2006 [3] Scratch Squeak PEN [4] PenFlowchart 2 3 PenFlowchart 4 PenFlowchart PEN xdncl PEN [5] PEN xdncl DNCL 1 1 [6] 1 PEN Fig. 1 The PEN

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1 PenFlowchart 1,a) 2,b) 3,c) , PEN & PenFlowchart PEN Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Programming Education with Flowcharts Using PenFlowchart Wataru Nakanishi 1,a) Takeo Tatsumi 2,b) Tomohiro Nishida 3,c) Received: March 4, 2015, Revised: May 12, 2015, Accepted: September 5, 2015 Abstract: Programming environments used in programming education may be text-based or use visual objects. In this study, we developed and evaluated PenFlowchart, which generates codes for PEN (a text-based programming environment for novices) by making flowcharts using objects manipulated by a mouse being used for programming education for high school students. The results of learning using PenFlowchart were compared with results using PEN alone. Also, we found that students grades are improved (particularly in the case of poorly performing students) on the reference questions in term-end examinations, which ask conversion from text-based programs to flowcharts or vice versa. Keywords: programming learning, flowchart 1. 1 Nagoya Senior High School, Nagoya, Aichi , Japan 2 The Open University of Japan, Chiba , Japan 3 Osaka Gakuin University, Suita, Osaka , Japan a) watayan@meigaku.ac.jp b) ttmtko@gmail.com c) nishida@ogu.ac.jp 2005 [1] [2] IT IT 21 IT c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 75

2006 [3] Scratch Squeak PEN [4] PenFlowchart 2 3 PenFlowchart 4 PenFlowchart 5 6 2. 2.1 PEN xdncl PEN [5] PEN xdncl DNCL 1 1 [6] 1 PEN Fig.

2 2006 [3] Scratch Squeak PEN [4] PenFlowchart 2 3 PenFlowchart 4 PenFlowchart PEN xdncl PEN [5] PEN xdncl DNCL 1 1 [6] 1 PEN Fig. 1 The PEN programming environment. [4] PEN JavaScript PEN PEN [7] PenFlowchart 2.2 Flowgorithm [8] [9] [10] PenFlowchart 1 PEN [11] PAD JPADet C c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 76

3 1 Table 1 Numbers of flowcharts and programs in textbooks (previous curriculum). H Visual Basic H Visual Basic H DNCL H DNCL H BASIC H BASIC H Pascal H DNCL H DNCL JPADet [12] BlockEditor Java Java Java BlockEditor BlockEditor 80% BlockEditor Java GUI [13] B 1 DNCL PEN DNCL Table 2 Numbers of flowcharts and programs in textbooks (current curriculum). H Visual Basic H Visual Basic H JavaScript H JavaScript 4 2 DNCL H Visual Basic 3. PEN PenFlowchart PEN PenFlowchart 3.1 PEN PEN a=0 a=0 IF ENDIF PEN c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 77

3 PenFlowchart Java GPL http:// 2 PenFlowchart Fig.

4 3.2 PenFlowchart PEN PenFlowchart 2011 [14] PAD 2.3 PenFlowchart 2 & & PEN PEN 1 PenFlowchart PNG EPS 2012 PEN PEN switch else if 2.3 PenFlowchart Java GPL 2 PenFlowchart Fig. 2 The PenFlowchart programming environment. watayan.net/prog/ 4. 2 PenFlowchart PEN c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 78

5 Table Course contents and numbers of programs (Lessons 1 5). (1) BMI (2) (3) (4) 2 1 for 1 1 while for 2 2 while 1 (5) PenFlowchart 2012 PenFlowchart Fig. 3 Trend of number of programs submitted by students PenFlowchart B PEN PenFlowchart 2011 PEN PenFlowchart PenFlowchart PEN PenFlowchart PenFlowchart PenFlowchart PEN c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 79

6 4 Table 4 Which did students use PEN or PenFlowchart? (number and ratio). (%) PEN PenFlowchart Table 5 Which did students prefer PEN or PenFlowchart? (number and ratio). (%) PEN PenFlowchart Fig. 5 5 Trend of average scores of the reference question. 4 Fig. 4 An example of reference question of term-end examination. PenFlowchart PenFlowchart 2012 PenFlowchart 4 IF-ELSE xdncl 6 Fig. 6 Score distributions of the reference question. PenFlowchart 1:1: PenFlowchart c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 80

7 Table Average scores of term-end examination (PEN vs. PenFlowchart) PEN PenFlowchart PenFlowchart Fig. 7 7 Score distributions of the question about trace of variables. 5.2 PEN PenFlowchart 4.2 PEN PenFlowchart PenFlowchart PEN PenFlowchart 2011 PEN 2012 PenFlowchart PEN PenFlowchart 2012 PEN Welch p = PenFlowchart PenFlowchart PenFlowchart 6. PenFlowchart PenFlowchart PEN DNCL PenFlowchart BASIC JavaScript [15] JSPS [1] html [2] JAPAN is BACK jp/singi/keizaisaisei/pdf/saikou jpn.pdf [3] 2006 (2006). [4] c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 81

PEN Vol.48, No.8 (2007). [5] PEN http://www.media.osaka-cu.ac.jp/pen/ 2014-11-06. [6] PEN CE Vol.

: Flowgorithm (online), available from http://www.flowgorithm.org (accessed 2015-03-30). [9] Vol.18, pp.

2013-CE-119, No.2 (2013). [13] JavaScript 2006 pp.6 11 (2006). [14] PenFlowchart CE Vol.2012-CE-113, No.

8 PEN Vol.48, No.8 (2007). [5] PEN [6] PEN CE Vol.2005-CE-081, No.104 (2005). [7] PEN Journals of Informatics, Vol.8, No.1 (2011). [8] Cook, D.: Flowgorithm (online), available from (accessed ). [9] Vol.18, pp (2006). [10] 4 pp (2011). [11] Vol.45, No.10, pp (2004). [12] CE Vol.2013-CE-119, No.2 (2013). [13] JavaScript 2006 pp.6 11 (2006). [14] PenFlowchart CE Vol.2012-CE-113, No.13 (2012). [15] PenFlowchart 1 pp (2013) ICT CIEC ACM 1989 c 2015 Information Processing Society of Japan 82

Vol.55 No (Jan. 2014) saccess 6 saccess 7 saccess 2. [3] p.33 * B (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) *1 [3], [4] Web PDF a m

Vol.55 No (Jan. 2014) saccess 6 saccess 7 saccess 2. [3] p.33 * B (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) *1 [3], [4] Web PDF a m Vol.55 No.1 2 15 (Jan. 2014) 1,a) 2,3,b) 4,3,c) 3,d) 2013 3 18, 2013 10 9 saccess 1 1 saccess saccess Design and Implementation of an Online Tool for Database Education Hiroyuki Nagataki 1,a) Yoshiaki