LAN LAN GPS(Global Positioning System) GPS LAN GPS GPS GPS LAN LAN 10m AP AP AP AP i
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1 LAN The improvement of the accuracy of user collaborative WiFi location systems
2 LAN LAN GPS(Global Positioning System) GPS LAN GPS GPS GPS LAN LAN 10m AP AP AP AP i
3 GPS LAN LAN α AP AP AP r logr AP NotePC ProtablePC AP ii
4 iii AP
5 2.1 Differential GPS Air Location UWB AP Place Engine AP Place Engine AP R,b,a ( ) AP r-s log 10 r-s ( ) AP r-s log 10 r-s F AP(SSID:bld2-guest) r-s log 10 r-s AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX) S-r log 10 r-s AP(Airmac Express Base Station No.A 1089) S-r log 10 r-s AP(Livedoor-fon) S-r log 10 r-s AP AP F AP(SSID:bld2-guest) AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX) AP(Airmac Express Base Station No.A1089) AP(Livedoor-fon). 37 iv
6 v AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX)
7 AP vi
8 1 1
9 laptoppc PDA LAN LAN AP GPS(Global Positioning System) GPS LAN GPS GPS 2 RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indicator) TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) RSSI calibration calibration TDOA TDOA UWB(Ultra Wide Band) 10cm LAN RSSI RSSI LAN IEEE b/g/n AP MAC AP AP LAN AP 1 2 AP 1m AP
10 1 3 AP ( Koozyt ) Place Engine[12] AP 10m Place Engine 10 AP AP LAN 3 LAN 4 5 6
11 2 4
12 GPS GPS(Global Positioning System) GPS GPS GPS GPS GPS GPS GPS GPS GPS 1 ( m/s: ) 1 1 GPS ns( s) ( m/s) ( )s=0.3m GPS GPS GPS GPS 6 12 GPS 10m
13 2 6 Differential GPS(DGPS) GPS GPS Fig. 2.1 m RTK RTK(Real Time Kinematic) GPS Real Time Kinematic GPS GPS cm GPS 衛 星 電 波 電 波 補 正 情 報 基 地 局 ( 固 定 ) 端 末 ( 移 動 ) Fig. 2.1: Differential GPS GPS GPS GPS LAN GPS LAN LAN
14 2 7 LAN LAN GPS TOA[Time of Arrival] TDOA[Time Differential of Arrival] RSSI[Received Signal Strength Indicator] TOA TDOA TOA[Time of Arrival] GPS AP AP AP TDOA[Time Differntial of Arrival] TDOA TDOA AirLocation[4] AirLocation ns 1 LAN 3 LAN LAN LAN Fig. 2.2 LAN TDOA (Non-Line-of-Sight) 1 3m RSSI RSSI[Received Signal Strength Indicator] AP AP calibration
![Differntial of Arrival] TDOA TDOA AirLocation[4] AirLocation ns 1 LAN 3 LAN LAN LAN Fig.](/docs-images/46/20517285/images/page_14.jpg "2.2 LAN TDOA (Non-Line-of-Sight) 1 3m RSSI RSSI[Received Signal Strength Indicator] AP")
15 2 8 Fig. 2.2: Air Location calibration AP AP Locky.jp [11] Place Engine calibration Microsoft RADAR[1] Ekahau Ekahau[3] Ekahau Positionig Engine 4.6 Calibration 1m 2 1 1m m cm TDOA 1 2m LAN Ward Active
![Ekahau Ekahau[3] Ekahau Positionig Engine 4.](/docs-images/46/20517285/images/page_15.jpg "6 Calibration 1m 2 1 1m 2.1.3 1m cm TDOA 1 2m LAN Ward Active")
16 2 9 Bat Savvides Iterative Multilateration DOLPHIN[5][6] UWB(Ultra Wide Band) (Ultra Wide Band) UWB 500MHz 20 UWB 1ns ps UWB-IR[UWB-Impulse Radio] Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.3: UWB TDOA 1ns ±500ps c = m/s 15cm UWB LAN UWB [15] UWB [7][8] Air Sense UWB
![ps UWB-IR[UWB-Impulse Radio] Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.3: UWB TDOA 1ns ±500ps c =.](/docs-images/46/20517285/images/page_16.jpg "3.0 10 8 m/s 15cm UWB LAN UWB [15] UWB [7][8] Air Sense UWB")
17 LAN LAN LAN LAN RSSI TDOA RSSI RSSI calibration calibration Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.4:
18 2 11 AP MAC AP AP ID 3 4 locky.jp AP locky.jp Place Engine Google Mapion Web GUI GPS AP 10m GPS LAN Table 2.1 1m 1 3m 10m UWB Locky.jp Place Engine AP 10m Table 2.1
19 2 12 Table 2.1: ( ) ( ) GPS RSSI (calibration ) LAN RSSI TDOA (TDOA ) UWB(TDOA ) LAN LAN MAC Locky.jp Place Engine Locky.jp Locky.jp Locky.jp LAN PlaceEngine PlaceEngine pos(ap j ) pos(ap j ) 2() ID MAC
20 2 13 pos(ap j ) new = t pos(ap j ) + (1 t) pos(ap j ) (0 t 1) (2.1) Fig. 2.5 pos(ap j ) new t t 1 t 0 Fig. 2.5: AP Place Engine c 2 a,b c < a + b (2.2) Fig. 2.6
21 2 14 Fig. 2.6: AP Place Engine PlaceEngine
22 3 15
23 AP Locky.jp AP AP Place Engine AP AP AP 1 AP α LAN 1 AP AP P P AP 3.2 α AP [r] [S] S r 2 S r (2+α) [α > 0] α AP AP α AP Mac AP AP AP α α 3.3 AP 3.2 AP 3 AP 4
24 3 17 α AP α AP i (i=1,2,,.,n) [r] S i P i (α,r,s i ) AP i (i=1,2,..,n) (Fig. ) P 1 P 2 P n = n k=1 P k (α,r,s k ) (3.1) Fig. 3.1 P i AP AP AP P i (α,r,s i ) t- (x ) P AP 3 x AP PlaceEngine AP α AP
25 3 18 Fig. 3.1:
26 4 19
27 AP NotePC Dell vostro1200 PC SONY VAIO VG N-UX91NS AP Leica DISTO A6 Ekahau Site Survey 4.6 Professional version 1 AP AP AP AP Table AP AP 1m AP (Fig. 4.1) AP AP 1m 15 Table 4.1: AP AP AP ( ) Buffalo Air Station WZR-HP-G300NH AP ( ) Air Station WHR-HP-AMPCT AP3 2 2F SSID:bld2-guest AP4 12 PCI MZK-W04N-XX AP5 12 Airmac Express Base Station No.A1089 AP6 Livedoor-fon 4.2 AP 3 2 AP
28 4 21 Fig. 4.1: AP log 10 r[m] S[dBm] dbm = a b(log 10 r)(b > 0) (4.1) R b b R 0
29 4 22 R b AP 1 (4.1) S [mw] r[m] mw dbm S 1/r 2 (4.2) (4.2) (4.3) [dbm] = 10log 10 [mw] (4.3) S logr( log 10 1/r 2 = 2log 10 r) (4.4) 3 α b b = α + 2 (4.5) AP (r) S P P r S P P x x P(P thr ) AP Table 4.1 AP r S
30 5 23
31 r logr [S(dBm)] [log 10 r] [S(dBm)] [r] Table 4.1 AP AP [logr] [S] [r] [S] (R) log log Fig.5.2 Fig.5.3 Fig. 5.4 Fig. 5.5 Fig. 5.6 Fig. 5.7 [r] [log 10 r] [S(dBm)] [r] R,b,a R: b:( 1) [ ] a: Fig. 5.1 b,a AP Fig. 5.1: R,b,a
32 5 25 (dbm) R= , b=2.3830, a= (m) (dbm) (a)r-s R= , b=23.948, a= (m) (b)(log r)-s Fig. 5.2: ( ) AP r-s log 10 r-s
33 5 26 (dbm) R= , b=3.9054, a= (m) (dbm) (a)r-s R= , b=39.021, a= (m) (b)(log r)-s Fig. 5.3: ( ) AP r-s log 10 r-s
34 5 27 (dbm) R= , b= , a= (m) (a)r-s (dbm) R= , b=24.957, a= (m) (b)(log r)-s Fig. 5.4: 2 2F AP(SSID:bld2-guest) r-s log 10 r-s
35 5 28 R= , b=1.5001, a= (dbm) (m) (a) r-s R= , b=28.491, a= dbm dbm (m) (b) ( )-S Fig. 5.5: 12 AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX) S-r log 10 r-s
36 5 29 (dbm) (dbm) R= , b= , a= (m) (a) r-s R= , b=23.907, a= (m) (b) ( )-S Fig. 5.6: 12 AP(Airmac Express Base Station No.A 1089) S-r log 10 r-s
37 5 30 (dbm) R= , b= , a= (m) (dbm) (a)r-s R= , b=4.2289, a= (m) (b)(log r)-s Fig. 5.7: AP(Livedoor-fon) S-r log 10 r-s
38 AP NotePC ProtablePC Table 4.1 AP Fig. 5.8,Fig. 5.9,Fig. 5.10, Fig. 5.11,Fig. 5.12,Fig Note PC Portable PC Note PC Portable PC AP AP ( ) AP AP AP(IEEE802.11n) 1m 11m ( ) AP AP 309 8m 10m 2 2F AP(SSID:bid2-guest) AP 2 2 AP AP 12 AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX) AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX) AP(Airmac Express Base Station No.A1089) AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX) AP(Airmac Express Base Station No.A1089) AP AP(Livedoor-fon) FON Japan FON AP[16] AP 5m AP AP 5m
39 5 32 (dbm) (dbm) R= , b=2.3830, a= (m) (a) NotePC DELL vostro 1200 R= , b=2.8248, a= (m) (b) PortablePC SONY VAIO VG N-UX91NS Fig. 5.8: AP
40 5 33 (dbm) R= , b=3.9054, a= (m) (dbm) (a) NotePC DELL vostro 1200 R= , b=4.6412, a= (m) (b) PortablePC SONY VAIO VG N-UX91NS Fig. 5.9: AP
41 5 34 (dbm) R= , b= , a= (m) (a) NotePC DELL vostro 1200 (dbm) R= , b=1.9139, a= (m) (b) PortablePC SONY VAIO VG N-UX91NS Fig. 5.10: 2 2F AP(SSID:bld2-guest)
42 5 35 (dbm) R= , b=1.5001, a= (m) (dbm) (a) NotePC DELL vostro 1200 R= , b=1.4611, a= (m) (b) PortablePC SONY VAIO VG N-UX91NS Fig. 5.11: 12 AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX)
43 5 36 (dbm) R= , b= , a= (m) (dbm) (a) NotePC DELL vostro 1200 R= , b= , a= (m) (b) PortablePC SONY VAIO VG N-UX91NS Fig. 5.12: 12 AP(Airmac Express Base Station No.A1089)
44 5 37 (dbm) R= , b= , a= (m) (dbm) (a) NotePC DELL vostro 1200 R= , b= , a= (m) (b) PortablePC SONY VAIO VG N-UX91NS Fig. 5.13: AP(Livedoor-fon)
45 AP r P ( ) G µ,σ (P) = 1 σ 2π exp (P µ)2 2σ 2 (5.1) µ = ( r ) = ( r ) ( ) (5.2) 6 AP 12 AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX) Fig NotePC (dbm) Fig. 5.14: 12 AP(PCI MZK-W04N-XX)
46 AP log AP AP(Livedoor-fon) Livedoor-fon AP NotePC PortablePC b,a ±0.5,± AP AP(Livedoor-fon) ±20(dBm) AP ±10(dBm) AP(Livedoor-fon) AP AP 3 AP(Livedoor-fon) σ P thr Place Engine AP AP
47 6 40
48 LAN AP AP AP AP AP AP AP AP AP AP AP AP 3 AP AP 3 AP Web
49 AP
50
51 [1] P. Bahal and V. Padmanabhan, RADAR: An In-Building RF-based User Location and Tracking System, In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Tel-Aviv, Israel, March [2] Lionel M. Ni, Yunhao Liu, Yiu Cho Lau and Abhishek P. Patil, LANDMARC: Indoor Location Sensing Using Active RFID, Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Conputing and Communications(PerCon 03), March [3] Ekahau,Inc, [4], LAN AirLocation T M 2, [5],,,,, Vol.J88-A No.12, pp , [6] N.Priyantha, A. Miu, H. Balakrishnan, S. Teller, The cricket compass for context-aware mobile applications, Proc. 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing andnetworking(mobile Com 2001), pp.1-14, Rome, Italy, July [7], (UWB),, 87(5), pp , May [8],,,,,, UWB,. pp.17-20, [9] Damien B. Jourdan, Davide Dardari, and Moe Z. Win, Position Error Bound and Localization Accuracy Outage in Dense Cluttered Environments, The 2006 IEEE 2006 International Conference, Sept [10],,,.USN, No , pp , [11],,, locky.jp: LAN,, No MBL-34(4), pp.25-31, Sep [12],,, : PlaceEngine: WiFi,,, 2006, pp ,
52 45 [13],, Vol. 92, No. 4, pp , March [14] K. Kaemarungsi, P. Krishnamurthy, Modeling of Indoor Positioning Systems Based on Location Fingerprinting The 23 annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, vol. 2, pp , March [15], [16] Fon Japan,
53 [17],, LAN, 50, 2010.( ) 46
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