will 序 Basic English C. K. Ogden Basic British American Scientific International Commercial C. K. Ogden Basic English C.K British,

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1 will 序 Basic English C. K. Ogden Basic British American Scientific International Commercial C. K. Ogden Basic English C.K British, American, Scientific, International, Commercial 850 come, do, get, have

2 ly, -er, -ed stop come to a stop lose give way 850 F.J. 1 Charles Kay Ogden I.A. The Meaning of Meaning J. 2

3 will 423 The Bible in Basic English BBE 3 The New English Bible 1961, 1970 NEB 4 modal auxiliaries St Mark will will will will Ogden will 1 Ogden Ogden be have will may do p. 23 be have do will may will may mood modality mood indicative mood subjunctive mood imperative mood Lyons: 1995, p. 327 mood modality grammaticalisation of modality within the verbal system )( Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum: 2002, p. 172 mood Lyons mood modality

4 424 Lyons: 1995, p. 331 mood modality Huddleston and Pullum: 2002, p. 172 Huddleston and Pullum He must have written it himself. 6 proposition must Lyons 1997, p.845 Huddleston and Pullum 2004, p. 173 necessity possibility must, should, ought to can, may Ogden will may p. 25 The birds will get the food (when we give it to them). The rat may go (if the hole is open). Ogden 850 will may Ogden will may p. 30 An umbrella will be necessary (when rain is certain). An umbrella may be necessary (when rain is possible).

5 will 425 will may will may 7 Ogden p. 156 can ought to shall I can do. I am able to do./ It is possible for me to do. I ought to do. It is right (wise) for me to do./ It is my business to do. The train ought to be here in half-an-hour. It is probable that the train will be here in half-an-hour. Shall I do it? Am I going to do it or not?/ Am I wise to do it? ought to should should ought to can be able to be possible ought to be right be one s business be probable shall be going to be wise Halliday 2004, p. 615 can ought to shall implicit explicit metaphor 8 must Ogden 1932 must p You must not do that. It is not right to do that. must is necessary; have to Ogden have must have to

6 426 will may metaphor Halliday 2 BBE NEB will will may BBE NEB will St Mark BBE 134 NEB 115 will 105 BBE 78% NEB 91% BBE 29 NEB NEB 10 BBE BBE NEB will St Mark 1: 2 St Mark BBE: See, I send my servant before your face, who will make ready your way;... NEB: Here is my herald whom I send on ahead of you, and he will prepare your way. will will Huddleston and Pullum 2002 will Huddleston and Pullum will

7 will 427 p. 188 will epistemic futurity dynamic volition propensity deontic will 10 disposition properties Huddleston and Pullum They will have made the decision last week. They have made the decision last week ) factuality Huddleston and Pullum Australia will meet Sweden in Davis Cup final in December. meets will Huddleston and Pullum will

8 428 will 2.1 BBE will NEB BBE: will 29 NEB: shall will can must would NEB : 28% 11 9:37 BBE: Whoever will give honour to our such little child in my name, give honour to me:... NEB: Whoever receives one of these children in my name, receive me;... BBE volition NEB NEB 11:29 BBE: I will put to you one question;... NEB: I have a question to ask you to;... NEB BBE when will NEB

9 will : 33 BBE:... for you are not certain when the time will be. NEB: You do not know when the moment comes. NEB will will Huddleston and Pullum, p. 190 NEB shall : 28% 12 NEB : : : shall will shall shall 10:39 BBE: You will take of the cup from which I take; and the baptism which I am about to undergo you will undergo. NEB: The cup that I drink you shall drink, and the baptism I am baptized with shall be your baptism:... NEB shall NEB I will make you drink... I will make the baptism I am baptized with your baptism Huddleston and Pullum p. 194 shall You shall have your money back tomorrow.

10 430 NEB : 17% NEB will NEB will 5: 23 BBE:... it is my prayer that you will come and put your hands on her,... NEB: I beg you to come and lay your hands on her... BBE that NEB NEB BBE will 4: 24 BBE:..., you will get, and more will be given to you. NEB:... you will receive, with something more besides. NEB will 13: 17 BBE: And it will be hard for women who are with child... NEB: Alas for women with child... NEB BBE 12: 7

11 will 431 BBE: This is he who will one day be the owner of the property;... NEB: This is the heir; NEB should 10:35 BBE: Master, will you give us whatever may be our request? NEB: Master, we should like you to do us a favour. BBE NEB should like NEB can : 14% 13 3: 24 3: 26 BBE: If there is division in a kingdom, that kingdom will come to destruction. NEB: If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. BBE NEB 2: 19 BBE: Will the friends of newly-married man go without food while he is with them? As long as they have him with them they will not go without food.

12 432 NEB: Can you expect the bridegroom s friends to fast while the bridegroom is with them? As long as they have the bridegroom with them, there can be no fasting. NEB BBE will NEB NEB can NEB must : % 9: 19 BBE: How long will I put up with you? NEB: How long must I endure you? NEB How long is it necessary for me to endure you? must will Huddleston and Pullum p. 194 will must 9: 19 9: 35 BBE: If any man has the desire to be first, he will be last of all and servant of all. NEB: If anyone wants to be first, he must make himself last of all and servant of all.

13 will 433 Huddleston and Pullum p. 194 will You will report back for duty on Friday morning. will 9: 19 Huddleston and Pullum 9: 35 NEB : % 11: 23 BBE: Whoever... has faith that what he says will come about, he will... NEB:... if anyone... believes that what he says is happening, it will be... NEB BBE will 2.2 NEB will 10 BBE NEB: will 10 BBE: will BBE will : 60% 14 BBE will one s pleasure 1: 40, 1: 41, 14: 36

14 434 1: 40 NEB: If only you will, said the man, you can cleanse me. BBE: If it is your pleasure, you have the power to make me clean. NEB if will you cleanse me BBE if it to make me clean your pleasure BBE 1: 44 NEB:... that will certify the cure. BBE:..., and make yourself clean... for a witness to them. BBE for NEB BBE 13: 11 NEB:..., do not worry... about what you will say... BBE:..., do not be troubled about what to say:... BBE what to say what you should say will Huddleston and Pullum, p. 194 BBE will : 40% 15

15 will 435 6: 4 NEB: A prophet will always be held in honour except in his hometown,... BBE: A prophet is nowhere without honour, but in his country,... BBE will Huddleston and Pullum, p まとめ BBE NEB will 105 will BBE 134 NEB 115 BBE will 29 NEB will NEB 10 will BBE will BBE will will BBE will 16 NEB shall can must will shall can must will shall can must

16 pp p The Bible in Basic English(London, New York and others: Cambridge University Press, The New English Bible(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1974 Oxford University Press Cambridge University Press 1961, The ABC of Basic English(Tokyo: The Hokuseido Press, Ogden 6 must It is possible/ probable that he put it down by writing himself. writing write 7 R. W. Langacker 2008, p. 307 This election may/ will be very close. may a very close election is possible will prediction 8 Halliday mood 3 theme metaphor 2004, p. 618 Halliday p. 592 George Lakoff and Mark Johnson The Basic Dictionary Tokyo: the Hokuseido Press, epistemic deontic von Wright modal logic

17 will 437 von Wright alethic modes epistemic modes deontic modes existential modes F. R. Palmer 1990, p. 6 Langacker 2008, p. 305 root sense deontic epistemic sense Huddleston and Pullum 11 2: 22 3: 26 8: 35 9: 37 9: 39 11: 29 13: : 5: 28 9: 19 14: 25 : 10: 39 : 8: 12 10: 7 10: 8 10: : 19 3: 24 3: : 40 1: 41 1: 44 13: 11 14: : 4 8: 35 13: 11 14: 7 16 should : References M. A. K. Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar (revised by C. M. I. M. Matthiessen) (3rd ed.; London: Hodder Education, 2004) Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980) R. W. Langacker, Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) John Lyons, Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) F. R. Palmer, Modality and the English Modals (2nd ed.; London and New York: Longman, 1990)

18 438 The Auxiliary Verb Will in Basic English by C. K. Ogden Hideho IDA Keywords: modality, semantics, Basic English

10 11 12 33.4 1 open / window / I / shall / the? 79.3 2 something / want / drink / I / to. 43.5 3 the way / you / tell / the library / would / to / me

-1- 10 11 12 33.4 1 open / window / I / shall / the? 79.3 2 something / want / drink / I / to. 43.5 3 the way / you / tell / the library / would / to / me? 28.7 4 Miyazaki / you / will / in / long / stay