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force 0 m 1 m 2 k (1) (2) 1 2

R R e 0 4 (3) 3 dv/dx 0 x (3) (4) 4 (4) (1) k N 3N x y z 3N 6 3N 5 3N 3N 3N (Hessian) 0 1 (2)

V 二次の鞍点 始状態 ( エネルギー極小点 ) 遷移状態 ( 鞍点 ) 遷移状態 終状態 ( エネルギー極小点 ) Gaussian FREQ 2 B3LYP/6-31G(d)

FREQ INT=(GRID=UltraFine) B3LYP 1 INT integral integral [1] 3 1 2 a low frequencies (cm 1 ) (cm 1 ) fine ultrafine fine ultrafine fine ultrafine R(2-1) 1.4187 1.4185 18.9675 10.8012 345.4523 347.2228 R(3-1) 0.9687 0.9687 10.7861 8.6377 1066.6708 1067.5659 R(4-2) 1.1013 1.1013 0.0012 0.0011 1096.5560 1097.0752 R(5-2) 1.0934 1.0934 0.0004 0.0006 1183.1492 1183.4090 R(6-2) 1.1013 1.1013 0.0009 0.0014 1399.5442 1400.4170 T(3-1-2) 107.6723 107.6369 16.0517 16.6474 1511.0405 1511.3851 T(4-2-1) 112.7033 112.7146 345.4536 347.2249 1524.8600 1524.9056 T(5-2-1) 106.6936 106.6906 1066.6708 1067.5659 1541.5799 1541.6001 T(6-2-1) 112.7059 112.6965 1096.5560 1097.0752 2997.1431 2996.4999 D(4-2-1-3) 61.5142 61.6388 3039.5770 3038.8903 D(5-2-1-4) 118.4575 118.4690 3132.4253 3131.9386 D(6-2-1-4) 123.0836 123.0872 3755.6036 3754.3388 Energy 115.714405 115.714406 a R Å T D %MEM Link0

Gaussian freqmem hpc% freqmem Usage: freqmem number-of-atoms number-of-basis-functions rhf/uhf conventional/direct sp/spd/spdf hpc% freqmem 200 2000 rhf direct spd RHF direct frequencies with spd functions: One pass requires 2401.70 megawords. freqmem freqmem 200 s p d 2000 RHF RB3LYP conventional direct direct 2.4GW 1 word = 8 byte 18.8 GB 2 Gaussian 3 3 8 Low frequencies Low frequencies 0 0 1 Low frequencies Low frequencies cm 1 FREQ RAMAN VCD Thermochemistry q Q 298.15 K 1 atm U E C V S [2]

水分子は 3 原子から成る 自由度は 3 3 2=6 x H 3 103.60 O 1 H 2 z Z 行列指定による上の図の座標系 振動解析計算に使用される座標系 対称性に従って変換されている 上の図の座標系とは異なる E el ( 電子エネルギー ) 単位は a.u. 1 a.u. = 627.50955 (kcal mol 1 ) 6 個の 0 に近い振動数低い振動数がよく一致している 基準振動のモードを示す三つの固有ベクトル T(K) P(atm) } 原子量 分子量 回転対称数 (1) (2) (2) = (1)+PV = (1)+RT (3) (3) = (2) TS (6) (4) (5) 内部エネルギー 定容比熱 エントロピー (E el )... (S el )... (E trans )... (S trans )... (E rot )... (S rot )... (E vib )... (S vib )... 分配関数 波数 (cm 1 ) 赤外吸収強度 同じ零点振動エネルギー 計算された基準振動と吸収強度から赤外線吸収スペクトルの概形を棒グラフで表示 ( 省略 ) 構造最適化が終了していることを再確認 } (4) = E el +(1) (5) = E el +(2) (6) = E el +(3) E trans +E rot +E vib

[3 4] Gaussian [5] Zero-point correction a.u. E(RB+HF-LYP) B3LYP E el a.u. 1 a.u.=627.50955 kcal/mol cal force Maximum Displacement NO Gaussian Gaussian [6] 調和振動子ポテンシャル エネルギー 0 原子間距離 Morse ポテンシャル 4 Gaussian 03

%CHK=H2O.chk #P B3LYP/6-31G(d) GEOM=CHECKPOINT FREQ=(READFC,READISOTOPES) water molecule : Harmonic Frequency 0 1 温度 (K) 圧力 (atm) スケーリングファクター 298.15 1.0000 1.0019 16 酸素の質量数デフォルト値を変更しない場合であっても 1 スケーリングファクター以外は省略できない水素の質量数 1 } Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mdyne/a), and normal coordinates: 1 2 3 A1 Frequencies -- 1713.5397 A1 3727.7863 B2 3849.3633 波数は変化しない Red. masses -- 1.0825 1.0454 1.0810 Frc consts -- 1.8726 8.5589 9.4371 IR Inten -- 75.7070 1.6883 19.2917 Atom AN X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z 1 8 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.00 2 1 0.00-0.43-0.56 0.00 0.58-0.40 0.00-0.55 0.44 3 1 0.00 0.43-0.56 0.00-0.58-0.40 0.00-0.55-0.44 ------------------- - Thermochemistry - ------------------- Temperature 298.150 Kelvin. Pressure 1.00000 Atm. Thermochemistry will use frequencies scaled by 1.0019. スケーリングファクターの変更 Atom 1 has atomic number 8 and mass 15.99491 Atom 2 has atomic number 1 and mass 1.00783 Atom 3 has atomic number 1 and mass 1.00783 } 各同位体の正確な質量が設定される Molecular mass: 18.01056 amu. Principal axes and moments of inertia in atomic units: 1 2 3 EIGENVALUES -- 2.29394 4.17145 6.46539 X 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 Y 1.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Z 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000 This molecule is an asymmetric top. Rotational symmetry number 2. Rotational temperatures (Kelvin) 37.75764 20.76346 13.39652 Rotational constants (GHZ): 786.74240 432.64090 279.13860 Zero-point vibrational energy 55676.2 (Joules/Mol) 13.30694 (Kcal/Mol) Vibrational temperatures: 2470.08 5373.64 5548.89 (Kelvin) Zero-point correction= 0.021206 (Hartree/Particle) Thermal correction to Energy= 0.024040 Thermal correction to Enthalpy= 0.024985 Thermal correction to Gibbs Free Energy= 0.003539 Sum of electronic and zero-point Energies= -76.387748 Sum of electronic and thermal Energies= -76.384913 } 変更 Sum of electronic and thermal Enthalpies= -76.383969 Sum of electronic and thermal Free Energies= -76.405415 E (Thermal) CV S KCal/Mol Cal/Mol-Kelvin Cal/Mol-Kelvin Total 15.086 5.996 45.137 Electronic 0.000 0.000 0.000 Translational 0.889 2.981 34.608 Rotational 0.889 2.981 10.524 Vibrational 13.308 0.034 0.005 Q Log10(Q) Ln(Q) Total Bot 0.235700D-01-1.627641-3.747781 Total V=0 0.133784D+09 8.126405 18.711738 Vib (Bot) 0.176224D-09-9.753936-22.459267 Vib (V=0) 0.100025D+01 0.000110 0.000252 Electronic 0.100000D+01 0.000000 0.000000 Translational 0.300432D+07 6.477746 14.915562 Rotational 0.445193D+02 1.648549 3.795924 振動に関する熱力学的諸量のみが変更される [1,7,8]

FREQ ReadFC H2O.chk ReadIsotopes GEOM=CHECKPOINT 298.15 K 1 atm B3LYP/ 6-31G(d) 1.0019 [1] 16 1 15.99491 1.00783 5 2 2.01410 (2) 1

S N 2 (5) CH 3 Cl + Cl * CH 3 Cl * + Cl (5) %NPROC=8 %chk=sn2.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D OPT=Z-MATRIX Chloromethane + Chloride ion SN2, TS 2 1-1 1 5 C Cl 1 R1 H 1 R2 2 90.0 H 1 R2 2 90.0 3 120.0 H 1 R2 2 90.0 3-120.0 Cl 1 R1 3 90.0 2 180.0 R1 1.8 R2 1.08 --Link1-- %chk= SN2.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D FREQ GEOM=ALLCHECKPOINT 3 4 6

(D 3h ) 6 Z Z 6 OPT=TS OPT=TS (6) CH 3 Cl + F CH 3 F + Cl (6) C F Z OPT=ModRedundant Z [2,3] Z OPT=ModRedundant a Z Cl C F 3.0 Å 2.5 Å OPT=ModRedundant b "1 6 2.5 F" 1 C 6 F 3.0 Å 2.5 Å F 202

1 2 3 4 5 6 Z 行列作成時にはXを原子 の番号付けに組み入れる C F 距離を3.0 Åに固定 始状態の構造最適化の第一段階 X 3.0 Å 2 1 6 5 計算時には X は原子の番号付けからはずす 3 4 a %NPROC=8 %CHK=SN2.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D OPT=MODREDUNDANT b Chloromethane + fluoride -1 1 1 C 0.213360 0.000042-0.000023 2 Cl -1.649640-0.000014 0.000008 3 H 0.526758-0.649842-0.790193 4 H 0.526709 1.009305-0.167770 5 H 0.526782-0.359306 0.957878 6 F 2.798164-0.000019 0.000010 1 6 2.5 F C F 距離を2.5 Åに変更して固定 } C F 距離を 3.0 Å に固定したときの最適化構造の座標 %NPROC=8 %CHK=SN2.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D OPT=(MODREDUNDANT,READFC) GEOM=CHECKPOINT GUESS=CHECKPOINT c Chloromethane + fluoride -1 1 1 6 2.3 C F 距離を 2.3 Å に変更して固定したまま構造最適化 %NPROC=8 %CHK=SN2_TS.chk SN2.chkのコピー構造最適化回数を10 回に制限 #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D OPT=(TS,NOEIGENTEST,CALCFC,MODREDUNDANT,MAXCYC=10) GEOM=CHECKPOINT GUESS=CHECKPOINT Chloromethane + fluoride -1 1 1 6 A 固定を解除 構造最適化の最初の一回だけ振動解析計算を行う ( 毎回行うには CALCALL を指定するが非常に時間がかかる ) d %NPROC=8 %CHK=SN2_TS.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D OPT=(TS,MODREDUNDANT,NOEIG,READFC,MAXCYC=10) e Chloromethane + fluoride -1 1 C -0.241016 0.151523 0.263485 Cl 1.002085-0.629987-1.095511 H -0.873611-0.677695 0.473647 H 0.436678 0.431245 1.034480 H -0.681082 0.949326-0.285877 F -1.607926 1.010863 1.757837 1 6 H -0.05 力の定数の推測値をチェックポイントファイルから読み込む C F 距離についてのヘス行列要素に負の曲率を指定して ポテンシャル面が上に凸であるとする

Berny optimization. Initialization pass. ----------------------------! Initial Parameters!! (Angstroms and Degrees)! ---------------------- -----------------! Name Definition Value Derivative Info.! -------------------------------------------------------------------! R1 R(1,2) 1.8978 estimate D2E/DX2!! R4 R(1,5) 1.0691 estimate D2E/DX2!! R5 R(1,6) 2.3 Frozen!! R6 R(3,6) 2.3258 estimate D2E/DX2!! A10 L(2,1,6,-3,-1) 180.0018 estimate D2E/DX2!! A11 L(2,1,6,-2,-2) 179.9915 estimate D2E/DX2! ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 6 C F force E x de/dx E c C F 7b F 2 force a b c d C Cl C F a b (Å) force (a.u.) (Å) force (a.u.) (a.u.) (kcal/mol) c 1.8303 0.0001 3.0000 0.0045 598.533556 1.45 1.8630 0.0000 2.5848 0.0000 598.535869 0.00 1.8759 0.0001 2.5000 0.0012 598.535701 0.11 5 1.8978 0.0000 2.4000 0.0030 598.535002 0.54 5 1.9340 0.0001 2.3000 0.0049 598.533689 1.37 3 2.0007 0.0000 2.2000 0.0054 598.531946 2.46 6 2.2300 0.0000 2.1000 0.0057 598.531305 2.86 7 2.1344 d 0.0000 2.1252 0.0001 598.531104 2.99 3 C F C F force 2.1 Å force

C Cl OPT=TS OPT=TS d e d CalcFC e ReadFC MaxCyc 10 20 OPT NoEig NoEigenTest Standard orientation: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Center Atomic Atomic Coordinates (Angstroms) Number Number Type X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 6 0 0.468461-0.033918 0.092535 2 17 0-1.620186 0.117305-0.320036 3 1 0 0.385017-0.251485 1.128545 4 1 0 0.679756-0.831337-0.576115 5 1 0 0.734051 0.952584-0.197109 6 9 0 2.548175-0.184494 0.503341 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Low frequencies --- -442.5060-12.3212-0.0057-0.0028-0.0025 3.7116 Low frequencies --- 3.7175 232.2243 232.2244 ****** 1 imaginary frequencies (negative Signs) ****** Diagonal vibrational polarizability: 147.4087161 17.7993849 22.2001409 Harmonic frequencies (cm**-1), IR intensities (KM/Mole), Raman scattering activities (A**4/AMU), depolarization ratios for plane and unpolarized incident light, reduced masses (AMU), force constants (mdyne/a), and normal coordinates: 1 2 3 A A A Frequencies -- -442.5060 232.2243 232.2244

Red. masses -- 12.6450 4.2936 4.2936 Frc consts -- 1.4588 0.1364 0.1364 IR Inten -- 1093.2683 34.1842 34.1842 Atom AN X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z 1 6 0.90-0.06 0.18 0.09-0.17 0.42-0.00 0.43 0.17 2 17-0.17 0.01-0.03 0.02 0.04-0.09 0.00-0.09-0.04 3 1 0.08-0.02 0.10-0.23-0.17 0.42-0.03 0.46 0.18 4 1 0.11-0.07-0.04-0.05-0.18 0.45 0.12 0.44 0.21 5 1 0.11 0.07-0.01-0.01-0.18 0.46-0.11 0.46 0.16 6 9-0.27 0.02-0.05 0.04 0.07-0.17 0.00-0.18-0.07 4 5 6 A A A 442.5060i cm 1 8 MOLCAT Cl F S N 2 3 2 1 6 5 4 Gaussian intrinsic reaction coordinate: IRC 0 [9] IRC SN2_RHF_For.chk SN2_RHF_Rev.chk

%NPROC=8 %CHK=SN2_RHF_For.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D IRC=(READCARTESIANFC,FORWARD,MAXPOINTS=20,STEPSIZE=20) GEOM=CHECKPOINT GUESS=CHECKPOINT Chloromethane + fluoride: FORWARD -1 1 %NPROC=8 %CHK=SN2_RHF_Rev.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D IRC=(READCARTESIANFC,REVERSE,MAXPOINTS=50,STEPSIZE=20) GEOM=CHECKPOINT GUESS=CHECKPOINT Chloromethane + fluoride: REVERSE -1 1 IRC ReadCartesianFC Forward Reverse MaxPoints IRC StepSize IRC StepSize IRC IRC %NPROC=8 %CHK=SN2_RHF_Rev.chk #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D IRC=(RESTART,FORWARD,MAXPOINTS=50,STEPSIZE=20) GEOM=CHECKPOINT GUESS=CHECKPOINT Chloromethane + fluoride: REVERSE -1 1 IRC=RESTART MaxPoints 20 30

%CHK=SN2_RHF_For.chk Default route: MAXDISK=40GB ---------------------------------------------------------------------- #P RHF/6-31+G(d) 6D IRC=(READCARTESIANFC,FORWARD,MAXPOINTS=20,STEPSIZE =20) GEOM=CHECKPOINT GUESS=CHECKPOINT ---------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- Chloromethane + fluoride: FORWARD --------------------------------- Redundant internal coordinates taken from checkpoint file: SN2_RHF_For.chk Charge = -1 Multiplicity = 1 C,0,0.478715692,0.0000301715,0.0000046397 Cl,0,-1.6556525717,-0.0001044054,-0.0000160487 H,0,0.6127287421,-0.0911284386,1.0494551599 遷移状態の構造 H,0,0.6127934511,-0.8632275278,-0.6036716653 H,0,0.6126772902,0.9544718393,-0.4457656792 F,0,2.6039555649,0.0001642211,0.0000252417 IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Z-MATRIX (ANGSTROMS AND DEGREES) CD Cent Atom N1 Length/X N2 Alpha/Y N3 Beta/Z J ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 1 C 0 0.575890 0.000036 0.000006 2 2 Cl 0-1.672834-0.000105-0.000016 3 3 H 0 0.623899-0.091613 1.055046 4 4 H 0 0.623964-0.867826-0.606888 5 5 H 0 0.623847 0.959557-0.448140 6 6 F 0 2.572424 0.000162 0.000025 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Item Value Threshold Pt 1 Converged? Maximum Force 0.000761 0.000900 YES RMS Force 0.000312 0.000600 YES Maximum Displacement 0.002806 0.003600 YES RMS Displacement 0.001475 0.002400 YES Predicted change in energy=-6.274645d-06 Optimization completed. -- Optimized point # 1 Found. ----------------------------! Optimized Parameters!! (Angstroms and Degrees)! ---------------------- ----------------------! Name Value Derivative information (Atomic Units)! ------------------------------------------------------------------------! X1 0.541 -DE/DX = 0.0124!! Y1 0.0 -DE/DX = 0.0!! X5 0.6196 -DE/DX = 0.0!! Z6 0.0 -DE/DX = 0.0! ------------------------------------------------------------------------ RADIUS OF CURVATURE = 1.01168 NET REACTION COORDINATE UP TO THIS POINT = 0.19935 # OF POINTS ALONG THE PATH = 1 # OF STEPS = 3 Calculating another point on the path Stepping into the G*F direction 以下二点目以降の探索 IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC : 一点目の探索 ( 最適化が終了 ) 一点目の探索 ( 終状態の方向 ) xyz 座標系による構造最適化 Optimization completed. -- Optimized point # 20 Found. ----------------------------! Optimized Parameters!! (Angstroms and Degrees)! 20 点目の構造最適化が終了 ---------------------- ----------------------! Name Value Derivative information (Atomic Units)! ------------------------------------------------------------------------! X1 1.0347 -DE/DX = 0.0081! :! Z6 0.0 -DE/DX = -0.0001! ------------------------------------------------------------------------ RADIUS OF CURVATURE = 0.65115 NET REACTION COORDINATE UP TO THIS POINT = 3.97506 # OF POINTS ALONG THE PATH = 20 # OF STEPS = 3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- IRC の各点での構造 Summary of reaction path following: とエネルギー ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (Int. Coord: Angstroms, and Degrees) ENERGY RX.COORD X1 Y1 Z1 遷移状態 1-598.53110 0.00000 0.47872 0.00003 0.00000 2-598.53199 0.19935 0.54095 0.00003 0.00001 3-598.53293 0.39182 0.56682 0.00004 0.00001 4-598.53427 0.58636 0.59307 0.00004 0.00001 5-598.53607 0.78385 0.61978 0.00004 0.00001 6-598.53832 0.98196 0.64661 0.00004 0.00001 7-598.54105 1.18180 0.67370 0.00004 0.00001 8-598.54421 1.38179 0.70078 0.00004 0.00001 9-598.54776 1.58177 0.72777 0.00005 0.00001 10-598.55167 1.78177 0.75468 0.00005 0.00001 11-598.55586 1.98176 0.78144 0.00005 0.00001 12-598.56025 2.18171 0.80813 0.00005 0.00001 13-598.56476 2.38167 0.83479 0.00005 0.00001 14-598.56925 2.58166 0.86137 0.00005 0.00001 15-598.57359 2.78163 0.88790 0.00006 0.00001 16-598.57763 2.98161 0.91446 0.00006 0.00001 17-598.58118 3.18145 0.94108 0.00006 0.00001 18-598.58406 3.38118 0.96774 0.00006 0.00001 19-598.58613 3.58018 0.99397 0.00006 0.00001 20-598.58748 3.77661 1.01724 0.00006 0.00001 21-598.58851 3.97506 1.03467 0.00007 0.00001 X2 Y2 Z2 X3 Y3 : 14 0.94559-0.44162 2.46841 0.00016 0.00002 15 0.94278-0.44030 2.45794 0.00016 0.00002 16 0.93914-0.43860 2.44777 0.00015 0.00002 17 0.93640-0.43732 2.43844 0.00015 0.00002 18 0.93245-0.43547 2.43032 0.00015 0.00002 19 0.92976-0.43421 2.42545 0.00015 0.00002 20 0.92779-0.43331 2.42690 0.00015 0.00003 21 0.92679-0.43290 2.43613 0.00015 0.00004 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total number of gradient calculations: 42 Total number of points: 20 Average number of gradient calculations: 2.10000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC-IRC

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