との接触領域が広く, 先セル後方で頭部を抱え込むように安定して保持されることを明らかにした. 一方, フィッティングが十分でないと, 先セルは局部的に皮膚と接触し, また充分な圧力も発生しないことがわかった. 2. メガネを装用した三次元モデルの構築 CCD camera Laser Cylindr

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1 日本機械学会論文集 (A 編 ) 73 巻 725 号 pp.39-44(27) メガネフレームと耳周辺接触部の力学的評価 * 金子弘 *, 格内敏 *, 森田雅行 *2, 西村淳 *3 *4, 坂本亨 Mechanical Evaluation of Spectacles at Contact Area around Ear Hiroshi KANEKO,Satoshi KAKUNAI *5,Masayuki MORITA, Jun NISHIMURA and Tohru SAKAMOTO *5 University of Hyogo, Graduate school of Engineering Shosha 267, Himeji-city, Hyogo, Japan When the relationship between the dimensions of face form and those of spectacle frames is poor, it may cause problems such as slipping frames and sore areas on the nose and behind the ears. In this study, mechanical characteristics in face-spectacles interface are discussed. CAD models of face form and spectacle frames were constructed from the three dimensional measurements of the human face that wore spectacles. The finite element method (FEM) model of the face was constructed by using CT images of the scalp organization. Next, the FEM model of spectacles constructed with the 3D measurements was synthesized to the face model. Then, mechanical behavior in the interface between the face and spectacles was investigated by FEM analysis. In the result of the frame which was adjusted to the face, contact area between tip and skin is so wide that the effect of holding spectacles stably was recognized with the end of tip hold head. At the frame which was not adjusted, contact area is so small that enough pressure was not generated to hold spectacles stably. Key Words : Spectacles, Three Dimensional Measurements, CAD, Displacement, Mechanical Characteristics, Finite Element Method (FEM), Stress Analysis,. 緒言 顔に合わせてメガネの形状を調節することをフィッ ティングという. フィッティングの理想は, ものが よく見えること ( 光学的要素 ),2 痛みやズリ落ちの ない快適な装用ができること ( 力学的要素 ),3 顔型 や髪型とよく調和していること ( 美的要素 ) の 3 要素 を満たすことである ()~(5). しかし,,2 の調節はメ ガネ技術者の経験に頼るところが多く, その評価法に 関しては充分な検討がなされていない. 図 にメガネ フレーム各部の名称を示す (6). メガネ装用ではテンプ ルの先端にある先セルが耳にかかり, パッドが鼻根部 にのってメガネが顔に固定される. 特に先セルの曲面 形状を耳後部の形状にフィットさせるには高い技術が 必要となる. メガネフレームは軽量に保つため細くて 複雑な形状を持つ複合構造からなり, そのフィッティ ングを考える場合, レンズを保持するフレームの力学 * 原稿受付 26 年 6 月 2 日 * 正員, 兵庫県立大学大学院 ( 姫路市書写 267) *2 兵庫県立大学大学院 [ 現 : 富士通テン ] *3 三城光学研究所 ( 岡山市平井 6-6-) *4 兵庫県立大学大学院 [ 現 : 名誉教授 ] kakunai@eng.u-hyogo.ac.jp Bridge Front Lens Rim Pad Tip Temple Hinge End piece Fig. Spectacles 的特性の解析は重要である. 本研究では近年の三次元計測とその応用技術の進展を踏まえ (7)~() メガネフレームが顔と接触する耳周辺部の力学的評価方法について検討した. 実験はデジタル三次元計測と有限要素解析 (FEM) を用いて, メガネ装用者のメガネフレームと耳周辺の接触状態について, 幾何学的および力学的解析を試みた. 接触部の力学的評価には皮膚の厚さ分布を考慮した CAD モデルを構築して有限要素解析を行った. 解析ではメガネが顔形状にフィッティングされた状態と, そうでない状態について比較した. その結果, フィッティングされた場合, メガネフレームの先セルは皮膚

2 との接触領域が広く, 先セル後方で頭部を抱え込むように安定して保持されることを明らかにした. 一方, フィッティングが十分でないと, 先セルは局部的に皮膚と接触し, また充分な圧力も発生しないことがわかった. 2. メガネを装用した三次元モデルの構築 CCD camera Laser Cylindrical lens Galvano mirror Object 2 耳周辺形状の測定人の頭部表面形状は, 様々な方向から取得した三次元データを合成して構築する. 三次元形状計測の概要を図 2 に示す. 装置はレーザスキャンによる光切断方式で, 発振されたレーザ光は円柱レンズでスリット光に変換され, ガルバノミラーを介して測定対象物にライン状に照射される. 照射角 αで照射された光が対象物に反射し受光角 βで受光されたとすると, 対象物までの距離を D, 照射部と受光部の間隔を Lとすると次の関係が成り立つ. L D / tan D / tan () To Observer β L α Illumination D Fig.2 Schematic diagram of 3D measurement system Median line 本装置の測定精度は, 段差物体を用いた形状測定実 験で約 ±.8 mm であった. なお耳周辺の詳細な形状 を取得するために, 耳を側面 背面 上面から測定し て, そのデータを合成した. 図 3 に構築した頭部表面 形状を示す 図中には 2 3 節で用いる頭部正中線が描かれている なお, 透明な目の角膜や耳穴の内部などでは, レーザの反射光が弱く測定不能になるため, 図中ではこれらの部分を穴埋めして表示した. Fig.3 Surface model of head and ear 2 2 メガネ装用時の耳周辺形状の測定メガネ フレームが皮膚に接触する先セル部と耳周辺の接触状 態を把握するために, 先セル部の三次元形状データを 取得した. 次にメガネをかけたときの先セル表面形状 を含めた耳周辺の表面形状を取得した. このメガネ装用時のデータから先セル部の形状を差し引くことによって, 変形した皮膚表面の形状を算出した. 図 4 に, このようにして構築されたメガネ装用時の耳周辺部モ デルを示す. 2 3 皮膚の厚さ分布の測定メガネフレームと皮膚接触部の有限要素解析を行うためには, 皮膚の厚さ分布が必要である. そこで, 被験者の頭部正中面 ( 頭部の左右対称面で 図 3 に示した鼻根部から鼻梁を経て下あごに至る顔面の左右対称線を含む ) を CT の撮像軸に合わせて頭部の詳細な撮像を行った. なお,CT 画像のピクセル数は で, 本実験での分解能は約.5 mm である. 実験では, 図 5 (a) に示す頭部正中面を横から見た CT 画像 および図 5 (b) に示すよう Fig.4 Surface model with frame around ear な頭部断面について.5 mm 間隔のスライス画像を取得した.CT 画像には皮質骨は白く, 皮膚や眼球および脳組織などは灰色に写っている. 断面画像から皮質骨の CAD モデルを構築するために, 図 5 (b) では皮質骨の輪郭線を閾値処理した. 同様にして各スライス面での皮質骨の輪郭線を抽出して積み上げ, 図 5 (c) に示 2

3 Skin surface Median plane Median plane Cortical bone (a) CT image (Median section) (b) CT image ( plane) (c) CAD model of cortical bone Fig.5 CT images and CAD model of cortical bone (mm) Fig.6 Thickness distribution of skin around ear Fig.7 CAD model for FEM analysis す皮質骨表面の CAD モデルを構築した. 皮膚の三次元形状データ ( サーフェスモデル ) と CT 再構成像の位置を合わすために, サーフェスモデルの正中面を図 5(a) の正中面の CT 画像の外形線に一致させた. つぎに, 頭部横断面の CT 画像から構築した図 5(c) の皮質骨の三次元 CAD モデルの, 上面と下面の位置を前述の CT 再構成像の横断面の皮質骨の外形に一致させることにより, 皮膚厚さを有する頭部形状の三次元モデルを構築した. 図 6 に得られた耳周辺の皮膚の厚さ分布を示す. 耳上部では約 6.8 mm, 耳後部では最小約.8 mm の皮膚厚さであった. 3. 有限要素モデルの構築メガネを装用した耳周辺の三次元モデルを用いて, メガネ先セル部と顔の接触部の力学的解析を行った. 図 7 に耳周辺モデルにメガネフレームモデルを合成して構築した FEM 解析モデルを示す. モデルは四面体 節点, 要素数約 万で要素分割し, 解析ソフトには ANSS を用いた. なお 耳周辺モデルに先セルを変位させて, 接触させ解析すると相対位置関係の設定が大変に困難になる. そこで, 本解析ではメガネ装用後の位置に両者を配置した. この位置関係はメガネを Parts Materials oung s modulus Poisson s ratio Tip CAP 9 MPa.35 Skin.2 MPa.49 Apparent baseline Table Material properties Section A (a) direction Section B (mm) (mm) Fig.8 Displacement distribution of skin around ear (b) direction 3

4 Cross-section of tip direction (mm) direction (mm) (a) Section A (b) Section B Fig.9 skin surface at section A, B かけた状態をそのまま三次元計測することによって得られる. このとき接触部付近では両者は本来あるべき接触面ではなく, 互いに相手に食い込んだ位置関係になる この接触面の非適合をなくすように, すなわち接触面が一致するようにモデルの各要素が変位するとき発生する応力を計算した. 解析に用いたメガネの先セル部および皮膚の物性値を表 に示す. 先セル部 (Cellulose Acetate Propionate: CAP) は, 試験片 (JIS K 73) を製作して引張試験により物性値を算出した. 皮膚の物性値は波動発振方式の測定器によって実測した. 解析条件として 先セル部の前方端面 ( テンプルとの接合面 ) を完全拘束し 先セルと皮膚の摩擦係数をゼロとしてすべり方向の拘束がない状態で解析を行った. また, 皮膚と皮質骨とのヤング率の差が大きいために皮質骨は変形しないと仮定し, 全方向を完全拘束した. さらに, 図中の解析モデルの切断面は, 方向を拘束した. 4. 結果と考察 4 耳周辺の皮膚形状にフィッティングされたメガネフレーム図 8 に FEM 解析で得られた耳周辺の皮膚表面の, 方向変位を示す. 図は顔からフレームを取り除いた後の接触部の状態を表示している. 方向変位分布において, 先セルの内側の形状に沿ってくぼみが見られる. 図中には二点鎖線で くぼみのほぼ中央をつないだ見かけの基準線を示す. 耳上部では大きなくぼみが発生し, 先セル後方では小さなくぼみが見られる. 一方, 方向変位分布では耳上部で下向 A Apparent baseline B 8 35 (kpa) Fig. Pressure distribution around ear き ( 方向の負 ) の変位が発生した. 図 9 に図 8 (a) に示された先セルと皮膚の接触部の 2 ヶ所 (A,B) の断面について, 皮膚表面の, 方向への変位量を示す. 図中には皮膚と接触する先セルの断面形状を付加した. 断面 A では皮膚が 方向に大きくくぼみ, 最大で約.8 mm の変形が生じた. 方向変位分布では先セル中央より下方 ( 図中の左側 ) の傾斜が大きい. この部分では, 先セルが厚い皮膚に食い込み下方に押し広げるようにして固定されていることがわかる. 一方, 先セル後方の断面 B では, 中央部が 方向にわずかにくぼみ, その上下に約.2 mm のわずかな盛り上がりが見られる. また, 方向の変位分布では, 先セルのほぼ中央部を境にして, 変位方向が逆になった. すなわち, 皮膚の薄い耳後方では, 先セルは皮膚を上下に押し伸ばして, わずかに盛り上げて固定されることがわかる. 4

5 Pressure (kpa) 2 (a) Section A (b) Section B Fig. Pressure distribution at section A, B 図 に先セル部が接触する耳周辺部の圧力分布を示す. 耳上部から先セル中央にかけては約 ~2 kpa の圧力分布を示すが, 先セル先端部では局部的に約 35 kpa の大きな圧力が発生した. この圧力変動の要因は, 耳上部では皮膚が厚いために先セルの圧下力が周囲の皮膚で吸収分散されるが, 耳後部では皮膚が薄いため, 先セルの圧下力が周辺に分散できないことによるものと思われる. 図 の断面 A,B における接触圧力分布を図 に示す. 皮膚厚の大きい耳上部の断面 Aでは, 先セルの底部全面が皮膚と接触することにより圧力分布の勾配は緩やかになった. なお, 先セル下方 ( 図中の左側 ) での圧力勾配が幾分大きくなっていることより, メガネフレームは耳の付根方向に沈み込むようにして固定されていることがわかる. 一方, 耳後部の断面 B では, 皮膚が薄く皮質骨が皮膚表面の近くまで迫っているため, 圧力分布は釣鐘状となり, 中央部では断面 Aの約 3 倍の圧力値を示した. これらの結果から, 皮膚厚さの異なる耳上部と耳後部では, 先セル部はそれぞれ異なるメカニズムで皮膚と接触することによってメガネを固定していることがわかった. 4 2 耳周辺の皮膚形状にフィッティングされていないメガネフレームフィッティング作業中に先セルの曲げ量が少し大きくなり, 先セル先端部のみで皮膚と接触した場合を取り上げる. 実験では, このようなメガネを装用したときの三次元形状測定から有限要素解析モデルを構築し, その解析結果を基にメガネのフィッティングについて考察した. 図 2 にメガネフレームの先セル部に接触している耳周辺の皮膚の, 方向の変位分布を示す. 先セルと皮膚は図 8 の接触部に比べて, やや後方の皮膚厚がいくぶん大きい領域で局部的に接触した. 方向変位分布では, 周囲に小さな盛り上がりを伴うくぼみが形成された. 一方 方向変位分布では, 先セル接触部 (mm) (a) direction Section C (b) direction Fig.2 Displacement distribution of skin around ear (Insufficient fitting) direction (mm) direction (mm) Apparent baseline (mm) Cross-section of tip (a) direction -6 Distance from apparent baseline (b) direction Fig.3 Displacement distribution at section C 5

6 の上部は上方向に下部は下方向にそれぞれ変位した. 図 3 に図 2 (a) の断面 C について, 方向の変位分布 (a) と 方向の変位分布 (b) を示す. なお図 3 (a) には, 接触している先セルの形状を付加した. 先セル形状は先端部に近いためにいくぶん横長の楕円形状となり, 接触面積も大きい. 変位量は最大で約.2 mm, 両サイドへの盛り上がり量は約.3 mm で, 前述のフィッティングにおける断面 B に比べて大きい. 一方 方向の変位分布では, 先セルによって皮膚が上下方向に引き伸ばされた. なお, この領域では皮膚が少し厚くなるために下部方向 ( 図の左側 ) への変位量が大きく現れた. 先セルと皮膚表面の接触圧力分布を図 4 に示す. 先セルは先端部で局所的に皮膚と接触し, 接触部は図 の断面 B 部にくらべて明らかに広い. 図 5 に断面 C の接触圧力分布を示す. 接触領域は図 (b) に比べて広いが最大値は小さい. また, 接触部の上下 ( 図の右と左 ) では圧力勾配が異なり上側で大きい. これは先セルと接触する耳後部の局部的な形状が影響したものと思われる. この領域では皮膚厚さがいくぶんあり, 先セル形状と頭部 ( 皮膚 ) 形状の幾何学的な接触によって, 先セルは皮膚を少し上側に向けて横から挟み込むように固定されているものと推察される. なお, 接触部の最大接触圧力は約 26 kpa で, フィッティングされた場合の断面 B での最大値 36 kpa に比べて小さい. すなわち, 先セルが皮膚の比較的厚い部分で局部的にのみ接触した場合, 充分な接触圧力が維持できないために, メガネのゆるみやズレの原因になると思われる. 5. 結言メガネ装用者の三次元計測と CT 画像から, 詳細な表面形状と厚さ分布をもった頭部モデルを構築し, 耳周辺部と先セルの接触状態について, 有限要素解析によりフィッティングにおける力学的評価を行った. 実験では顔に合わせてフィッティング調整したメガネと, そうでないメガネについて比較した. 本実験で得られた主な知見を次に示す. () フィッティングが行われた場合, 先セルと皮膚の接触領域は広く, 特に耳上部ではくぼみ量が大きい. (2) 耳上部から先セル中央にかけては, ほぼ一定の圧力で, 先セル後方では大きな圧力が発生し, 先セルと皮膚の境界部にわずかな盛り上がりが見られた. (3) メガネフレームは皮膚厚さの異なる耳上部と耳後部において, それぞれのメカニズムで皮膚と接触して固定される. Pressure (kpa) 4 28 (kpa) 3 2 (4) フィッティングが十分に行われない場合, フレ ーム先セル部は皮膚と局部的に接触し, 圧下力も十分 に発生しない. Fig.4 Pressure distribution around ear (Insufficient fitting) Fig.5 Pressure distribution at section C (Insufficient fitting) 文 () Tsuji, K., Scientific Manufacturing of Glasses, (996), p.4. (2) Akagi, G., Medical Science of Spectacles, (996), Vol.2, pp (3) Izumiya,., Sekiguchi, J. et al.: Analysis of shapes around nose-roots for designing eyeglasses. Ergonomics, Vol.23 (987), pp (4) Miura, H., amato, S. and amane, D.: The Fitting System of Glasses. Report of Information Processing Society, Vol.98, No.6 (998), pp. -4. (5) Kanai, A. and Nagauchi, S.: Spectacles, Progress of latest spectacle frame. New Ophthalmology, Vol.2, No (24), pp (6) Itoi, S. et.al.: Spectacles, (99), p. 2. (7) Koyasu, T., Amano T. and Sato,.: 3-D Head Model Generation Using Full Face Head Shape Measurement System. IEICE Vol.J87-D-2, No.9 (24), pp (8) Ikeda,. et al.: Absolute Phase Analysis Method for Three-dimensional Surface Profilometry Using Frequency-modulated Grating. Optical Engineering. Vol.42, No.5 (23), pp (9) Kouchi, M. and Mochimaru, M.: Analysis of 3D Human Face Forms and Spectacle Frames Based on Average Forms. Digital Human Modeling Conference 22, (22), pp () Kakunai, S., Sakamoto, T. and Iwata, K.: Profile Measurement Taken with Liquid-crystal Gratings. Appl. Optics, Vol.38 (999), p 献 C 6

のメガネの変位分布を測定した. 次に, 使用したメガネの三次元形状を測定し, 単純化した CAD モデルを構築することにより, レンズの保持方法が力学特性に及ぼす影響について FEM 解析により比較 検討した. その結果, ツーポイント枠のメガネは負荷に対するテンプルの変形量が大きいことより, フル

のメガネの変位分布を測定した. 次に, 使用したメガネの三次元形状を測定し, 単純化した CAD モデルを構築することにより, レンズの保持方法が力学特性に及ぼす影響について FEM 解析により比較 検討した. その結果, ツーポイント枠のメガネは負荷に対するテンプルの変形量が大きいことより, フル 実験力学 Vol.6, No., pp.5-56, 6 メガネフレームの力学的評価 - フルリムとツーポイント枠の力学特性の比較 - 金子弘 *, 格内敏 *, 森田雅行 **, 西村淳 ***, 坂本亨 Mechanical Evaluation of Spectacle Frames - A comparison of the mechanical properties of full-rim

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