.4
1.4 23
24 1
1.5 25 1.5
26 1
1.5 27
28 1
1.5 29
30 1
1.5 31
32 1
II
35 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1
36 2 2.1 2.2 S. MATTSON (1938) 2.2.2
2.2 37 1cm 100 2.3 (1988) 2.2.3
38 2 2.3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 2.4 1 1.5m O A B C R ( ) 2.5
2.5 39 2.4 2.5 (a) (b)
41 3 3.1 20mm 20mm 0.2 mm 0.2mm
42 3 0.2mm 7.2 79 3.2 20cm 1983 74,810 3,280 1,845 479 103 48 12 11 1.8 0.5 1m cm 260 28 15,1987 3.3 1.0 /ha 3.5 /ha 5.5 /ha 10.9 /ha,1989
3.3 43 Charles Robert Darwin(1809 1882): 1881 40.5 m 2 10 100m 2 2.5kg
44 3 3.1 1995)
45 4 *1 7.3 82 7.4 85 7.5 88 4.1 ph 7.3 82 *1 2004 9 8 SPP
46 4 300mL 1cm x 4cm *2 0.01 mol/l M NaOH 1. *3 1/3 100mL 2. 3. 0.01M NaOH 4. 5. 1. NaOH 2. 20 40 23 NaOH 0.01M 0.005M 30 0.05M 50 NaOH A B *2 No.42 Toyo No.5C *3
4.2 47 CO 2 NaOH NaHCO 3 NaHCO 3 H 2 O Na + OH H 2 CO 3 CO 2 H 2 CO 3 NaOH ph H 2 CO 3 H + HCO 3 ph 5.6 ph 5.6 ph 8.3 ph 4.2 Al Si 2 - Al ph ph
48 4 2 1. Si Al Al Mg, Fe ph K + NH + 4 Al 3+ 2. ph 1 1 Al-O Si-O COO ph ph 1 2 Ca 2+ Mg 2+ H + Al 3+ 3. ph Al-OH + H + Al-OH + 2 Fe-OH + H+ Fe-OH + 2 ph ph
4.2 49 7.4 85 1. 2mm 2. 4.1 1000 10 3. 2g 4g 1000 10mL 4. 5 No.6 5. 2 10 100 1000 6. 7. 4.1
50 4 4.3 ph ph ph H + *4 ph ph ph ph ph ph H + H + ph (, ) Ca 2+ + 2HCl (, ) (2H + ) + CaCl 2 ( ) Al-OH + HCl ( ) Al-OH HCl N 2 Si-OH COOH OH *4 ph ph7
4.3 ph 51 ph ( ) OH + NaOH ( ) O Na + + H 2 O ( ) COOH + NaOH ( ) COO Na + + H 2 O ph ph ph 7.5 88 1. 2mm 2. 1M 1/1000M 3. 1/1000M 2 5 10 100 1000 1/1000M ph3.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 5.0 6.0 4. 2g 4g 1/1000M 20mL 5. 5 No.6 6. ph 7. ph ph ph ph 8. ph 9. ph ph
III
55 5 5.1-2.2.2 36 1. 2. 3.
56 5 4. 5. 6. 7. 2mm 8. *1 5.2 5.1 *1
5.2 57 1. 1m 1.5 2m 1 1.5m 1 2 2. O 5 10cm 3. mm 4. 10cm
58 5 5.2 5.3 1m 3 6 6.1 59 A Bw A/Bw/Cg A/Cg 5.4 ( 6.2 62
59 6 6.1 1. 1 1.5m 3 6 2. * 1 1. 2. 1 O/A/Bw/BC/C 5 O B (Bw ) (BC ) C C 2 Ap/A1/A2/Bw1/2Bw2 5 A 3 Ap A1 A2 *1
60 6 B 2 Bw1 2Bw2 3 A/Bt1/Bt2/C1/C2 5 B 2 C 2 O 1 5cm A O ( ) B A ( ) C ( ) A B R C ( ) H G O H ( ( ) ) a b e g h i p s t w ir mn Ha Oa Ab He Oe Bg Bhs Hi Oi Ap ( ) Bs Bt Bw Cgir Bgirmn Bgmn Cgmn
6.1 61 6.1 ( ) ( ) 3 6.1 6.1 A 0 18cm Bg 18 45cm Cg 45 70cm 1cm 1 3cm 3 5cm ( ) 5cm
62 6 6.2 6.2 (O,H ) ( ) Oi Oe Oa ( ) 6.2
6.2 63 6.2 % 2% 5 7 2 5% 4 5 5 10% 2 3 10 20% 1 2 20% 2 2mm *2 6.2 6.3 S SL L SiL CL LiC HC *2 12,,,,L,,,,,,,
64 6 6.3 ( ) 6.4 ( )(,1980 ) ( ) 2mm 6.5
6.2 65 6.4 ( ) 2mm 2 0.2mm 0.2 0.02mm 0.02 0.002mm 0.002mm 1 2 ( 6.5
66 6 6.5 ( ) 0.2 1cm 1 5cm 5 10cm 10 20cm 20 30cm 30cm 0% 0 5% 5 10% 10 20% 20 50% 50%
6.2 67 7.5YR5/6 10YR4/4 5Y5/1 1. 2. 3. 2.5YR 5YR 3.75YR 3 4 3.5 2 3 2.5 4. 5. 6. 5YR 2.5YR 10R 3 3 / 4/3 4/4 5YR 2.5YR 10R 3 3 6 / 4/3 4/4 5YR (7.5YR 10YR 2.5Y 7.5Y) 3
68 6 6 / 3/6 4/6 5YR (7.5YR 10YR 2.5Y 7.5Y) 3 3 6 / 3/6 4/6 10Y (10R 10YR 2.5Y 7.5Y) 3 3 (N) 3 10Y (10Y 2.5GY 10GY 2.5G 10G 2.5B ) 5YR 2.5YR 10R 3 6.6
6.2 69 6.6 (5YR4/4) (16 ) 6.7
70 6 TDDM 6.6 0% 0 2% 2 5% 5 15% 15 40% 40%
6.2 71 6.7 6.8
72 6 6.7 1 5 10 1 1 2 5 10 10 20 1 2 (mm) 2 5 10 20 20 50 2 5 5 10 20 50 50 100 5 10 10 50 100 10
6.2 73 ( ) 6.8 (19mm) 6.8 10 11 18 19 24 25 28 29 6.9 ( :, : )
74 6 ( ) 6.9 6.9 1. 6.10 100cm 2 2. 1991 2mm 0.2 2mm 0.2 2mm 0.2mm 3. FAO/ISRIC, 1990
6.2 75 6.10 0.5mm 0.5 2mm 2 5mm 5mm 0 /100cm 2 1 20 20 50 50 200 200 0 /100cm 2 1 2 2 5 5 20 20 :
77 7 3 4 7.1 5 *1 7.1(a) *1 2004 9 8 SPP 2006 4
78 7 A B A B 7.1(b) 7.1(c) 2mm 7.1(d) O 7.1 (a) (b) (c) A B A B (d) 2mm A B
7.2 79 7.2 ) 3 41 50cm cm 70% 7.2 60 1 7.3 60 70%
80 7 7.2 (a) (b) (c)
7.2 81 7.3 1983)
82 7 7.3 *2 4.1 45 1. 2. 3. *2 2004 9 8 SPP
7.3 83 7.4
84 7 7.5 (a) (b)8 (c)16 A
7.4 85 7.4 *3 4.2 47 1. 2. *3 2004 9 8 SPP
86 7 7.6
7.4 87 7.7 (a) (b) (c) (d) B A (e) B A
88 7 7.5 4.3 50 30 ml ph 7.8(a) ph ph 1M 1. ph 2.0 1M 1/100 2. ph 3.0 ph 2.0 1/10 3. ph 3.3 ph 2.0 1/20 4. ph 3.7 ph 2.0 1/50 5. ph 4.0 ph 3.0 1/10 6. ph 4.3 ph 3.0 1/20 7. ph 4.7 ph 3.0 1/50 8. ph 5.0 ph 4.0 1/10 9. 0.1 g 100 ml 7.8(b) ph 3.3 ph 3.7 2.0 g 20 ml 7.8(c) 2 mm
7.5 89 7.8(e) 30 ml 7.8(f) 7.8(g) ph ph 3.3 ph 3.7 ph (ph 3.7 ph 3.7 4.0 (ph 4.3 ) ph ph ph ph ph 5.6 ph 5.6 ph 4.0 5.0 ph 3.3 ph 3.7 ph
90 7 7.8 (a)ph (b)ph3.3 ph3.7 (c) (d) (e) (f-1,2,3) (g)
91 8 *1 8.1 (a) (b) (c) (d) *1 2004 9 8 SPP 06-6538-0571 Fax 06-6535-1292 1 10 2
92 8 8.1 8.2 (a) (b) (c) (d)
8.1 93 8.3 (e) (f) 1 (g) (h)
94 8 8.2 8.4 (a) (b) (c,d)
8.2 95 8.5 (e g) (h,i)
96 8 8.3 8.6
i 1. (2005) 2. (2005) 3. (2002) ( ) 4. (1990) 5. (1990) 6. (1990) 7. (1990) 8. (1989) 9. (1989) 10. (1988) 11. (1987) 12. (1986) 13. (1974) 1. (1998) 2. (1998), 7 1, pp.2 11
ii 3. (1995),19 2, pp.121 129 4. (1989),, 42 4, pp.105 110, 5. (1996) V., 45 5, pp.52 56 6. (1994) (2),48 11. pp54 60, 7. (1987) pp.1 108 1. (1997) 2. (1993) 3. (1978) 4. FAO/ISRIC(1990) Guidelines for Profile Description 3rd ed.,rome 5. (1988) 6. (2005) pp.102 7. (1999) 8. (1995) 9. (1991) pp.201 10. (1989). pp.127 143 11. (1989) pp.166, 12. (1983) pp.244 1. (1986) 1986 33 pp.114 122
iii 18 16 17 SPP
iv (B) 2006 7 20 HP http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jssspn/edu/ 113-0033 6-26-10-202 (03)-3815-2085 FAX (03)-3815-6018 HP http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jssspn/ E-mail jssspn@wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp 3 5 5-91 011-241-9341