( ) ( ) CG Yngve [2] Yngve Feldman [3] Stam Navier-Stokes (N-S ) [5] Rasmussen 2 3 [4] 2.2 Treuille [6] Fattal N-S driving force term gathering

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1,a) 1,2,b) 1,c) 2, A System for Generating Animation of Arbitrary Shape Explosion Takuya Morita 1,a) Yoshinori Dobashi 1,2,b) Tsuyoshi Yamamoto 1,c) Abstract: Recently, many methods for creating fluid animation based on fluid simulation have been proposed. We focus on the simulation of explosions. Some methods for simulating explosion were already developed. Although these methods can create realistic shapes and movement of explosions, the resulting shapes and motion depend on many simulation parameters. Therefore, it is very difficult to create the explosions with desired shapes. In this paper, we propose a system for controlling explosion shapes towards desired shapes. Our system consists of the following two steps: scale-optimization step and shape-editing step. Using the proposed system, the animation of explosions controlled into specified shapes can be generated. Keywords: Fluid simulation, Explosion phenomena, Optimization 1. (CG) CG [1] 1 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0814, Japan 2 CREST JST CREST a) morita@ime.ist.hokudai.ac.jp b) doba@ime.ist.hokudai.ac.jp c) yamamoto@ist.hokudai.ac.jp CG CG CG CG [2], [3], [4] c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 1

( ) ( ) 2. 2.1 CG Yngve [2] Yngve Feldman [3] Stam Navier-Stokes (N-S ) [5] Rasmussen 2 3 [4] 2.2 Treuille [6] Fattal N-S driving force term gathering term [7] Dobashi [8] [6], [7] [8] [9] 2 [4] 2 3 3 3 3. [3] 3 N x N y N z dh D src T src c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 2

情報処理学会研究報告 図 1 提案システムの概要 ル強度 ϕ が割り当てられており シミュレーションの各タ にはシミュレーションにより得られた温度の最大値を割り イムステップにおいてそれぞれの値が指定した領域に加わ 当てる また 温度場から発生した浮力を考慮して 速度 ることによって爆発現象が発生する なお 爆発現象は瞬 場を更新する必要がある 浮力計算は次式の通りである 間的に発生する性質があるため 爆発源の値は時間経過に 伴って減衰する 流体解析処理における支配方程式は次に示す N-S 方程式 に従う 本稿では簡略化のため非粘性流体を仮定する u 1 = (u )u p + f t ρ (1) (5) ここで κb は浮力係数 z は鉛直方向の単位ベクトルである 以上の方程式の数値解析を高速化するため 本手法では Crane らが考案した GPU 処理モデル [10] を用いる さら に 乱流成分を疑似的に付加するため Fedkiw らの手法 [11] ここで u は流体の速度ベクトル ρ は流体の密度 p は圧 力である f は外力全般を表しており 重力や浮力などの 様々な影響を考慮している この式は流体の時間発展を表 す方程式であり 右辺第 1 項から移流項 圧力項 外力項 を指す 爆発現象に関しては圧縮性流体の特性を考慮する 必要があるため 速度場の発散に関して次式に示す条件を をもとに次式の渦補正力も外力項に加える f conf = ϵ(n ω) (6) ここで ϵ は渦補正係数を表し N は ω = u を用いて 表現すると N = ω / ω となる 4. 制御手法 設ける u=ϕ f buo = κb (T Tamb )z (2) 提案システムの概要を図 1 に示す 本システムは 大き く爆発規模最適化ステップと爆発形状編集ステップの 2 段 ϕ は爆発源においては何らかの値をもち それを除く領域 階に分かれている ではゼロとなる この条件を簡易的に満たすために 圧力 爆発規模最適化ステップでは まずユーザが任意の 項の解を決定するポアソン方程式に関して次のような修正 タ イ ム ス テ ッ プ tobj と 所 望 す る 爆 発 規 模 を 指 定 す る を加える 爆発規模の指定には高さ hobj および半径 robj を用い ρ 2 p = ( u ϕ) t (3) pobj = dh( N2x, Ny 2, hobj ) を中心として半径 robj の球状の密 度分布 ρobj を目標形状とする タイムステップ tobj にお 温度場 T の解析については 式 (1) の支配方程式に加え冷 いて シミュレーションによって計算される密度分布 ρ が 却を考慮した次式を用いる ρobj と一致するよう パラメータの最適化を行う 最適化 T T Tamb = (u )T cr ( ) t Tmax Tamb (4) を行うパラメータは 爆発の到達地点に影響を与える浮力 係数 κb および爆発の大きさに影響を与えるポテンシャル ここで cr は冷却定数 Tamb は環境温度である Tmax は 強度 ϕ である 最適化は最急降下法により行い 以降は最 シミュレーション空間内における最大温度であり この値 適化試行回数 n における浮力を κb (n) ポテンシャル強度 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 3

ϕ(n) ρ(n) t i p particle (i, t) t obj 4.1 n ρ(n) ρ obj Ψ(n) Ψ(n) = k ψ (ρ(n) ρ obj ) 2 (7) D src ( p(i, j, k) p obj r obj ) ρ obj (i, j, k) = 0 (otherwise) (8) k ψ (ρ(n) ρ obj ) 2 p(i, j, k) (i, j, k) n + 1 κ b (n + 1) = κ b (n) α Ψ(n) κ b (n) ϕ(n + 1) = ϕ k β Ψ(n) ϕ(n) (9) (10) Ψ(n) κ b (n) = Ψ(n) Ψ(n, κ b) (11) κ b Ψ(n) ϕ(n) = Ψ(n) Ψ(n, ϕ) ϕ (12) α β Ψ(n, κ b ) Ψ(n, ϕ) Ψ(n) 4.2 ϕ ϕ i t ϕ (p particle (i, t)) ϕ (p particle (i, t)) = wc 3 n particle V t t w c = obj (t < t obj ) 1 (otherwise) (13) (14) w c 1 V n particle 4.3 p particle(i, t) = p particle(i, t) (15) + w r (p particle(i, t) p particle (i, t)) p particle (i, t) p particle (i, t) w r c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 4

2 3 (b) (b) 3 30 κ b (30) = 16.21 ϕ(30) = 132.34 1 32[ms] 1 20.76[s] 4 (a) (b) xz V = N y πri 2 r i i (c) (d) 1 3[ms] 1 40[ms] 6. 5. 32 32 40 dh 1.0 1 dt 0.01 (16, 16, 3) 3.0 T src = 150.0 D src = 5.0 κ b (0) = 5.0 ϕ(0) = 100.0 40,000 t obj = 120 h obj = 30.0 r obj = 8.0 2 (a) 3 CREST [1] R. Bridson, Fluid Simulation for Computer Graphics, AK Peters, September 2008. [2] G.D.Yngve, J.F. O Brien, J.K.Hodgins, Animating explosions, In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2000, 29-36, July 2000. [3] B.E.Feldman, J.F. O Brien, O.Arikan, Animating Susc 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 5

4 pended Particle Explosions, In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2003, 708-715, Aug 2003. [4] N.Rasmussen, D.Q.Nguyen, W.geiger, R.Fedkiw, Smoke simulation for large scale phenomena, In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2003, 703-703, Aug 2003. [5] J. Stam, Stable fluids, In Proceedings of ACM SIG- GRAPH 1999, 121-128, Los Angeles, USA, August 1999. [6] A.Treuille, A.McNamara, Z.Popovic, J.Stam, Keyframe Control of Smoke SImulations, In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2003, 716-723, Aug 2003. [7] R.Fattal, D.Lischinski, Target-driven smoke animation, In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2004, 441-448, Aug 2004. [8] Y. Dobashi, K. Kusumoto, T. Nishita, T. Yamamoto, Feedback control of cumuliform cloud formation based on computational fluid dynamics, ACM Transaction on Graphics, Article 94, March 2008. [9],,,, Vol.65, No.10, pp.1-6, 2011. [10] K. Crane, I. Llamas, and S. Tariq, Real Time Simulation and Rendering of 3D Fluids, Addison-Wesley, ch.30, 2007. [11] R. Fedkiw, J. Stam, and H. W. Jensen, Visual simulation of smoke In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2001, 15-22, August 2001. c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 6