-February GDP GDP

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2 -February GDP GDP

3 - GDP. GDP GDP / GDP DI.. DI..,,.

4 -February (2010=100) ( ()2013 GDP GDP..t.

350 750 700 300 650 600 250 550 500 200 450 ( 400 150 1985 87

5 /, % GDP /, % Source:

6 -February.. (%) ()2013

7 - OECD - OECD OECD, (%) Iceland Czech Denmark Norway Netherlands France Luxembourg Slovakia Germany Slovenia Austria UK Sweden Ireland New Zealand Switzerland Hungary Poland Canada Estonia Portugal Italy Australia Korea Spain Greece Japan USA Chile Turkey Israel Mexico 2012OECD

Ireland New Zealand Switzerland Hungary Poland Canada Estonia Portugal

8 -February () (300) 10(330) 10 (330) 5 (195) 5 (195) (600) 20(900) 20 (900) 10 (330) 10 (330) (1,000) 30(1,800) 30(1,800) 20 ( 695) 20 ( 695) (2,000) 40(3,000) 37(1,800) 23 ( 900) 23 (900) (2,000) 50 3,000) 33 (1800) 33 (1800) (1,800) 40 (1,800) (4,000) ,000 8,000 5,000 5,000 2,000 3,000 1,800 1,800 4, () () ( (13) (14) (14) (7) (3) (3) (3) (1) (1)

40(3,000) 37(1,800) 23 ( 900) 23 (900) 18 21 25 50 50(2,000) 50 3,000) 33 (1800) 33 (1800) 21 25 30 60 40 (1,800) 40 (1,800) 24 30 35 45 (4,000) 27 35 40 30 40 45 34 45 50 38 50 55 42

9 . GDP

10 -February / GDP

11 . GDP... y/y, GDP,....

12 -February

13 EU VAT....

14 -February /

15 OECD

2006 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718 250 200 150

16 -February GDP.. Case Case Case Case Case Case GDP. CaseCaseCase... (%) (2013) Case 3 Case Case 1

17 GDP Case CaseCase... GDP Case. Case. GDP GDP

18 -February

19 GDP Case. GDP. Case. GDP.Case. GDP.

20 -February -- GDP VAT VAT

21 VAT +. VAT GDP

22 -February GDP

24 -February.,.. Stiglitz[] p.xvi

25 U IT Appendix Appendix Appendix

26 -February -.-., Stiglitz Vol. REPORT. Vol.:-

27 ESRI Working Paper No.. HP HP No.- HP JSTAR RIETI Discussion Paper, - J- IMF, World Economic OutlookSeptember Jones, R. S." Income Inequality, Poverty and Social Spending in Japan," Economic Department Working Papers No., Paris: OECD. OECDEconomic Survey of Japan, Paris: OECD OECDGrowing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Stiglitz, Joseph, Making Globalization Work: The Next Steps to Global Justice, Penguin Book. Stiglitz, Joseph,The Price of Inequality, W W Norton & Co. Inc.

28 -February Economic Growth through Distribution of Income in Japan Long-term stagnation of the Japanese economy is mainly due to the deterioration of income distribution where disposable income of total households has constantly declined, and it has put negative pressure on consumer spending. The stagnation of consumption has put strong pressure on economic growth in Japan in recent decades. Analysis based on simulation of changes in household expenditures by income category reveals the fact that a decrease in the disposable income of middle and lower income households has affected the total consumption in the economy, thereby decelerating GDP growth. In order to attain constant growth of the Japanese economy, it would be necessary to introduce a more progressive taxation system, relieving burdens on lower income households in direct income tax and insurance payments. Simulation of introducing a more progressive tax as conducted in this paper reveals the fact that it would have positive effects on total consumption, thereby contributing significantly to GDP growth. The results of these analyses would justify introducing a more progressive tax and insurance system to attain sustainable growth in the medium to long term in Japan. OHTA, Hideaki, Professor, College of International Relations, Ritsumeikan University

GDP 10 10 10 TFP CRD

GDP 10 10 10 TFP CRD OECD OECD GDP 10 GDP +255 +70 2.3 8 +1.8 +64 Bureau of Economic Analysis 10 20 4.1 1.4 3.7 +0.3 +0.4 Groningen Growth and Development Centre, 60-Industry Database GDP Bureau of Economic