2 Mar Java (2) Java 3 Java (1) Java 19),20) Scheme Java car public static void Lcar(BCI bci) { Object x = bci.vs[bci.vsbase + 1]; if (!(x instan

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1 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Mar Java Lisp Java Lisp (1) Lisp Java (2) (3) Java Java Lisp Lisp Lisp IEEE Scheme 3, K A Lisp Driver to Be Embedded in Java Applications Taiichi Yuasa We present a Lisp driver which is designed to be used primarily as an embedded system in Java applications. The key design issues include: (1) it should be easy to extend, modify, and delete the functionality even for a Java programmer who is not familiar with Lisp implementation, (2) the driver itself should be compact enough, and (3) the performance should be comparable, though not excellent. In order to develop a driver that solves these issues, we highly made use of Java features, avoided global control mechanisms, and applied widely acceptable Java coding. Although the driver is not equipped with powerful tools to support Lisp programming, it can be used as a stand-alone Lisp processor. It supports the functionality of nearly the full-set of IEEE Scheme. The current implementation consists only of 3,500 lines or 100 Kbytes of source code. The runtime performance is not excellent, but remains in an acceptable range. 1. Lisp Emacs Emacs Lisp 15) CAD Lisp 12) Lisp S Lisp Lisp Lisp Lisp Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University Java Lisp ( 1 ) Lisp Java (2) Java (3) (4) Lisp (5) (1) Java Lisp Java 1

2 2 Mar Java (2) Java 3 Java (1) Java 19),20) Scheme Java car public static void Lcar(BCI bci) { Object x = bci.vs[bci.vsbase + 1]; if (!(x instanceof List)) throw SE.notList(x); bci.acc = ((List) x).car; public static Object car(list x) { return x.car; car car Lisp Java public static (1) (2) Java Lisp Java Java Lisp Java Lisp 11) Java Lisp Java Java Lisp 2 7 3, K Java 13 74K (1) (3) 10 Java Lisp Lisp Java Java Java Lisp Java Java

3 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Java Lisp 3 Lisp Java Java Lisp car Lisp IEEE Scheme 5),8) IEEE Scheme 3 continuation call/cc escape procedure 9) Common Lisp 16) catch&throw Java tail-recursive Java immutable Java String String mutable Java Object Boolean Number Symbol Character String List Integer BigInteger Double Pair Object[ ] Function Subr Lambda Contin OutputStreamWriter PushbackReader Misc 1 Lisp Fig. 1 Classes representing Lisp objects. immutable Lisp IEEE Scheme Lisp Java 1 Java Lisp BigInteger bignum bignum bignum Integer 32 fixnum bignum 32 fixnum fixnum 32 bignum List () Lisp car cdr List final static nil List List.nil Function Subr Lambda Contin Function

4 4 Mar implements Misc eof-object Lisp eof-object 3. Lisp Lisp if do Scheme syntax S Lisp eval static Object eval(object expr, Env env) S environment S eval 1 Lisp Object S cdr Java car if public static Object Lif(Object c, Object e1, Object e2, Env env) { if (eval(c, env)!= Boolean.FALSE) return eval(e1, env); else if (e2!= null) return eval(e2, env); else return List.nil; if (if c e 1 e 2 ) eval c Boolean.FALSE eval e1 c e2 e2 Java null Lisp Lif if if Java Lif defspecial if defspecial("eval", "Lif", "if", 2, 1, false); Eval 10 Lif if if 2 1 def- Special if 3 false begin (begin e 1 e n ) defspecial("eval", "begin", "begin", 0, 0, true); 1 begin public static Object begin(list es, Env env) { Object val = List.nil; while (es!= List.nil) { val = eval(es.car, env); es = (List) es.cdr; return val; S

5 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Java Lisp 5 evlis 1 evlis n n Lisp Java 1 Java evlis evlis 1 S cdr defspecial Subr.invoke def car def("list", "car", "car", 1, 0, false) def defspecial def defspecial public static Object[] list2vec(list x) def("list", "list2vec", "list->vector", 1, 0, false) list->vector def("list", "list2vec", "vector", 0, 0, true) vector 2 Lisp >(list->vector (1 2 3)) #(1 2 3) >(vector 1 2 3) #(1 2 3) list2vec list2vec

6 6 Mar read Java Subr Lambda Contin instance public Object invoke(list args) args 6 Contin RuntimeException Java 3 Function 3 implements Function procedure? public static Boolean procedurep(object x) { return x instanceof Function? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE; Subr invoke Subr.invoke Lambda. invoke Contin.invoke Java Lisp Java reflection def def(cs, mt, fn, nreq, nopt, auxp) cs mt public Subr Method def Subr fn fn Subr Java reflection Method M M M reflection M def nreq + nopt + (auxp? 1 : 0) invoke M Subr.invoke nreq nopt auxp Java throw reflection IllegalArgumentException Java argument type mismatch Lisp Subr.invoke reflection Subr.invoke reflection Subr.invoke reflection IllegalArgumentException

7 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Java Lisp 7 catch Java Lisp x n list-ref public static Object nth(list x, int n) { while (--n >= 0) x = (List) x.cdr; return x.car; x cdr 3 List Java ClassCastException Java Java Lisp 3 ClassCastException Lisp Lisp x.cdr List Subr.invoke ClassCastException Lisp List Symbol unexpected Symbol object Lisp Java 2 Subr.invoke (/ 1 0) ArithmeticException / by zero Lisp Lambda. invoke Scheme Lambda 1 S Lambda invoke Lambda ClassCastException Subr.invoke reflection IllegalArgumentException 5. Lisp Lisp Java Java Java invoke

8 8 Mar Java backtracetoken 1 Subr.invoke Lambda.invoke backtracetoken backtracetoken invoke backtracetoken throw invoke backtracetoken invoke backtracetoken invoke backtracetoken throw invoke (define (fact x) (if (zero? x) (/ 1 0) (* x (fact (- x 1))))) Lisp (fact 3) ArithmeticException: / by zero Backtrace: / < if < fact < if < fact < if < fact < if < fact < top-level fact 4 4 if / 1 2 Backtrace: / / invoke invoke backtracetoken throw if if Java invoke < if backtracetoken throw fact invoke < fact backtracetoken throw < top-level invoke try-catch catch (Throwable e) { if (e!= backtracetoken) { else { throw backtracetoken; Java try-catch 6. call/cc call/cc 1 2 IEEE Scheme escape procedure

9 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Java Lisp 9 (call/cc f) c f c f c call/cc f c f f call/cc call/cc c c call/cc c call/cc Java throw throw call/cc Contin Runtime- Exception call/cc invoke1 1 cont f public static Object callcc(function f) { Contin cont = new Contin(); return f.invoke1(cont); catch (Contin c) { if (c == cont) return c.value; else throw c; finally { cont.cancall = false; call/cc cancall true call/cc cancall false Contin.invoke throw Subr.invoke Lambda.invoke... catch (Contin c) { throw c; catch (Throwable e) {... 2 catch throw catch 2 catch Common Lisp catch&throw catch&throw Lisp throw catcher catch catch catcher catch&throw 7. 1 OutputStreamWriter PushbackReader Java Java Input- StreamReader PushbackReader 1 unread

10 10 Mar Lisp Java Lisp read Lisp S Lisp read Lisp read Lisp Common Lisp Common Lisp read Lisp Lisp Lisp Lisp read Lisp read read Java Java Common Lisp read ( read read Java read Integer BigInteger Double 3 Java Lisp return makeint(integer.parseint(s)); catch (NumberFormatException e) { return new BigInteger(s); catch (NumberFormatException e) { return new Double(s); catch (NumberFormatException e) { return Symbol.intern(s); s Integer int Integer Number- FormatException throw BigInteger Double s Integer BigInteger Double Java Integer Big- Integer Double BigInteger Double Java Java Java Lisp Java Java Lisp write read write read Lisp Java Java write Java tostring read

11 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Java Lisp 11 1 Java read Integer BigInteger Double 1 8. Java Lisp main Eval JVM % java Eval main read-eval-print REPL REPL public static void main(string argv[]) { initializesystem(); readevalprintloop(); REPL S 1 < top-level public static void readevalprintloop() { for(;;) IO.print("\n>"); // Object expr = IO.read(null); if (expr == IO.eofObject) break; IO.println(topLevelEval(expr)); catch (Throwable e) { if (e!= backtracetoken) else Java Lisp S (1) Eval.initializeSystem(); (2) Eval.loadProgram( ); (3) Object value = Eval.runProgram(S ); S load- Program load API runprogram S API public static void loadprogram(string s) { IO.load(s, null, null); catch (Throwable e) {... public static Object runprogram(string s) { return topleveleval(io.read(io.openin putstring(s))); catch (Throwable e) {... return null; catch REPL REPL 3 def defspecial def static def car def static { Subr.def("List", "car", 1); public static Object car(list x) {

12 12 Mar return x.car; def car 2 public static Object car(pair x) { def Common Lisp when Eval static { Subr.defSpecial("Eval", "when", "when", 1, 0, true); public static Object when(object c, List es, Env env) { if (eval(c, env)!= Boolean.FALSE) return begin(es, env); else return List.nil; Java Lisp Java BV Lisp Lisp BV Object Lisp Lisp Lisp Lisp VB instance and Lisp static { Subr.def("BV", "BVand", 2); public static BV BVand(BV x, BV y) { return x.and(y); Lisp read Lisp #* read Common Lisp # sharp- SignMacroReader switch # switch * Lisp write tostring VB tostring VB write 9. Java Lisp HotScheme 4) Skij 17) Kawa 3) Jscheme 2) SISC 13) 5 Scheme HotScheme Scheme Skij Kawa Jscheme IEEE 5),8) SISC R 5 RS 10) Lisp HotScheme Skij S 3 Kawa JVM Jscheme SISC Lisp Java 3 Jscheme Scheme

13 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Java Lisp 13 HotScheme Skij S S HotScheme: HotScheme >> (if) error: Arg not a list: in car of: #f Skij: skij> (if) SchemeException: Can t eval null >(if) RuntimeException: too few arguments to if Kawa Java Lisp static Java reflection 5 reflection reflection HotScheme Skij Kawa 2 Jscheme SISC switch HotScheme SISC Kawa Java Lisp Skij Jscheme Lisp Java 1 Java 1 escape procedure Skij Kawa Jscheme Java Java escape procedure Skij Jscheme Kawa throw call/cc 1 throw 2 1 Kawa 1 Contin Kawa read

14 14 Mar Java read Jscheme Jscheme write read read Java write read Eval Char IO Num Env 1 1 Table 1 Implementation classes and their sizes. Char 256 7,786 6,618 Contin 61 1,307 1,516 Env 66 1,655 1,888 Eval ,377 12,006 Function IO ,128 15,446 Lambda 61 1,479 2,259 List ,666 8,353 Misc Num ,462 12,267 Pair Subr 219 6,714 6,692 Symbol 235 6,541 6,009 3, ,647 73,940 3, K 74 K 5 2 Scheme Java Scheme Gabriel 6) 3 Solaris 7 OS Sun Ultra 60 UltraSPARC-II 360 MHz Java JDK 1.2 Java java.lang.system.currenttimemillis() C Kyoto Common Lisp 18) KCL Scheme JVM 3 Table 3 Benchmark results (in seconds). KCL Kawa Skij ctak deriv div (ite) (rec) fprint fft fread puzzle tak takr tprint traverse (init) (run) triangle Table 2 2 Comparison of implementation sizes. Java Scheme 13 3, , , HotScheme 114 5, , , Skij 41 5, , , , ,439 Kawa , , , ,541 48,582 Jscheme 51 7, , , , ,642 SISC 90 12, , , , , , , , ,

15 Vol. 44 No. SIG 4(PRO 17) Java Lisp 15 Kawa S Skij KCL 5 JVM ctak fprint fread 3 Java ctak fprint fread Kawa 3 5 KCL Kawa JVM Skij Java reflection reflection Skij 11. Java Lisp Lisp Java Java Web 21) COINS 14) Lisp COINS Java 1) Lisp S Lisp Lisp Lisp COINS 1) LIR: COINS 39 (2002). 2) Anderson, K., Hickey, T. and Norvig, P.: The Jscheme Web Programming Project (2002). jscheme.sourceforge.net/jscheme/mainwebpage.html 3) Bothner, P.: Kawa, the Java-based Scheme System (2002). 4) Callahan, G., Clark, B., Dodson, R. and Yalamanchi, P.: HotScheme (1997). com/hotscheme/ 5) Clinger, W.C. and Rees, J.: Revised 4 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, MIT AI Memo 848b, MIT (1991). 6) Gabriel, R.P.: Performance and Evaluation of Lisp System, MIT Press Series in Computer Science, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1985). 7) Gosling, J., Joy, B. and Steele, G.: The Java Language Specification, Addison-Wesley (1996). 8) IEEE Standard for the Scheme Programming Language, IEEE (1991). 9) Ito, T. and Matsui, M.: A Parallel Lisp Language PaiLisp and Its Kernel Specification, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 441, pp.22 52, Springer-Verlag (1995). 10) Kelsey, R., Clinger, W. and Rees, J.: Revised 5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme, Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation, Vol.11, No.1 (1998). 11) Java Scheme Vol.42, No.SIG 7(PRO 11), pp (2001). 12) McFarlane, R., McElhinney, C.P. and McFarlane, B.: Using Autolisp With Autocad, John Wiley & Sons (1999). 13) Miller, S.G. and Radestock, M.: SISC for Seasoned Schemers (2002). sisc.sourceforge.net

16 Mar. 2003 14) SSA 18 3D 2 (2001). 15) Stallman, R.M., Laliberte, D. and Lewis, B.: The Gnu Emacs LISP Reference Manual, Free Software Foundation (1991). 16) Steele, G.L.: Common Lisp the Language, Second Edition, Digital Press (1990).

16 16 Mar ) SSA 18 3D 2 (2001). 15) Stallman, R.M., Laliberte, D. and Lewis, B.: The Gnu Emacs LISP Reference Manual, Free Software Foundation (1991). 16) Steele, G.L.: Common Lisp the Language, Second Edition, Digital Press (1990). 17) Travers, M.: Skij: Scheme in Java for Interactive Debugging and Scripting (1999). alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/skij 18) Yuasa, T. and Hagiya, M.: Kyoto Common Lisp Report, Technical Report, Teikoku Insatsu Publishing, Kyoto (1985). 19) Yuasa, T.: An object-oriented Scheme System Bubu and Its Facility for Parallel Computation, International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing for Symbolic and Irregular Applications, pp (1999). 20) Java Scheme 42 pp (2001). 21) Java Lisp (2002). kyoto-u.ac.jp/ yuasa/jakld ( ) ( ) Common Lisp Scheme C IEEE ACM

109 i Lisp KVM Java VM Lisp Java Lisp JAKLD KVM Lisp JAKLD Java Lisp KVM API We present a Lisp system that can be downloaded to and used on mobile pho

109 i Lisp KVM Java VM Lisp Java Lisp JAKLD KVM Lisp JAKLD Java Lisp KVM API We present a Lisp system that can be downloaded to and used on mobile phones. This system was developed as a side-product of