„Û®

200 108 3,918 1990 94 1986 1990 73

1 2 1 1975 1 7,985 1956 74 3 1975 98 94 695 23 52 2000 108 3,918 4 200 1975 1975 1 12 9,000 5 1978 74 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

78 8 9 11 79 2 3 26 78 8 6,373 80% 79 20 2,158 6 1979 5 900 80 9 9,300 88 11 116 7,548 60% 70 5,987 11 9,609 10% 10% 9% 7 1979 6 UNHCR ODP 8 80 80 664 81 1,705 1 85 3 89 80 2000 20 48 2,576 ODP 9 75

10 Mat tran quoc gia thong nhat giai phong Viet Nam 1982 Lien Minh Cach Mang Viet Nam 1984 11 : : 12 Viet Nam Hai Ngoai 1977 : Ngu i Viet 1978 : Th c Tinh 1978 : 2 Nhan Ch ong 1980 : Viet Nam Tu Do 1981 : Tet 1980 2000 13 5,548 13 2 1978 1 1 79 30 14 81 250 300 15 88 700 800 94 1,200 4,200 16 1980 76 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

1988 17 1978 2 1979 200US 87 400 1 1979 50 US 80 830 81 2,800 82 4,800 83 9,700 US 84 4,830 85 3,900 86 5,500 87 8,300 88 7,100 89 1,000 18 10 5 A B A AÕ BÕBÕ 2 77

MoneyGold 2 1978 19 1977 78 1 9,500 80 8,000 82 1,600 84 1,600 20 81 46 82 53 83 60 85 67 21 1980 1 31 No. 32-CP 1980 1 31 22 1981 US 81 3 US$1 17 7 37 40 23 No. 135-TTg 1981 6 22 24 50% 78 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

7 31 40-CP No. 35-TTg 1981 2 11 25 1983 1982 7 10 113 6 No. 118-LBTT/NgT/NHNN 26 1982 151 27 2 3 200US 100US 1980 1983 9,700 83 9,700 1979 10 5 1984 Tru ng-chinh 28 85 11 25 79

Vu Quoc Tuan 5 2 3 30 20 3,000 8,000 1 3 1 2,000 20 1 1 300 6,000 29 1985 5 bao cap 30 1986 12 7 Le Duan 31 32 33 34 1 12 24 Hoang B ch S n 80 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

100 40 1 35 1987 5 36 Vietnamese Nation 1985 92% 89% 88% Ho Ch Minh 30 37 81

3 1986 87 4 4 11 No. 126-CT 1987 4 10 126 No. 128-CT 38 a b c 39 COSEVINA 40 41 COSEVINA 11 5 No. 312-CT 1987 11 5 42 18 300US 600US 82 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

No. 63-HDBT 1987 4 11 43 25 30% 5 Nguyen Quang Trinh 4 23 15 44 4 1987 88 6,000 45 90 1 6,003 91 2 3,960 92 3 5,114 93 7 8,024 94 10 9,738 4 10 46 1 90% 1993 92 89 91 4 92 4 AT&T MCI 1 10 2 83

120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 1 0 36,145 1990 59,071 1991 76,100 1992 152,675 1993 202,046 1994 1993, 1994 47 1996 26 5,000 48 49 50 COSEVINA 87 10 955 1 51 COSEVINA 2 5 6% COSEVINA 1987 10 88 3 4 84 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

5 20 52 1989 3 4 US 53 VINA-USA 87 88 24 VINA-USA 91 2,300 US 1992 93 1994 2,700 54 2 1991 3,500 US 55 2 VINA- USA 40 1994 11 56 VINA-USA VINA-USA 1998 9 5,000 US 57 25 4 5 58 $ US 1,000,000,000 900,000,000 800,000,000 700,000,000 600,000,000 500,000,000 400,000,000 300,000,000 200,000,000 100,000,000 0 2 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Vietnam Economic News, No. 50, 1999, p. 12 85

1 $US 1988 No. 5, 1994, p. 11. 1992 93 5 No. 29-CP 59 88 94 51 1 88 96 286 39 1,730 US 88 95 15 2 60 61 1990 62 NGO 2 86 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

59% 37% 31% 20% 54% 49% 40% 30 36% 50 28% 2 Los Angeles Times 1. 18 29 30 49 50 2. 18 29 30 49 50 3. 18 29 30 49 50 4. 18 29 30 49 50 5. Los Angeles Times, Jun. 12, 1994. : Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura County 1994 3 28 4 19 87

1980 90 1998 12 1 Tran Trong Dang Dan, Ngu i Viet Nam N oc Ngoai, Ha Noi: Nha Xuat bažn Ch nh Tri Quoc Gia, 1997. 2 Paul J. Rutledge, The Vietnamese Experience in America, Blooming and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992; Jeremy Hein, From Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia: A Refugee Experience in the United States, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995. David W. Haines ed., Refugees as Immigrants: Cambodians, Laotians, and Vietnamese in America, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1989; Charles C. Muzny, The Vietnamese in Oklahoma City: A Study in Ethnic Change, New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1989; Nazli Kibria, Family Tightrope: The Changing Lives of Vietnamese Americans, Princeton University Press, 1993. James M. Freeman, Hearts of Sorrow: Vietnamese American Lives, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1989; John Tenhula, Voices from South East Asia: The Refugee Experience in the United States, New York : Holmes&Meier, 1991; Joann Faung Jean Lee, Asian Americans, New York: The New Press, 1991. Joe Chung Fong, The Development of the Chinese-Vietnamese Community in San Francisco: 1980 1988, University of California Los Angeles, 1988; Steve Gold, ÒChinese-Vietnamese 88 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

Enterpreneurs in California,Ó Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng eds., The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994. Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore, A Penguin Books, 1989; Lan Cao and Himilee Novas, Everything you need to know about Asian-American History, A Plume Books, 1996 3 U.S. Department of Justice and Naturalization Service, Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1980. 4 U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000. 5 1991 584 6 1978 11 9 2,504 1,500 12 23 2,700 2,290 12 27 2,318 4,000 1979 1 97 1975 78 2 2,000 The Vietnamese Community in Orange County, An Oral History Vo. 1 Business Development, The Vietnamese Chamber of Commerce in Orange County and New Hope Library, 1991, pp. 92, 112 8 1979 7 21 78 12 78 12 78 9 77 78 584 77 4 25 No. 122-CP Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam. Cong bao, No. 15, 1978, Phu Ban 7 1989 8 ODP : : 2 1982 H.O. : 1990 H.O. United States General Accounting office, Refugee Program, The Orderly Departure Program From Vietnam, April 1990 9 U.S. Committee for Refugees, Immigration and Refugee Services of America, Refugee Reports, Washington DC, Dec. 31,1995, p. 5; U.S. Committee for Refugees, ÒCountry Report; Vietnam,Ó 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000. 10 Mat tran quoc gia thong nhat giai phong Viet Nam. ÒCuong Linh Ch nh Tri,Ó Mar. 8, 1982. 11 1984 75 Nguyen Trong Nhan 86 9 20 12 Mat tran quoc gia thong nhat giai phong Viet Nam, ibid. 13 U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000. 89

14 Los Angeles Times, Feb. 13, 1988. 15 Los Angeles Times, July 10, 1981. 16 40% Steve Gold, ÒChinese-Vietnamese Entrepreneurs in California,Ó Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich and Lucie Cheng eds., The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995, p. 199. Frank Jao 7 Nguyen Du 17 Orange County Register, Aug. 21, 1988. 18 Export Administration Annual Report to U.S. Commerce Department, cf. Thom Tram, ÒTransnationalism and Remittances among Vietnamese Americans,Ó Paper presented at the Regional Conference of Association of Asian American Studies, Nov. 23, 1996. 19 1978 7 Mar. 12, 2001. 20 1982 1 19 1985 1 21 21 1985 1 33 1986 1 31 22 Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam. C ng b o, No. 2, 1980, p. 26. 23 1982 1 48 24 1 48 25 C ng b o, No. 6, 1981, p. 109. 26 Ibid., No. 18, 1983, p. 326. 27 Ibid., No. 2, p. 25; No. 3, pp. 45, 52; No. 4, p. 67; No. 7, p. 127. 28 1999 29 1985 11 25 30 Bai phat bieu cua dong ch Truong Ch nh tai Hoi Nghi Bo Ch nh Tri ban ve gia-long tien, ngay 10-13-5-1985. 31 Nguyen Van Linh 32 ÒBao Cao Ch nh Tri cua Ban Chap hanh trung uong Dang Cong San Viet Nam tai dai hoi bieu to n quoc lan thu VI cua Dang,Ó Nhan Dan, 16. 12. 1986, p. 5. 33 Ibid., Nhan Dan, 17. 12. 1986, p. 2. 34 ÒNghi quyet Dai Hoi Dai Bieu Toan Quoc Lan Th VI Dang Cong San Viet Nam,Ó Nhan Dan, 20. 12. 1986. 35 1987 1 94 36 Hoang Bich Son, ÒThe Overseas Vietnamese Communities,Ó Vietnam News Agency, Vietnam Courier, No. 5, 1987, p. 7 8. 37 38 C ng b o, No. 7, 1987. 39 40 41 4 18 1988 1 52 90 Vol. 48, No. 4, October 2002

42 C ng b o, So19, Nov. 15, 1987. 43 Ibid., April 30, 1987, p. 134. 44 1988 1 52 45 Ngu i Viet, Westminster, Aug. 24, 1988. 46 Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam Tong Cuc Thong Ke, Nien Giam Thong Ke, NXB Thong Ke, 1993, 1994. 47 Nguoi Viet Yearbook 1992 3 Nguoi Viet, Nguoi Viet Yearbook, Westminster, pp. 382, 383 92 2 Bolsa Travel Wall Travel 1988 ODP ÒAn Emotional Visit Home: Vietnam 13 Years Later,Ó Los Angeles Times, Feb. 23, 1988 ÒÔLast Time I can see my motherõ Dutiful son risks trip home to Vietnam,Ó San Jose Mercury News, 19881992 ÒA Journey Home-Family Reunion; NamÕs Story,Ó Orange County Register, Feb. 9, 1992; Feb. 16, 1992; Feb. 23, 1992; ÒNot All The Wounds Have Healed,Ó O.C. Register, Parade, Aug. 23, 1992; ÒComing Home: A Personal Journey back to Vietnam,Ó San Jose Mercury News, Feb. 13, 1994; ÒYears, Miles Yield to Reunion,Ó San Jose Mercury News, April 24, 1994; ÒSerching for Nguyen Tan Hung; For the Daughter of a South Vietnamese Army Captain Missing in Action, The Hardest Part is Never Knowing, Or Is It?,Ó Los Angeles Times Magazine, Aug. 28, 1994; ÒA Regards to the Past: North Vietnam Journey Brings Honoe to Ancestors and Hopes for the Future,Ó L.A. Times, Sep. 28, 1994; ÒJourney to Vietnam, An O.C. WomanÕs Homecoming,Ó O.C. Register, Mar. 2, 1995; ÒBack to the Future: Returning Vietnamese are an often-resented new elite in former homeland,ó San Jose Mercury News, April 17, 1995; ÒHome Again, with Hope,Ó L.A. Times, June 13, 1995 Nguyen Qui Duc. Where The Ashes Are: The Odyssey of a Vietnamese Family, Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1994; Phan Tran Hieu. Coi Nguon Bat AnÑRoots of Unrest. O.C. Register. 1999; Andrew X. Pham. Catfish and MandalaÑA Two Wheeled Voyage Through the Landscape and Memory of Vietnam., Picador USA, 1999. 48 Vietnam News, Jan. 15, 1996, p. 4. 49 Nguoi Viet, April 23, 1987. 50 Ibid., June 11,1987. 51 Los Angeles Times, Aug. 22,1988. 52 Ibid. 53 Ban Viet Kieu TP. HCM, Hoi Nghi h p tac kinh te va khoa hoc ky thuat TP. Ho Ch Minh va Viet Kieu 5-12-1990Ñ7-12-1990, Phong kinh te khoa hoc ky thuat, 1991, p. 120. 54 Que Huong, Ha Noi, so 7, 1995, p. 24. 55 Vietnam Economic News, No. 50, 1999, p. 12. 56 Nguoi Viet. Nguoi Viet Yearbook: Vietnamese American Business Directory, Westminster, 2001. 57 Vietnam Economic News, No. 50, 1999, p. 12. 58 Sai Gon Giai Phong, May 25, 1998, p. 2. 59 Cong bao, So 15, Aug.15, 1993, p. 362. 60 Que Huong, So 5, 1994, p. 11. 61 1994 800 Los Angeles Times, Sep. 9, 1994 Orange County Register, Nov. 10, 1994 62 Mat tran quoc gia thong nhat giai phong Viet Nam. ÒTr nh au tranh cham d t che ao Viet Cong trong hai thap nien 80 va 90,Ó p. 6. 91