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1 2012 R. Leturcq IEMN CNRSK. Ensslin A. C. Gossard Univ. California Markus Büttiker, Peter Hänggi, Pierre Gaspard, (S) 1
2 2
3 1980 etc. Exotic materials MEMS micro electro mechanical systems etc. ~ 0.8μm Webb et al. PRL 54, 2696 (1985) 3
4 100 nm etc. PRL 88, (2002); PRL 92, (2004); PRL 95, (2005); PRB 68, (2003); 73, (2006); JPSJ 73, L3235 (2004); PRB 70, (2004); PRB 73, (2006); PRB 79, (R) (2009); Physica E 42, 1091 (2010). 4
5 Conductance is transmission. Imry & Landauer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, S306 (1999). Rolf Landauer ( ) = etc. 5
6 AB (AB) 2Φ 0 Φ 0 Φ 0 2Φ 0 Yamauchi, KK et al. PRB 79, R (2009). 6
7 Mach Zehnder D1 D2 S1 1 µm Ji et al., Nature 422, 415 (2003). Hashisaka, KK et al., Physica E42, 1091 (2010). 7
8 Imry & Landauer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, S306 (1999). = 8
9 9
10 I I R = 1/G V FFT t 1990 Review: Y. M. Blanter and M. Büttiker, Phys. Rep. 336, 1 (2000). 28, 771 (1993) vol. 49, 751 (1994). 10
11 Johnson Nyquist (1928) A T Nyquist, Phys. Rev. 32, 110 (1928). Schottky (1918) A Fano 11
12 Saminadayar PRL (1997); depicciotto Nature (1997) iramis.cea.fr/images/astimg/ "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations R. B. Laughlin pa H. L. Störmer D. C. Tsui 12
13 13
14 I FFT t ~ A 2 /Hz ~ 20 mk Hashisaka, KK et al. Rev. Sci. Inst. 80, (2009). 14
15 The noise is the signal. e, e/3, 2e : Saminadayar PRL (1997); depicciotto Nature (1997) Nakamura, KK et al. PRB 79, (R) (2009); Chida, KK et al. PRB 85, (R) (2012); Arakawa, KK et al. APL 98, (2011) Yamauchi, KK et al. PRL 106, (2011). Hashisaka, KK, PRB 78, (R) (2008); Yamauchi, KK PRB 79, (R) (2009). : HBTMZ R. Landauer, Nature 392, 658 (1998) Rolf Landauer ( ) : Nakamura, KK et al. PRL 104, (2010); Phys. Rev. B 83, (2011) 15
16 Nakamura, KK et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, (2010); Phys. Rev. B 83, (2011) [Editors' Suggestion] 16
17 Evans, Cohen and Morriss Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2401 (1993). t σ t A p(σ t = A) A p(σ t = A) * *e.g. Wang et al., PRL 89, (2002). 17
18 Saito and Utsumi, PRB 78, (2008); Nakamura, KK et al. PRB 83, (2011) = N P(N) N 18
19 B Period 23 mt 19
20 20
21 μ+δμ μ μ+δμ μ Sanchez, and Büttiker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, (2004); Polianski, and Buttiker, Phys. Rev. B 76, (2007); Spivak, and Zyuzin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, (2004). Wei et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, (2005); Zümbuhl et al., ibid. 96, (2006); Marlow et al., ibid. 96, (2006); Angers et al., Phys. Rev. B 75, (2007); Leturcq et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, (2006). 21
22 Saito and Utsumi, Phys. Rev. B 78, (2008). Onsager-Casimir Onsager-Casimir Johnson-Nyquist 22
23 23
24 T = 125 mk 24
25 25
26 Yamauchi, KK et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, (2011). 26
27
28
29 2N 2N+1 2N+2 AlGaAs/GaAs 2DEG : (cm/vs) : (/cm 2 ) Log(T) T K =0.70 K 29
30 e* 30
31 e*/e = 5/3 Meir and Golub, PRL 88, (2002); Sela, Oreg, von Oppen, and Koch, PRL 97, (2006); Golub, PRB 73, (2006); Gogolin and Komnik, PRL 97, (2006); Mora, Leyronas, and Regnault PRL 100, (2008); Vitushinsky, Clerk, and Le Hur, PRL 100, (2008). Fujii, JPSJ 79, (2010); Sela and Malecki, PRB 80, (2010); Sakano, Fujii, and Oguri, PRB 83, (2011). 31
32 Nakamura et al. PRL 104, (2010); PRB 83, (2011). Yamauchi et al. PRL 106, (2011). 46, 519 (2011). 32
note4.dvi
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![(a) (b) (c) (d) 1: (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1(b) [1 10] 1 degree k n(k) walk path 4](/thumbs/91/105665060.jpg "(a) (b) (c) (d) 1: (a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1(b) [1 10] 1 degree k n(k) walk path 4")
1 vertex edge 1(a) 1(b) 1(c) 1(d) 2 (a) (b) (c) (d) 1: (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 2 6 1 2 6 1 2 6 3 5 3 5 3 5 4 4 (a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1(b) [1 10] 1 degree k n(k) walk path 4 1: Zachary [11] [12] [13] World-Wide
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解説 4 matsuo.mamoru jaea.go.jp 4 eizi imr.tohoku.ac.jp 4 maekawa.sadamichi jaea.go.jp i ii iii i Gd Tb Dy g khz Pt ii iii Keywords vierbein 3 dreibein 4 vielbein torsion JST-ERATO 1 017 1. 1..1 a L = Ψ
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1 2 2.1 [1] [2] 2.1 STM [3, 4, 5, 6] 2.1: 2 ( 3 [1] ) [7, 8] [9]( 2.2) 2 2 2.1.1 (extended state) L (2 L 1, O(1), d O(V), V = L d V V 2.1.2 1985 2 e 2 /h 1980 Klitzing 2.1. 3 [7, 8] 2.2 [10] [8] 2.2: (a)
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J.M. Kosterlitz and D.J. Thouless, Phys. 5, L124 (1972); ibid. 6, 1181 (1973) David J. Thouless J. Michael Kosterlitz + ρ T s KT D.J. Bishop and J.D. Reppy, PRL 40, 1727 (1978) ( ) = 2k B m2 T KT π 2 T
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12 2011 7 4 2.2.2 Feynman ( ) S M N S M + N S Ai Ao t ij (i Ai, j Ao) N M G = 2e2 t ij 2 (8.28) h i μ 1 μ 2 J 12 J 12 / μ 2 μ 1 (8.28) S S (8.28) (8.28) 2 ( ) (collapse) j 12-1 2.3 2.3.1 Onsager S B S(B)
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1 2 3 4 5 4 He M. Roger et al., JLTP 112, 45 (1998) A.F. Andreev and I.M. Lifshitz, Sov. Phys. JETP 29, 1107 (1969) Born in 2004 (hcp 4 He) E. Kim and M.H.W. Chan, Nature 427, 225 (2004); Science 305,
IntroductionToQuantumComputer
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6 2 T γ T B (6.4) (6.1) [( d nm + 3 ] 2 nt B )a 3 + nt B da 3 = 0 (6.9) na 3 = T B V 3/2 = T B V γ 1 = const. or T B a 2 = const. (6.10) H 2 = 8π kc2
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1 6 6.1 (??) (P = ρ rad /3) ρ rad T 4 d(ρv ) + PdV = 0 (6.1) dρ rad ρ rad + 4 da a = 0 (6.2) dt T + da a = 0 T 1 a (6.3) ( ) n ρ m = n (m + 12 ) m v2 = n (m + 32 ) T, P = nt (6.4) (6.1) d [(nm + 32 ] )a
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C-2 NiS A, NSRRC B, SL C, D, E, F A, B, Yen-Fa Liao B, Ku-Ding Tsuei B, C, C, D, D, E, F, A NiS 260 K V 2 O 3 MIT [1] MIT MIT NiS MIT NiS Ni 3 S 2 Ni
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3.4.7 [.] =e j(t+/4), =5e j(t+/3), 3 =3e j(t+/6) ~ = ~ + ~ + ~ 3 = e j(t+φ) =(e 4 j +5e 3 j +3e 6 j )e jt = e jφ e jt cos φ =cos 4 +5cos 3 +3cos 6 =.69 sin φ =sin 4 +5sin 3 +3sin 6 =.9 =.69 +.9 =7.74 [.]
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Title 大阪府立大学大学院農学生命科学研究科年報 (2003 2004 年度 ) No.7 Author(s) 大阪府立大学大学院農学生命科学研究科 Editor(s) Citation 大阪府立大学大学院農学生命科学研究科年報 (2003 2004 年度 ). 2006, 7 Issue Date 2006-03-31 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10466/11140
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