I torutake@mail.sci.hokudai.ac.jp http://geotec.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/geotec/ I 800 2940
7/26 8/9 2/3 9 15 10% 6/1 20% 70% 15% 30% 40% 15%
R=6400 km θ (S) θ/360 o =S/2πR (1) GPS (Global Positioning System) VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry):
f=(a-b)/a a= b= a-b=21.4 km
high high
: f 1 =GmM/R 2 m M R G f 2 =mrω 2 r ω ω =2π/t
=GMm/(6.356*10 6 ) 2 (1) GMm/(6.378*10 6 ) 2 (2) = (2) = (2) m*6.378*10 6 *(7.292*10-5 ) 2 (3) 0.9931 0.9897
: F=mg=ks Δg=(k/m)*Δs k, s : x o v o x=1/2gt 2 +v o t +x o
=GMm/R 2 GMm/(R+h) 2 =3.1*10-6 h (m/s 2 ) h =1.13*10-6 h (m/s 2 )
Δg f Δg f =0 Δg f >0 Δg f <0 Sea level C 1 C 2 C 3 C 1 C 1 C 1 M 1 M 2 M 3 M 1 M 4 M 5 C 1 +M 1 =C 2 +M 2 =C 3 +M 3 C 1 +M 5 <C 1 +M 1 <C 1 +M 4
Δg b Δg b >0 Sea level Δg b <0
S N 11 o 6-7 o 9 o
7 o 350 8 o 10
A. : vs t t=s/v 1 (t=s/v 2 +C) S: V 1 : V 2 : C: 6 km/s 7 km/s 8 km/s
Snell V 1, V 2 i r sin i/sin r = V 1 /V 2 (1) p. 12 90 o 5/10
B isostatic rebound 1000 m m
1 m2 h m h ρh ρgh 30 km, 2700 kg/m3 30*10 3 m*2.7*10 3 kg/m 3 *9.8 m/s 2 =7.938*10 8 [kg/m*s 2 ] F=mα [N]=[kg*m/s 2 ] 7.938*10 8 [N/m 2 ]= 7.938*10 8 [Pa]= 7.938*10 2 [MPa] 10 5 Pa=1 bar, 7.938*10 3 bar=7.938 kbar 1bar=1000 Pa= 1
1 km 920 kg/m3 15 km 2700 kg/m3 15 km 15 km 3000 kg/m3 15 km 5 km 3300 kg/m3 (5 +x) km 920*1+2700*15+3000*15+5*3300= 2700*15+3000*15+(5+x)*3300 X( ) 920*1=x*3300, x=279, 280 m
C P S 103 o P 143 o S 103 o 180 o
D P S
A P Vp S Vs Vp=SQRT[(κ+4/3µ)/ρ] Vs=SQRT[µ/ρ] κ µ ρ p κ Δ τ µ γ p Δ τ γ 70~100 km 70~100 km 250 km,
: 0~10-100 km, 2.7 g/cm 3 (3.0 g/cm 3 ) 7 km): 2900 km 660 km 3.3 g/cm 3 2900 km Mg 2 SiO 4 (MgSiO 3 ) 6400 km 10 g/cm 3
C O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg
SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 FeO, MgO, CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 MgO D CT
A
A 100 km
B C
Mg Fe D SiO 2 SiO 2 2 2
B SiO 2 Ca Na SiO 2, Na 2 O, K 2 O MgO FeO CaO Al 2 O 3
A SiO 4 Fe Mg Fe Mg SiO 4 Mg, Fe 2 SiO 4 isolated, (SiO 4 ) 4- (Mg, Fe)SiO 3 single chain (SiO 3 ) 2- (Mg, Fe) 7 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 : 2 single chain, (Si 4 O 11 ) 6- K 2 (Fe, Mg) 6 (Al 2 Si 6 )O 20 (OH) 4 sheet, (Si 4 O 10 ) 4- NaAlSi 3 O 8 framework (Si 3 O 8 ) 4-
B forsterite Mg 2 SiO 4 fayalite Fe 2 SiO 4 Mg Fe albite,naalsi 3 O 8 anorthite, CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 NaSi CaAl albite K-feldspar, KAlSi 3 O 8
C C Al 2 SiO 5 D 1 10 2.5 2 3 6~6.5 7
Ca CaFeSi 2 O 6 CaSiO 3
A
Q ΔT/Δz (k) Q = k(t 2 -T 1 )/(z 2 -z 1 ) = k(δt/δz) z 1 (m) T 1 ( o C) z 2 (m) T 2 ( o C) K(W/m*K) 2~3(W/m*K) Q(W/m 2 ) mw/m 2
A B C 10 100 km D
A
B C 1 km 500 m 1-2 km, 5-6 km,
A 5-6 cm/y 2 cm/y 2.5-0.7 Ma 1929
p. 11 4000 20
B 1930 C 35
A B 100 150 km Na, K
C SiO 2 ~ H 2 O ~ 1300 o C 1000 o C, 700-800 o C D
64 mm 2~64 mm 2 mm ~ ~ ~
10~100 km/ 9.11 2000 3 27-31
A >1 m/s B D P S P, T T=(D/V s )-(D/V p ) D=kT (k=6~8 km/s) V p P V s S C
D D ) M8 M M 32 M w M w M w E
A 700 km 400 km 200 km A
A 15~20 km 1995. 1. 17. M 7.3 6434 1891. 10. 28 M 8.0 7273 B 200 p. 46-47
A 1923. 9. 1. M 7.9 142,800 B
A p. 52 CO 2 B V
A B U
A CaCO 3 + CO 2 +H 2 O = Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 B C D 1/32~1/4 mm
Al, Fe Al 25~20
A B C
D
A B
C D =2 -φ (mm) φ φ=4 1/16 mm φ=-1(2 mm)
A B C
D E F
A 10 km, 1000 km p. 62 B p. 79
A GPS(Global Positioning System) 100 1 km 1 1 mm B GPS
A Al 2 SiO 5 50 km
A 46-5.4 46-40 or 40-25 40 25 25-5.4 6 5.4-2.45 or
2.45 6500 2.45-2.05 2.05-1.35 1.35 6500 B C
6500 6500-165 6500-2350 2350-165 165 165-1, 1 D E
A or 100 km 1700-1500 1HFU 20 o C/km 2HFU 30 o C/km P 15 km 30 km 15 km B 4000 p. 160
C 2350 5000 m
A or 1.-2. 3. 4. 1900 5. 1700 6. 1450 50 o 30 o 7. 800 8. 500 9. 18000
B 17000-7000 6000 2 130 m