9 8 1 (1) (9-1-1) (9-1-2) ( ) 9-1-1 9-1-3 1997 ( 9) 97 70 97 70 ( ) 60 60 15 60 97 70 60 ( 15 ) 2 5 3 60 9-1-2 GNP 40 147
60 1 9-1-2 60 60 40 (9-1-3) (9-1-4) ( ) 9-1-3 30 40 9-1-4 60 30 40 (9-1-5) (9-1-6) 148
9-1-5 9-1-6 50 ( ) 9-1-79-1-8 (9-1-7) (9-1-8) ( ) 1980 ( 55) )40 )40 50 30 ) 40 8 149
(2) (9-1-9) 9-1-9 2 )1991 ( 3) 1997 ( 9) 79 6 )97 15 2 ) )91 97 79 ( 97 79 1988 ( 63) 1991 ( 3) 91 7 1984 ( 59) ( ) 93 ( ) 1988 ( 63) 1993 ( 5) 3040 23 9-1-6 1990 ( 2) 1995 ( 7) (9-1-10) 9-1-10 9-1-6 3 1990 ( 2) 1995 ( 7) 40 30 30 40 2 30 1 ( ) 150
)1997 ( 7) 15 97 15 1992 ( 4) 1996 ( 8) 1 1995 ( 7) 1998 ( 10) 9-1-1 (9-1-1) ( ) 30 40 1980 ( 55) ) 2 40 1 30 30 ( 40 ) ) 30 40 ( 40 ) 60 20152020 1 2 (3) 65 1 ( ) ( 1 ) 9-1-11 50 151
30 3.5 65 (9-1-11) (9-1-2) (1997 ) () () 20 18,746 81 386.3 32.2 30 18,520 96 281.3 23.4 30 18,984 143 168.4 14.0 40 15,231 109 179.9 15.0 40 11,915 101 143.9 12.0 50 11,192 120 108.8 9.1 50 9,024 86 125.2 10.4 60 5,800 84 77.4 6.5 60 4,985 52 113.6 9.5 1998 ( 10) 912 98 30 17 40 18 50 14 ( 2 ) 9-1-12 (9-1-12) 152
( 3 ) 2.5 1.5 ( ) 1.5 98 50 3.0 ( ) (9-1-13) 60 (9-1-14) 60 ( 2.5 ) 9-1-13 60 60 1 50 ( ) 50 60 2015 2.5 2015 153
(9-1-14 ) 2020 9-1-15 9-1-152020 1998 ( 10) 9-1-16 (9-1-16) 1998 ( ) 9-1-16 9-1-17 9-1-17 7 ( ) 154
(9-1-17) 1998 ( ) ( ) 3 )2020 ) ) 2 8 70 1 9-2-1 1 65 155
(9-2-1) 156
( 1995 ( 7) ) ( ) 157
(9-2-2) (9-2-3) ( 95 ) 9-2-2 ( 95 ) 158
1 2564 65 9-2-3 8 9-2-4 (9-2-4) 8 1 9-2-5 ( 95 ) 159
(9-2-5) ( 95 ) (9-2-6) ( 93 ( 5) ) 160
100m 2 100m 2 9-2-19-2-2 8 3 3 8 ) ) ) ) ) ) 2015 ) 3 2015 161
) ) (8-3-11 ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 89 ) ) ) ) ) ( ) ) ) 162
[10 ] 1 9 2 1 ( ) 1 (1 ( ) 2 ( ) ) 2 1 21 ( ) (1) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 1 ( ) 2 ( ) (2) 1 ( ) (3) 163
( ) ( ) 32 ( ) (1) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 (2) 2 ( ) (3) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 2 (4) (5) ( ) 2 ( ) 201.9 164
( ) 4 (1) 1 2 2 (2) (1) 1 1 ) ) ) ())))) 9 1 (1999) (1 ) 2 53 2-1 165
) ) 1 3 2 (1) (2) (3) 3 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (1999) (1 )39-52 166
167
168
[ I ] I -2 I -1 I -7 1 1 I -1 I -1 2 1,000 70 76 70 141 141 I -1 1999( 11) 10203037 4 ( ) ( ) I -1 (38 ) 1 (1998) (1997) 169
( 2 ) 38 38 (1999( 11) 1,000 76 ( 141 ) 1987 ( 62)9 ( 90 103 ) ( 33 38 ) I -2 ) ( 70 103 ( 65 38 ) 0 ) ) 103 ( ) 141 (103 141 ) I -2 38 ( 38 65 103 ) 38 38 ( 103 ) 76 ( 141 ) 2 (1997) 170
2 3 I -1 4 65 1,830 65 75 3,185 75 3,225 (1998( 10) I -1 1 202340 3 ( ) I -1 (65 4,045 1998( 10) ) (1990 4 5 ) 1990( 2)4 1990( 2)4 6 6 ( ) 3 (1998)86-95 Commerce Clearing House(1998-1999) 4 5 (1998)72-81 6 (1998)58 171
I -3 I -1 ( 4,375 2,785 ) (2,785 ) 1 2540 2 ( ) I -3 (2,785 ) 3 7 I -4 (( a )( b )) ( ) ( c ) ( e ) ( c ) ( d ) 1 $2,750(1999( 11)) I -4 $2,750 $2,750 $5,500 ( e ) ( f ) ( g ) 4 2 152831 3639.6 5 (1999( 11)1 1 ) 7 (1998)Commerce Clearing House(1999) 172
( ) I -5 ( $2,7501999( 11)) 0 ( $2,750) $2,500 2 ( ) $121,200 $181,800 $90,900 $151,500(1997( 9) ) I -5 ($2,750) 4 8 I -6 (( a )( b )) (( a )( b )) ( ) ( c ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e (26,134 1999 ( 11) ( e ) ( f ) 2 ( g ) I -5 8 (1998)127-135 International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation(1998) 173
( 13,067 1999( 11)) I -5 (13,067 1999( 11)) 2 1 54 9 5 10 I -7 (( a )( b )) ( c ) (( a )( b )) ( ) ( d ) (e) 1 2 1 2.5 2 3 3 3+1 ( h ) ( f ) ( g ) ( d ) 1 7.52129374348.5 6 (1999( 11) ) ( ) N N I -7 1 1 2 1 2 2.5 9 (1998)8 10 (1998)164-173 International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation(1998) 174
I1 () () () 175
I2 ) ( 70 103 ) ) 103 ( ) 141 (103 141 ) ( ) ( ) 1998 ( 10 )10 27 59 176
I3 1990 4 177
I4 (a) (b) (c) (a)(b) (d) (e) (c)(d) ( f ) (g) (e)( f ) 178
I5 179
I6 (a) (b) (c) (a)(b) (d) (e) ((c)(d))2 ( f ) (g) (e)( f )2 180
I7 (a) (b) (c) (a)(b) (d) (e) ( f ) ((c)(d))(e) (g) (h) ( f )(g)(d) 181
182
[ II] (1998) (1999) (1998) 1999( 11)3 (2003( 15) 4 ) 1 II-1 1 92,000 590,000 30 980,000 10 40 2000 ( 12 )10 1 2 1 1 620,000 30 (1) II-1 2 [ ] ( ) ) 3 ) 1 1000 3095 2 1000 45 3 1 183
)4 4 ( 5 ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ) ) ( ) (2) 3 6 1000 10 1000 10 5 2 1000 5 1000 3 1000 10 2 1 (3) ) 5 ) 8 1 8 1 8 10 5 7 ) 1 2 4 4 12 1 5 ( ) 3 6 100 184
2 1 1 12 31 1 I -1 4 I ( ) 7 8 9 10 3 ( ) 10 3 2 3,500 7 8 9 10 3 185
11 4,000 4 1 60 64 12 13 (1999) (2003( 15)4 ) 14 ( ) (1) 17.3513.58 1000 7.1251000 5.481 (2) (1,000 ) (150 ) 11 12 (1998a)22 13 (1998a)22 14 (1999)5 186
(3) 15 ( ) ( ) 17.35% 13.58%(1) ( 12 10 ) 98,000 620,000 ( ) 1% 13.58%(1) ( ) 150 (2) (1) (0.3) (17.35%1+1%0.3) / (1+0.3)13.58% (2) 2 1 [ ( )] ) ) ) (1000 7.125) ) ( ) (1000 5.481(3)) (3) 1.3 ( ) 13.58% 13.58 (1) (0.3) ( ) 17.35 1 0.3 17.35 1 10.3 13.58 15 (1999) 7 187
188
II1 ( ) 9 9 8 10 ( 12 3 ) 4 189
190
[ ] 11 12 8 ( ) ( ) QA Q 1 2100 ( ) A 1 2100 Q 2 A 2 2 1 Q 3 A 3 1 ( ) (1) (2) 2 3 191
2 Q 4 A 4 Q 5 1 ( ) A 5 1 ( ) ( ) Q 6 A 6 Q4 Q 7 192
A 7 (1999) 1 ( ) QA Q 1 ( (1999)) 2 A 1 Q 2 A 2 2 2 ( ) 193
2 1 1 Q 3 ( ) A 3 Q 4 A 4Q 1 2 2 Q 5 A 5 Q 6 A 6 Q2 2 194
Q 7 A 7 Q 8 (1996)(1998)(1999) A 8 Q 9 A 9 ( ) [10 ] Q 10 A 10 1 ( ) 1 195
196
198
( 10 12 23 ) (1 ) (2 ) 30 ( ) 2 199
( 11 2 26 ) 21 ( ) (2 ) 30 380 200
1 1 ( 12 4 ) 78 ( 6 5,000 6 ) 80 4,200 ( 6 7,017 11 ) ( ) ( ) 1000 7.5 1000 7.125 ( 5 ) () ( 2 ) 6 2 ( 12 4 ) 65 ( ) () 65 3 ( ) ( 25 ) ( ) 25 (2013 ) 37 (2025 ) 60 65 ( 5 ) ( ) 60 4 60 ( 14 4 ) 65 70 ( ) 37 ( 2 50.4 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) () 5 ( 14 4 ) ( 12 4 201
) ( 12 4 ) ( * ) ( 15 4 ) ( * ) ( 12 10 ) ( * ) 6 () (17.35) ( 13,300 ) () 16 2 1 2 1 2 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3 ) 3 ( ) 1 2 ( ) 3 202
4 5 203
1 ( ) 2 3 4 5 204
1 ( ) ( ) 2 1 2 ( ) 3 205
206
I 1. 18(2)1982 8 184197 2. 1999 2 3 3. 1998 12 1 98104 4. 1999 1 29 5. 1998 12 1 7290 6. 1996 7. 1997 10 135159 (1997a) 8. 8 1997 11 14 4784 (1997b) 9. (2 ) 5776 (1998a) 10. 21 (1998 6 16 ) ( ) (1998b) 11. 1997 6 4954 1997 7 5056 12. ( 10 ) 1998 13. 1998 14. 1990 245278 15. 1997 11 913 16. 1999 2 12 2 22 17. (1998a) 18. (1998b) 19. 1985 8 2529 207
20. 1990 21. 1996 22. 1999 9 7 23. 1998 12 1 9197 24. 1998 6 17 25. 1996 9 4 9 10 26. News 1999 2 28 27. ( ) 40(5)1997 5 1016 40(6)1997 6 2633 28. 1992 29. 1999 1 294325 30. 1998 31. ( 10 ) 1997 32. 1992 33. 1993 34. 1999 10 124 35. ( ) 1996 6 20 4456 36. 1998 8 310 102105 37. 1999 8 916 98101 38. 1992 39. This is 1998 3 5057 (1998a) 40. 1998 7 24 (1998b) 41. 34(2)1998 9 124132 (1998c) 42. 47(1)1999 7 121 (1999a) 208
43. 50(3)1999 7 284285 (1999b) 44. 1999 8 1 1 (1999c) 45. 1999 10 19 (1999d) 46. " " 1996 3 23 102107 47. " " 1997 9 27 3235 48. 34(2)1998 9 165173 49. 1999 3 2 6667 50. 1996 51. 1999 5 11 52. 1992 183250 53. 1998 10 28 54. 1994 55. ( ) 40(3)1985 3 147152 56. 1998 10 27 57. 1994 58. 1999 2 8 59. 1988 60. 1994 61. 1998 10 29 62. 1999 5 18 9293 63. 209
1999 5 25 108109 64. 10 1999 11 11 65. 1999 66. 34(2)1998 9 155164 67. 1998 68. 1998 69. 1999 (1999a) 70. 1999 4 24 (1999b) 71. 1999 5 12 (1999c) 72. 1975 3 73. 1992 74. 1997 75. 1998 6 18 76. 1999 5 13 (1999a) 77. 10 1999 11 11 (1999b) 78.,C.Y. () 1999 10 21 79. 1998 80. () 3 1999 10 20 81. 1986 82. 1992 83. 1995 84. 1996 6380 85. 1997 86. 1998 87. 1999 2 210
27 88. (1 1984 )(2 1999 ) 89. 1997 12 928 90. 1999 (1999a) 91. 1999 5 13 5 20 (1999b) 92. 34(2)1998 9 133142 93. 1999 2 1 94. 1999 10 14 95. Feldstein, Martin Would Privatizing Social Security Raise Economic Welfare?,NBER Working Paper No.5281, 1995. 96. 1999 3 2 3 6 II 1. 1997 4 1998 4 2. 1975 3 3. EU 1998 4. 151 1997 (1997a) 5. 155 1997 (1997b) 6. (1 ) 1999 7. 9 1996 8. ( ) 1998 12 23 9. ( ) 1999 2 26 10. 1999 3 5 11. ( 9 )21 211
1998 12. 1990 13. 1995 14. 9 123 1998 15. 1997 4 16. ( 11 ) 21 1999 17. 11 1999 18. 19. '98 1998 20. ( ) 1998 10 27 21. 1998 10 27 22. 1994 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 8 1997 11 14 31. 1996 32. 1 1998 7 30 (1998a) 33. 1998 10 9 (1998b) 34. 35. 36. 37. Commerce Clearing House, US Master Tax Guide, 1999. 38. Commerce Clearing House, British Master Tax Guide, 199899. 39. International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, European Tax Handbook, 1998. 40. OECD Economic Department Working Paper, Pension Liabilities in the Seven Major Economies, 1993. 212