IPSJ SIG Technical Report m Accurate Indoor Localization with Light Intensity Sensor by Switching Lighting Patterns and its Evaluatio

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1 m Accurate Indoor Localization with Light Intensity Sensor by Switching Lighting Patterns and its Evaluation Kazuki Sakamoto, 1 Keichi Yasumoto, 1 Weihua Sun, 1 Naoki Shibata 2 and Minoru Ito 1 In this paper, we propose an indoor localization method based on the difference of light intensity in indoor space. To tackle a challenge that indoor space has multiple areas with similar light intensity, the proposed method enforces change of light intensity at each point of the target space by switching lighting pattern. Then to reduce the labor for measuring the intensity over the target indoor space for each lighting pattern, we build a model which calculates the light intensity at each point of the target space for each lighting pattern from a small number of actual measurements so that light intensity distribution over the space (called light intensity map) is instantly obtained. In the proposed algorithm, a value obtained by the light intensity sensor is searched in the corresponding light intensity map and estimation area is narrowed. The algorithm selects the lighting pattern so that the resulting estimation area is the minimum among all patterns. By repeating the above process, we estimate the user s location within the specified error by the minimum switching times. We applied the proposed method to a testbed with four illumination devices, and confirmed that our method estimates location with about 0.4m error by about twice lighting pattern switching. 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) Wi-Fi 5) 5-6m 6) cm AR 1m ON OFF 1 Nara Institute of Science and Technology 2 National University Corporation Shiga University 1 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan

2 m )8)9) A-GPS Assisted Global Positioning System 10) 3G Wi-Fi RFID 5 10m UWB Ultra Wideband 11) UWB LAN 1 10m Wi-Fi A-GPS Active Bat 6) TOA Time Of Arrival 95% 0.03m 2.2 4) Azizyan Wi-Fi 12) 87% N.Ravi 13) 90% LAN GMM Gaussian Mixture Model indoor.locky 5) 50m m 2 5 6m Matic Wi-Fi FM 14) 50m m Wi-Fi FM FM 2.3 Active Bat 2 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan

3 (ON) (OFF) A A A A n L = {l 1,..., l n} L n P p P A p F P (p) A A p P F P (p) A u ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Lux 400Lux c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan

4 n 2 n 1 k k (2 n 1) lx pt F P (pt) lx 4.3 n 2 n l L x lux l (x) l 0 l lux l (x) L p Lux L (p) 1 on(l) l ON 1 OFF 0 dist(p, l) p l Lux L (p) = lux l (dist(p, l)) on(l) (1) l L 1 1 K K k (2 n 1) K K << k (2 n 1) k K < k 20Lux 20-40Lux 3 (error) Algorithm1 Area P T cnt 1 3 T argetarea MaxSwitch 4 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan

5 pt lux 4 5 Area pt lux 6 7 (precision) T hreshold 8 15 Area 9 findbestlightingp attern P T Area Area pt pt cnt 1 pt P T Algorithm 1 1: Area T argetarea 2: P T {1,..., N} 3: cnt MaxSwitch 4: pt getlightingp attern() 5: lux getlux() 6: Area findarea(area, F P DB(pt), lux) 7: loc Center(Area) 8: while (Error(loc, Area) > T hreshold) (cnt > 0) do 9: pt findbestlightingp attern(area, P T ) 10: changelightingp attern(ls) 11: lux getlux() 12: Area findarea(area, F P DB(pt), lux) 13: cnt cnt 1 14: P T P T {pt} 15: end while 16: loc Center(Area) Algorithm Lux 4 5 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan

6 情報処理学会研究報告 (60 形 100 ボルト) を使用した また 実験には 照度センサ自体に照度指向性が存在しているため 図 8 に示すような照 度センサ パナソニック電工製の NaPiCa リードタイプ15) にピンポン玉をカットしたも のを被せた小型デバイス Arduino16) を用いた 図 5 存在可能エリアの絞り込みの様子 図 7 テストベッドに用いた部屋 図 8 Arduino と照度センサ センサの指向性を抑制す るためピンポン玉を装着 今回用いた照明装置は 自動で点灯 消灯を制御できない そこで 各照明装置を遠隔で 操作できるように 赤外線の受信機17) を 4 つ取り付けた また 対となる赤外線の送信機 クロッサム 2+USB 現在製造中止 は パソコンにハブを介して 4 つ取り付けた 5.2 予 備 実 験 照度モデルの誤差 図 6 照明点灯パターンの選択方法 照度モデルの精度を調べるため 幾つかの照明点灯パターンに対し 照明装置からの距離 が異なる幾つかの地点での照度を測定し 照度の実測値と推定値の誤差を求めた 今回は 図 4 に示すパターン 1 のような 1 つの照明装置を ON にしているときに 対象エリアから 5. テストベッドの構築と予備実験 任意に選択した 10 地点 地点数は対象エリアの大きさおよび距離による照度の変化度合い から経験的に決定 から式 2 に示す照度モデルを求めた 本章では 評価実験を行うためのテストベッドと照度モデルの誤差や照度マップ作成時の luxl (x) = x 1.49 最適な照度幅を調べる予備実験について述べる (2) 次に この照度モデルが算出する照度の誤差を計測した 今回 図 4 の 2 つの照明点灯 5.1 テストベッドの詳細 パターン パターン 3 4 に対し 10 地点における実際の照度を計測し モデルにより算 図 7 に示すような部屋をテストベッドに用いた 部屋の大きさは m 横 出した照度と比較した 結果を表 1 と図 9 10 に示す 縦 高さ である その部屋の中から 対象空間と推定エリアを設定した 対象空間の大 これらの結果から 実際の照度と照度モデルから計算した照度の誤差平均は 4.0Lux 最 きさは m 推定エリアの大きさは m の大きさである 今回 使用した照 大誤差は 11.8Lux 最小誤差は 0.2Lux であった 点灯している照明装置の数が多いほど誤 明装置のフロアライトは部屋に 4 つ設置されており 電球には Panasonic 製のシリカ電球 差が大きくなっていることがわかる 6 c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan

7 1 3 4 Lux Lux Lux) Lux Lux Lux) P P P P P P P P P P error (precision) m m 30Lux Lux 25 55Lux m Q 1 Q 7 m m Q Q Q Q Q Q Q c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan

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