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1 7

2 DNARNA

3 BSL-4 Zoonosis

4 59 ( 4

5 フィロウイルス Outbreaks of filovirus diseases Genus Enveloped RNA (-) virus Species Year Country Marburg marburgvirus Germany, Yugoslavia South Africa Kenya Kenya Democratic Republic of Congo () Angola USA Netherlands Human case mortality (7) () a) () () 54 (8) 5 (7) () ()b) ()c) (8)? Zaire ebolavirus Gabon Gabon Gabon South Africa Gabon, Republic of Congo (RC) RC RC 8 (8) () 5 () 5 (5) 7 () 6 (45) ()d) (96) 78 (58) (9) 64 (87) (5) Sudan ebolavirus a b Sudan UK Sudan Sudan 84 (5) ()e) 4 () 45 (4) 7 (7) () 4 (7) 7 (4) Tai Forest ebolavirus 994 Cote d Ivoire () Bundibugyo ebolavirus (7) 6 (4)? Reston ebolavirus USA USA Philippines Italy USA, Philippines Philippines ()f) 4 ()g) ()g) ()f) ()f) 6 ()h) Marburgvirus Ebola virus Marburg virus Ebolavirus フィロウイルスによる感染症の発生 フィロウイルスの種類と感染した動物 種 Filoviridae Genus Marburg virus Marburg marburgvirus Genus Ebola virus Zaire ebolavirus Sudan ebolavirus Tai forest ebolavirus Bundibugyo ebolavirus Reston ebolavirus Newly proposed Genus Cuevavirus Lloviu cuevavirus 動物 Marburg marburgvirus (5) Marburg marburgvirus (98) Zaire ebolavirus (995) Zaire ebolavirus (976) Bundibugyo ebolavirus (8) Tai Forest ebolavirus (994) Sudan ebolavirus (976) Sudan ebolavirus (979) Reston ebolavirus (989) Reston ebolavirus (99) Lloviu virus () エボラウイルスの電子顕微鏡像 ヒト サル 食果コウモリ ヒト サル 食果コウモリ ダイカー イヌ ヒト ヒト サル ヒト サル ブタ ヒト 食果コウモリ 食虫コウモリ エボラウイルスの粒子およびゲノム構造 VP4: Functional NC stabilization and incorporation in virion GP: Viral entry (attachment, fusion) NP VP VP5 Nucleocapsid (NC) RNP complex L VP4: Matrix protein, virion assembly and budding Genome: Non-segmented negative-stranded RNA NP VP5 VP4 sgp/gp VP VP4 5 trailer leader All bars; nm L Overlap Editing site Overlap Overlap Intregenic region 5

6 Dendritic cells RNA (-) RNA (+) Macrophages SIRS mrna Nucleus 6

7 Nature 48, ( December 5) Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus Eric M. Leroy, Brice Kumulungui, Xavier Pourrut, Pierre Rouquet, Alexandre Hassanin, Philippe Yaba, André Délicat, Janusz T. Paweska, Jean-Paul Gonzalez and Robert Swanepoel Bat species eaten by people in central Africa show evidence of symptomless Ebola infection. The first recorded human outbreak of Ebola virus was in 976, but the wild reservoir of this virus is still unknown. Here we test for Ebola in more than a thousand small vertebrates that were collected during Ebola outbreaks in humans and great apes between and in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. We find evidence of asymptomatic infection by Ebola virus in three species of fruit bat, indicating that these animals may be acting as a reservoir for this deadly virus. Fruit bats 7

8 Eidolon helvum OD value Serum dilution : Zaire Sudan Tai forest Bundibugyo Reston Marburg ザンビアのコウモリから検出されたフィロウイルスに対する抗体の特異性 Absorbance (45nm) , Zaire ebolavirus 7, Zaire ebolavirus 7, Marburgvirus 7-8, Bundibugyo ebolavirus Absorbance (45nm) , Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus % 5% % Zaire Sudan Tai Forest Bundibugyo Reston Angola Zaire Sudan Tai Forest Bundibugyo Reston Angola 8

9 (Chlorocebus pygerythrus and Papio ursinus) OD value Zaire Serum dilution : Sudan Côte d Ivoire Bundibugyo Reston Marburg 8 9 OD 45 インドネシアのオラウータンから検出されたフィロウイルスに対する抗体の特異性 #7 #6 #4 #4 #8 # GP 5 NP 75 5 VP Upper panel: GP-based ELISA Lower panel: Western blotting with virus-like particle consisting of GP, VP4, and NP : ZEBOV : SEBOV : TFEBOV 4: BEBOV 5: REBOV 6: MARV 7: NC Nidom, CA. et al. () PLoS ONE 7: e474. Positive rates Area ZEBOV SEBOV TFEBOV BEBOV REBOV MARV East Kalimantan 5.% 5.8%.%.7%.6%.6% Central Kalimantan 4.%.8%.%.%.%.6% Total 9.% 4.%.%.6%.4%.7% Nidom, CA. et al. () PLoS ONE 7: e474. 9

10 フィロウイルスの生態? Lloviu virus (Miniopterus schreibersii) Lloviu virus????? フィロウイルスの生態? インフルエンザウイルスの生態 Ecology of filoviruses???? Lethal to primates Nonlethal to primates Biosafety Level 4

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