統合・基礎神経学 - 神経系の構造を中心に

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1 Title 統合 基礎神経学 - 神経系の構造を中心に Author(s) 井上, 芳郎 Citation 北海道大学大学院医学研究科 脳科学専攻神経機能学講座 分子解剖学分野 Issue Date 1990 Doc URL Rights(URL) Type learningobject File Information basic-neuroanatomy.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Aca

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6 1 nerve cell neuron 2 neuroglia glialcellorglia 3 blood vessel NGl neuropil -1-

7 1 2 glia limitans blood-brain barrier liquor-brain barrier -2-

8 1 cell body or soma 2 dendrites 3 axon pia mater anterograde retrograde 1 unipolar neuron 2 pseudouniplar neuron 3 bipolar neuron 4 multipolar neuron 1 2 Renshaw cell -3-

9 A B H-E 1 Golgi silver impregnation method 2 Bodian Bielschowsky 3 horse-radish peroxidase HRP biocytin Procian yellow 4 HRP biocytinfast blue DiI 5 6 reconstruction 7 immunohistochemistry angtigen antibody -4-

10 cell membrane plasma membrane initial segment node of Ranvier undercoating nucleus nucleolus Nu= Barr Barr s body Nissl bodies or substance Franz Nissl tigroid neurofilament neurotubules 10nm 15-30nm microtubules neurotubules neurofibrils 1 Golgi apparatus or complex Camillo Golgi

11 2 melanin granules pigments 3 neurosecretory granules Gomori Herring 4 lipofuscin granules -6-

12 dendritic spines neurofilaments mm/day 20-68mm/day 3-20mm/day mm/day mm/day neurofilaments microtubules axon hillock initial segment of axon undercoating axon proper axonal terminals chemical transmitter 1 axo-somatic synapses 2 axo-dendritic synapses shaft dendritic spine 3 axo-axonic synapses 4 dendro-dendritic synapses -7-

13 a. b. c. d. presynapse synaptic vesicle Ca 2+ clear vesicle small cored vesicle large cored vesicle active zone -8-

14 Gray I Gray II S F active zone 30nm 20nm synaptic cleft 20-40nm transporter postsynapse postsynaptic density receptor ionotropic receptor G protein-coupled receptor + 2+ Na, Ca GABA Cl - metabotropic receptor GTP GTP 2+ camp, Ca, -9-

15 GTP pore GTP glial cell neur oglia glia ependymal cells astroglia or astrocytes glia limitans membrane filaments glial fibrils glial fibril acidic protein GFAP cerebral edema oligodendroglia microglia macrophage -10-

16 satellite cell myelin sheath myelinated nerve fibers unmyelinated nerve fibers nodes of Ranvier nodes of Ranvier saltatory conduction -11-

17 basal lamina incisure of Schmidt-Lantermann -12-

18 1 Weigert-Pal Kruver-Barrera method myelin basic protein 2 intraperiod line major dense line 60-70% 30% myelin basic protein MBP proteolipid protein PLP MBP PLP 4 1. demyelination multiple sclerosis neuromyelitis optica Schilder s disease subacute myeloopticoneuropathy SMON 2. dysmyelination or leucodystrophy myelin basic protein MBP proteolipid protein PLP shiverer mouse:mbp myelin deficient mouse MLD :MBP shiverer mouse -13-

19 jimpy mouse:plp PLP Pelizaeus-Merzbacher twitcher mouse galactosylsphingosine Krabbe globoid cell leukodystrophy effectors 1 muscles 2 glands receptors 1 exteroceptors 2 interoceptors 3 proprioceptors 1 chemoreceptors 2 mechanoreceptors 3 thermoreceptors 4 photoreceptors 1 1. free nerve endings 2. peritrichial endings 3. Krause s end-bulb 4. Meissner s corpuscle 5. Merkel s tactile disc 6. Pacinian corpuscle 7. Ruffini s corpuscle -14-

20 2 muscle spindle nuclear bag type nuclear chain type fibers 2. annulospiral ending flower spray ending afferent fibers 4 3 Golgi s tendon organ -15-

21 1 ovulation fertilization cleavage 2 blastcyst implantation 3 embryonic disc 4 entoderm ectoderm amniotic cavity 5 mesoderm primitive streak Hensen s node 6-16-

22 1 1 neural plate 2 neural groove neural crest 3 neural tube anterior neuropore posterior neuropore 4-17-

23 meningocele encephalocele spina bifida 5 forebrain vesicle midbrain vesicle rhombencephalon vesicle spinal cord 1 telencephalon diencephalon 2 mesencephalon,midbrain 3 metencephalon,hindbrain myelencephalon cerebellum pons medulla oblongata -18-

24 matrix cells DNA -19-

25 1.Hiss Keimzellentheorie 1889 Keimzellen Spongioblasten 2.Bailey and Cushing 1926 Hiss 1. ependymal layer mantle layer marginal layer -20-

26 2. alar plate basal plate sulcus limitans roof plate floor plate somatosen-sory viscerosensory visceromotor somatomotor neural crest -21-

27 radial glial fibers inside-out outside-in reeler mouse -22-

28 degeneration regeneration Wallerian degeneration 1 macrophages mm -23-

29 2 gliosis -24-

30 3 retrograde degeneration Nissl chromatolysis 3. secondary Wallerian degeneration transneuronal degeneration 1. anterograde transneuronal degeneration 2. posterograde retrograde transneuronal degeneration -25-

31 neuronal apoptosis apoptosis axonal elimination necrosis -26-

32 meninges encephali 1 dura mater encephali 2 arachnoidea encephali 3 pia mater encephali 2 1 epidural space 2 subdural space 3 subarachnoideal space subarachnoideal cisterns 1. cerebellomedullary cistern 2. cistern of lateral cerebral fossa 3. chiasmatic cistern 4. intercrural cistern Paris Nomina Anatomica 5. ambiens cistern 6. cistern of great cerebral vein 7. cistern of corpus callosum arachnoideal granulations dural sinuses diploic vein -27-

33 falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli: falx cerebelli diaphragma sellae sinus durae matris -28-

34 3 meninges spinales dura mater spinalis filum durae matris spinalis 2 arachnoidea spinalis 3 pia mater spinalis denticulate ligament 20 filum terminale cauda equina myelography ventricle 1 lateral ventricle anterior horn 2 central portion 3 posterior horn 4 inferior horn 2 third ventricle

35 3 cerebral aqueduct 4 fourth ventricle choroid plexus 1 choroid plexus of lateral ventricle 2 choroid plexus of third ventricle 3 choroid plexus of fourth ventricle cerebrospinal fluid Liquor cc ml median aperture of fourth ventricle of Magendie lateral aperture of fourth ventricle of Luschka hydrocephalus mm -30-

36 /mm /mm mg/dl 0-6mg/dl 5-10mg/dl mg/dl 12-30mg/dl mg/dl 50-85mg/dl 144mEq/l mEq/l 4-7mg/dl mg/dl 1-3mg/dl mEq/l mg/dl -31-

37 2-deoxyglucose intervertebral foramen IVF spinal branch vertebral a. VA transverse foramen anterior and posterior spinal a. 2 spinal branches segmental arteries 1 ascending cervical a. 2 deep cervical a. 3 posterior intercostal a. 4 lumbar a. 5 ileolumbar a. 6 lateral sacral a. 7 median sacral a. -32-

38 1 branch of verterbral canal 2 meningeal branches 3 anterior radicalis a. 4 posterior radicalis a. 9 3 A. radicalis magna artery of Adamkiewicz -33-

39 5 antrior and posterior spinal a. 1 central a peripheral a. 1 anterior spinal vein posterolateral spinal vein posterior spinal vein 2 anterior radicalis vein posterior radicalis vein 3 internal vertebral venous plexus basilar venous plexus 4 intervertebral vein 5 basivertebral vein 6 external vertebral venous vein -34-

40 internal carotid a. vertebral a. cerebral angiography MRI 1 1 cervical segment 2 intrapetrosal segment: 3 intracavernous segment carotid-cavernous fistula CCF 4 supraclinoid segment ophthalmic a. 3 4 " carotid siphon" 2 cerebral arterial circle of Willis anterior communicating a. posterior communicating a. cortical branches central branches -35-

41 1 central branches 1. anteromedial group 2. posteromedial group thalamoperforating a. 3. posterolateral group thalamo-geniculate a. 4. anterolateral group lenticulostriate artery Charcot lateral striate arteries recurrent a. of Heubner 5. anterior choroidal a. 6. posterior choroidal arteries -36-

42 2 cortical branches 1. anterior cerebral a. ACA pericallosal a. A callosomarginal a. B 2. middle cerebral a. MCA 3. posterior cerebral a. PCA -37-

43 ACA MCA PCA PCoA 3 basilar a. vertebral a. 1 posterior inferior cerebellar a. PICA 2 anterior inferior cerebellar a. AICA -38-

44 3 labyrinth a. 4 superior cerebellar a. SCA

45 superficial cerebral veins deep cerebral veins dural sinus bridging veins 1 : external cerebral vein bridging vein 1 superior cerebral veins inferior cerebral veins -40-

46 3 superficial middle cerebral veins superior anastomotic vein of Trolard inferior anastomotic vein of Labbe 2 1 great cerebral vein of Galen 2 internal cerebral veins 1. thalamostriate vein 2. choroidal vein 3. septal vein 3 basal vein of Rosenthal 1. anterior cerebral veins 2. deep middle cerebral veins 3. striate veins 4 occipital vein -41-

47 1 superior cerebellar veins 2 inferior cerebellar veins 1 anterior ethmoidal a. anterior meningeal a. 2 middle meningeal a. 3 ascending pharyngeal a. posterior meningeal a. -42-

48 occipital a. meningeal branch meningeal branch superior sagittal sinus 2 inferior sagittal sinus 3 rectal sinus 4 transverse sinus 5 inferior petrosal sinus 6 superior petrosal sinus 7 cavernous sinus 8 sigmoid sinus 9 confluence of sinuses emissary veins parietal emissary vein 2 mastoid emissary vein 3 condylar emissary vein -43-

49 1 telencephalon,cerebral hemisphere 2 diencephalon,between brain 3 mesencephalon,midbrain 4 pons 5 medulla oblongata 6 cerebellum brain stem -44-

50 telencephalon hemispherium cerebri 673 fissura longitudinalis cerebri fissura transversa cerebri pallium rhinencephalon cerebral nuclei cerebral cortex gray matter cerebral medulla white matter -45-

51 1 lobus 1. frontal lobe polus frontalis 2. parietal lobe 3. occipital lobe polus occipitalis 4. temporal lobe polus temporalis 5. insula rhisencephalon cm preoccipital notch operculum 2 gyri gyrus sulci sulcus cerebral hemisphere sulcus gyrus convolution lateral sulcus of Sylvius middle cerebral artery inferior frontal gyrus pars orbitalis pars triangularis, pars opercularis Broca -46-

52 supramarginal gyrus Wernicke superior temporal sulcus angular gyrus inferior parietal lobule interparietal sulcus superior parietal lobule postcentral sulcus postcentral gyrus central sulcus of Rolando precentral gyrus pars opercularis -47-

53 superior frontal sulcus inferior frontal sulcus superior frontal sulcus middle frontal gyrus corpus callosum rostrum of corpus callosum genu trunk splenium sulcus of corpus callosum cinguli sulcus cinguli gyrus paracentral lobule parietooccipital sulcus precuneus subparietal sulcus calcarine sulcus cuneus striate area -48-

54 hippocampal sulcus collateral sulcus rhinal sulcus parahippocampal gyrus uncus lingual gyrus dentate gyrus occipitotemporal sulcus medial occipitotemporal gyrus lateral occipitotemporal gyrus transverse temporal sulci Heschl olfactory bulb olfactory tract olfactory sulcus rectal gyrus orbital sulcus orbital gyrus fornicate gyrus isthmus of cinguli gyrus -49-

55 2 projection fibers commissural fibers association fibers 1. projection fibers corona radiata optic radiation acustic radiation internal capsule external capsule claustrum extreme capsule 2. commissural fibers corpus callosum 684 anterior commissure 3. association fibers arcuate fibers uncinate fascicle superior longitudinal fascicle inferior longitudinal fascicule hodology -50-

56 2 isocortex 6 neocortex allocortex 6 paleocortex archicortex mesocortex 1 cytoarcitecture molecular layer lamina zonalis external granular layer external pyramidal layer internal granular layer internal pyramidal layer multiform layer -51-

57 2 areas of Brodmann 6 50 agranular cortex Brodmann4 granu-lar cortex Brodmann17 3 myeloarchitecture 1. medullary rays 2. internal and external band of Baillarger: 5 4 stripesofvicqd Azyr lineofgennari 3. Kaes-Bechterew s stria tangential fibers -52-

58 paleocortex 1 olfactory lobe 1. olfactory bulb 2. olfactory tract 3. olfactory trigone 2 lobus piriformis 3 lobus prepiriformis 4 amygdaroid body 5 1. fornix 2. mamillothalamic tract 3. stria medullaris 4. stria terminalis 5. anterior commissure archicortex 1 medial olfactory area 1. substantia perforans anterior 2. area subcallosa 3. paraterminal gyrus 4. septum pellucidum 2 indusium griseum 3 hippocampus 1. fasciolar gyrus 2. dentate gyrus 3. pes hippocampi CA1-4 4 fornix -53-

59 1 arichicortex Brodmann4 6 8 Penfield supplementary area VPM VPL

60 4 41 Heschl Broca s center Wernick-e s center dominant hemisphere aphasia apraxia agnosia frontal signs Gerstmann Korsakoff -55-

61 cerebral nuclei 692 basal ganglia 1 caudate nucleus 2 putamen 3 globus pallidus 4 claustrum 5 amygdaloid body corpus striuatum or striatum neostriatum lentiform nucleus 1 archistriatum amygdaloid body 2 paleostriatum globus pallidus 3 neostriatum putamen caudate nucleus striatum -56-

62 lentiform nucleus uncus stria terminalis 2. claustrum caudate nucleus head of caudate nucleus body of caudate nucleus tail of caudate nucleus lentiform nucleus putamen globus pallidus 1 1. Falck-Hillarp

63 PET positron emmission tomograpy VL lenticular fascicle H2 VL -58-

64 ansa lenticularis VL pallidotegmental tract 4. pallidosubthalamic tract subthalamic fascicle nucleus of Meynert -59-

65 thalamus epithalamus hypothalamus dorsal thalamus 1 interthalamic adhesion 2 interventricular foramen of Monrow 3 posterior commissure metathalamus: lateral geniculate body medial geniculate body pulvinar epithalamus 1 stria medullaris thalami 2 habenula 3 pineal body hypothalamus hypothalamic sulcus 1 mamillary body 2 optic chiasm 3 infundibulum 4 tuber cinereum 5 lamina terminalis 6 optic tract 7 fornix -60-

66 ventral thalamus subthalamus, Corpus Luysi red nucleus dorsal thalamus ventral thalamus subthalamus PNA 1 anterior nuclei of thalamus A 1. anterodorsal nucleus 2. anteroventral nucleus 3. anteromedial nucleus 2 medial nucleus of thalamus M 3 lateral nuclei of thalami 1. ventral anterolateral nucleus VAL VA + VL 2. ventral intermediate nucleus 3. ventral posteromedial nucleus VPM 4. ventral posterolateral nucleus VPL 5. lateral dorsal nucleus LD 6. posterior nucleus pulvinar thalami P 4 reticular nucleus of thalamus 5 laminae medullares of thalamus intralaminar nucleus 6 nucleus of medial geniculate body MGB 7 nucleus of lateral geniculate body LGB -61-

67 specific thalamic nuclei nonspecific thalamic nuclei 1 trigeminal lemniscus spinal lemniscus spinothalamic tract medial lemniscus 1. : VPM 2. VPL 3.VPM VPL ventral anterior nucleus,va ventral lateral nucleus,vl VL VA 5 mammillothalamic fascicle of Vicq d Azyr 6 7 medial central nucleus centromedian nucleus 8 ventral thalamus or subthalamus -62-

68 1 1. subthalamic nucleus Luys body 2. zona incerta 3. nuclei of tegmental fields Forel 2 1. H Forel s field H Haube H 2. H1 Forel s field H1 thalamic fascicle 1 pallidothalamic fibers H2 2 dentatothalamic fibers 3. H2 Forel s field H2 fasciculus lenticularis : H H1 4. ansa lenticularis: H H1-63-

69 pineal body habenular nucleus habenula commissura habenularum trigonum habenulae habenular nucleus retroflexus fascicle of Meynert stria medullaris of thalamus septal area 1 paraventricular nucleus oxytocin 2 supraoptic nucleus antidiuretic hormone,vasopressin 3 acuate nucleus = infundibular nucleus nuclei tuberis -64-

70 4 mammillary nucleus 1 fornix 2 mammillothalamic fascicle of Vicq d Azyr 3 fasciculus mammillotegmentalis 4 periventricular fiber system Schutz 5 hypothalamohypophyseal system 1. neurosecretion oxytocinvasopressin 2. ACTH TSH FSH LH RF releasing factors 6 medial forebrain bundle 7 pedunculus corporis mammillaris 8 stria terminalis -65-

71 9 pallidohypothalamic tract anterior limb genu posterior limb 1 anterior thalamic peduncle 2 frontopontine tract 1 corticonuclear tract 2 corticoreticular tract 1 corticospinal tract 2 corticorubral tract 3 superior thalamic peduncle -66-

72 4 pars retrolentiformis: 1. posterior thalamic peduncle 2. optic radiation 3. parietopontine tract 4. occipitopontine tract 5. corticotegmental tract 5 pars sublentiformis 1. inferior thalamic peduncle 2. acoustic radiation 3. temporopontine tract rami striati Charcot anterior choroideal a. -67-

73 mesencephalic tectum superior collicle inferior collicle 2 brachium colliculi superioris 3 brachium colliculi inferioris 4 trochlear nerve 5 velum medullare superius 6 superior cerebellar peduncle 1 fossa rhomboidea velum medullare superius 2. superior,middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles 3. tenia ventriculi quarti 2 1. median sulcus 2. medial eminence 3. sulcus limitans inferior fovea -68-

74 superior fovea 4. facial collicle 5. hypoglossal trigone 6. trigone of vagus nerve 7. vestibular area 8. locus ceruleus 9. lateral recess of fourth ventricle -69-

75 10. lateral aperture of fourth ventricle 11. median aperture of fourth ventricle 12. calamus scriptorius 13. obex 14. medullary striae of fourth venteicle closed medulla 1. posterior median sulcus 2. posterior lateral sulcus 3. posterior intermediate sulcus 4. gracilis tubercle gracilis nucleus 5. cuneate tubercle cuneate nucleus 6. tuberculum cinereum trigeminal nucleus of spinal tract 7. funiculus lateralis mesencephalon 1 crus cerebri cerebral peduncle 2 interpeduncular fossa 3 posterior perforated substance 4 oculomotor nerve peduncle -70-

76 pons 657 transverse fibers of pons 1 basilar sulcus basilar artery 2 middle cerebellar peduncle 3 trigeminal nerve medulla oblongata anterior median fissure 2 pyramis pyrmidal tract 3 olive 4 pyramidal decussation 5 anterior lateral sulcus -71-

77 cranial nerves somatic efferent SE special visceral efferent SVE general visceral efferent GVE general visceral afferent GVA special visceral afferent SVA special somatic afferent SSA general somatic afferent GSA -72-

78 -73-

79 oculomotor nerve HRP accessory nucleus of oculomotor nerve Edinger-Westphal nucleus pretectal area -74-

80 pupillary reflex 1 light reflex 1. direct pupillary reflex 2. consensual pupillary reflex 2 convergence reflex Argyll-Robertson pupil trochlear nerve -75-

81 nucleus of trochlear nerve 1 2 trigeminal nerve -76-

82 radix moto-ria portio minor -77-

83 1. 2. abducens ner ve lateral rectus muscle facial collicle conjugate lateral gaze center nystagmus paramedian pontine reticular formation PPRF -78-

84 PPRF internuclear ophthalmoplegia 1 MLF monoocular nystagmus 2 MLF multiple sclerosis facial ner ve -79-

85 facial nucleus facial nucleus 4mm 1 2 trigeminofacial reflex corneal reflex sucking reflex

86 5 greater petrosal nerve chorda tympani superior salivatory nucleus vestibular nerve medial nucleus of Schwalbe lateral nucleus of Deiters superior nucleus of Bechterew inferior nucleus of Roller Cajal -81-

87 inferior posteroventral nucleus VIP cochlear ner ve dorsal cochlear nucleus ventral cochlear nucleus stria acustica stria acustica ventral acustic stria dorsal acustic stria of Monakow intermediate acustic stria trapezoid body trapezoid body superior olivary nucleus -82-

88 nucleus of trapezoid body nucleus of lateral lemniscus lateral lemniscus glossophar yngeal ner ve dorsal sensory nucleus of vagal nerve inferior salivatory nucleus -83-

89 nucleus ambiguus vagus nerve auricular branch of vagus nerve Arnold -84-

90 dorsal sensory nucleus of vagus nerve solitary nucleus solitary tract and solitary nucleus 1 2 dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve fossa rhomboidea -85-

91 dorsal longitudinal fascicle of Schutz accessory nerve medullary root nucl.ambiguus internal branch spinal root external branch hypoglossal nerve hypoglossal nucleus hypoglossal nucleus 18mm 1Brodmann area

92 -87-

93 cerebral peduncle crus cerebri cerebral peduncle tegmentum tectum mesencephali lamina tecti superior collicle inferior collicle central gray substance cerebral aqueduct -88-

94 red nucleus Benedikt rubroolivary tract 2. rubrospinal tract of Monakow 3. ventral tegmental decussation -89-

95 substantia nigra 1 pars compacta 2 pars reticularis 1. striatonigral fibers 2. nigrostriate fibers 3. nigrothalamic fibers midbrain reticular formation nucl.interpeduncularis fascicle of Meynert retroflexus dorsal tegmental nucleus superior collicle 1 stratum zonale 2 stratum cinereum 3 stratum opticum 4 stratum lemnisci

96 spinotectal tract 2. tectospinal tr. tectoreticular tr. tectobulbar tr. tectopontine tr. tectothalamic tr. dorsal tegmental decussation medial longitudinal fascicle decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle tr.tegmentalis centralis medial lemniscus lemniscus lateralis inferior collicle -91-

97 cerebral crus or peduncle 1Benedikt s syndrome 2Weber s syndrome 3 Parinaud s syndrome -92-

98 dorsal part of pons tegmentum of pons ventral part of pons base of pons 1 pontine reticular formation 2 1. medial longitudinal fascicle 2. dorsal longitudinal fascicle 3. spinal lemniscus 4. lateral lemniscus -93-

99 5. trapezoid body 6. central tegmental tract 7. trigeminal lemniscus 8. medial lemniscus 1 1. pontine nuclei 2 1. pyramidal tract tr.corticonuclearis 2. corticopontine tract 3. transverse pontine fibers caudal pontine reticular nucleus oral pontine reticular nucleus medial lemniscus trigeminal lemniscus spinal lemniscus trapezoid body lateral lemniscus central tegmental tract medial longitudinal fascicle dorsal longitudinal fascicle of Schutz -94-

100 pontine nuclei transverse pontine fibers longitudinal pontine fibers -95-

101 closed medulla open medulla olivary nucleus -96-

102 trigeminal nucleus of spinal tract medial lemniscus pyramidal tract reticular formation nuclei of posterior funiculi gracilis nucleus cuneate nucleus internal arcuate fibers decussation of lemniscus medial lemniscus VPL VPL accessory cuneate nucleus lateral cuneate nucleus -97-

103 reticular formation lateral reticular nucleus parvocellular reticular nucleus gigantocellular reticular nucleus paramedian reticular nucleus raphe nuclei inferior olivary complex olivary nucleus medial accessory olivary nucleus dorsal accessory olivary nucleus internal arcuate fibers 1 corticoolivary tract 2 central tegmental tract 3 spinoolivary tract -98-

104 arcuate nuclei medullary striae of fourth ventricle external arcuate fibers -99-

105 cerebellar cortex cerebellar hemisphere vermis cerebellar fissures cerebellar folia 85% 3/

106 ligula cerebelli central lobule ala of central lobule culmen quadirangular lobule primary fissure declive simple lobule folium vermis superior semilunar lobule horizontal fissure tuber vermis inferior semilunar lobule pyramis vermis biventer lobule secondary fissure uvula vermis cerebellar tonsil posterolateral fissure nodulus flocculus cerebellar medulla 661 white matter 1 corpus medullare 2 arbor vitae cerebelli 3 laminae albae

107 nuclei cerebelli dentate nucleus 2 emboliform nucleus 3 globose nucleus 4 fastigial nucleus lateral nucleus interpositus nucleus medial nucleus "Fatty Girls Eat Doughnuts." cerebellar peduncles inferior cerebellar peduncle restiform body crus medullocerebellare restiform body 2 middle cerebellar peduncle pontine brachium crus pontocerebellare pontine brachium 3 superior cerebellar peduncle conjunctive brachium crus cerebellocerebrale conjunctive brachium 1 folium fissula

108 2 flocculonodular lobe median vermal area paravermal area lateral area 3 archicerebellum paleocerebellum neocerebellum molecular layer Purkinje cell layer granule cell layer 1 dendrites of Purkinje cells 2 stellate cells basket cells 3 parallel fibers 4 climbing fibers 5 Bergmann cells Bergmann cells

109 1 granule cells 2 Golgi cells 3 mossy fibers cerebellar glomerulus 4 glial cells mossy fibers climbig fibers mossy fibers granule cells

110 90% 1 vestibulocerebellar fibers 2 posterior spinocerebellar fibers anterior spinocerebellar fibers cuneocerebellar fibers 3 pontocerebellar fibers 4 reticulospinal fibers trigeminocerebellar fibers tectocerebellar fibers climbing fibers 1 olivocerebellar fibers

111 1 GABA 2 3 VL juxtarestiform body IAK inner Abteilung des Kleinhirnstiel VL

112 1 adiadochokinesis or dysdiadochokinesis 2 dysmetria 3 macrographia 4 rebound phenomenon hypotonia intention tremor ataxia scanning speech nystagmus

113 cornus medullaris - filum terminale cauda equina Jacoby cervical enlargement lumbar enlargement anterior median fissure posterior median sulcus posterior intermediate sulcus anterolateral sulcus posterolateral sulcus white matter anterior funiculus lateral funiculus posterior funiculus fasciculus gracilis fasciculus cuneatus white commissure

114 gray matter 1anterior horn anterior column 2posterior horn posterior column 3lateral horn lateral column 4 pars intermedia central intermediate substance lateral intermediate substance central canal posterior median septum 639 Clarke

115 root cells column cells 1 tract cells Clarke 2 internuncial cells Renshaw cells 3 commissural cells 4 association cells fasciculi proprii 1 medial nuclear group 1. anteromedial nuclear group 2. posteromedial nuclear group 2 lateral nuclear group 1. anterolateral group 2. posterolateral group 3. posterior retrolateral group 4. anterior group 5. central group

116 1 zona terminalis 2 posteromarginal nucleus substantia spongiosa 3 substantia geletinosa nucl.proprius of posterior horn thoracic or dorsal nucleus of Clarke formatio reticularis intermediolateral nucleus sacral autonomic nuclei Rexed lamination Rexed 1 ascending and descending projection fibers 2 intersegmental association fibers fasciculi proprii 1 dorsal root fibersmedial division lateral division

117 2 commissural fibers 3 4 ventral root fibers reflex arc segmental reflex arc intersegmental reflex arc 1 receptor 2 afferent neuron 3 internuncial neuron 4 efferent neuron 5 effector 1 fasciculus gracilis Goll 2 fasciculus cuneatus Burdach comma and septomarginal tract

118 3 posterior spinocerebellar tract 4 anterior spinocerebellar tract 5 lateral corticospinal tract 6 rubrospinal tract 7 lateral spinothalamic tract 8 spinotectal tract 9 spinoreticular tract 10 anterior corticospinal tract 11 lateral vestibulospinal tract 12 spinovestibular tract 13 lateral reticulospinal tract 14 medial reticulospinal tract 15 tectospinal tract 16 spinoolivary tract 17 anterior spinothalamic tract 18 medial longitudinal fascicle fasciculi proprii

119 extrapyramidal system

120 lower motor neur ons common final pathway 1 area Renshaw cell neuromascular junction motor end plate acetylcholine curare myastenia gravis

121 pyramidal tract dilectly activating system corticospinal tract corticonuclear tract cortico-motor neuron pathway cortico-sensory neuron pathway cortico-reticular pathway Betz cells

122 2. pyramidal decussation % % % 39% % lateral corticospinal pyramidal tract 10 20% anterior corticospinal pyramidal tract anterolateral pyra-midal tract

123 aberrant fibers

124 reticulospinal tract vestibulospinal tract tectospinal tract medial longitudinal fascicle rubrospinal tract indirectly activating pathways VL 1area 4,6, upper motor neuron syndrome

125 5 6Babinski 1 monoplegia 2 hemiplegia 3 paraplegia 4 Weber hemiplegia alternans oculomotoria 5 Millard-Gubler hemiplegia alternans facialis 6 Jackson hemiplegia alternans hypoglossica 7 hemiplegia cruciata 8 Benedikt Benedikt syndrome 1 chorea: 2 Parkinsonism 3 athetosis 4 ballism and hemiballism

126 receptors VPM VPL Area VPM

127 1 2 3 VPL VPL

128 VPL

129 Brown-Sequard syringomyelia sensory dissociation tabes dorsalis

130 taste bud 1 sensory cells taste hairs 2 supporting cells: 3 basal cells 4 nerve cells 1 2/3 1/

131 olfactory cells 2. supporting cells 3. basal cells 2 olfactory lobe 1. olfactory bulb 2. olfactory tract 3. olfactory trigone 3 stria olfactoria lateralis 4 uncus

132 mitral cells olfactory glomerulus uncus parahippocampal gyrus amygdaloid body uncinate fit

133 eyeball optic nerve optic chiasm optic tract lateral geniculate body optic radiation area striata of cerebral cortex 1. pretectal area 2. superior collicle

134 1. 2. sparing of macula

135

136 spiral ganglion acoustic n. cochlear n. nucl.n.cochlearis stria acustica trapezoid body lemniscus lateralis inferior collicle brachium colliculi inferior medial geniculate body acoustic radiation

137

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