x y 1 (Frame Semantics: FS) [1, 2, 3, 4] ( ) ((semantic) frames) FS Berkely FrameNet (BFN) [5, 6] (Japanese FrameNet: JFN) [7, 8] [9, 10] BFN BFN/JFN

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1 x y 1 (Frame Semantics: FS) [1, 2, 3, 4] () ((semantic) frames) FS Berkely FrameNet (BFN) [5, 6] (Japanese FrameNet: JFN) [7, 8] [9, 10] BFN BFN/JFN BFN/JFN () / (Multi-layered Semantic Frame Analysis (of Language): MSFA(L)) 1) ( ) C BFN MSFA C BFN/JFN (1) S S C BFN 1) MSFA () (Semantic) Frame Analysis (of Language): (S)FA(L) () () (2) C (BFN ) MSFA [11] [12, 13, 14, 15] (3) BFN/JFN ( x y BFN ) (4) BFN/JFN SFAL SFAL BFN/JFN BFN/JFN SFAL MSFA ( x y ) : (5) :

2 (6) : ( ) (7) : σ = :, :, :, :, :,..., :, ( ) σ (semantic role) (8) : σ (situation) ( ) () (9) : () (8) s = w 1 w 2 w n (e.g., x y ) w w i Σ = { σ 1, σ 2,... } M(s) (accommodate) s σ i (attraction effect) () (M)SFA : (10) : : / MSFA : (11) a. b. c. d : 1: 2: (UG ) : 1: () 2: : (12) :

3 - - (scope effect) [16, 17] :? MSFA / {,, }, {,,, }, ( ) θ (= ) : () MSFA

4 3 MSFA 3.1 : (13) (e.g., ) E 1, E 2 E 1, E 2 (14a, b, c) x y 1, 2, 3 (14) a. [F03: ] b. [F06: ( ] c. [F10: ] F03, F06, F10 5 A (14a, b) MSFA 1, 2, 3 ( F m F m * [9, 10] ) 3.2 1, 2, 3 : (15) (e.g., ) S 1, S 2 (16) (17) ( ) (evokers) (18) (e.g., ) S 1, S 2 S 1, S 2 (e.g., ) (e.g., ) MSFA (14a, b) () MSFA 3.2.3

5 ! " # $ % & ' ( )!*!!!"!#!$!%!&!'!(!) "* "! "" +, -. / : ; < = 0>3. 0! 0" 0# 0$ 0% 0& 0' 0( 0) 0!* 0!! 0!" 0!# 0!$ 0!% 0!& 0!' 3?@AB CDE FG HIJK LM NOPQ RS TUPV WXY!Z WXY"Z! op FGqr " s 19t uvqr # s wx 19t $ y 7+<5/< WX[ % s LMzD 19t & Ç FG[ HIJK [ ' Ü 7+<5/< \] ^_`a Y!Z ef Y{ }~A? ~ ÄÅZ LM[ NOPQ RS[ PV[ WX[ WX[ ÉÑ[ ^_`a [ NObc d^ ^_`a NOd^ Y"Z Ö Y{ }~A?~ ( s áà[! d^[ ^_`a ) s!* s árs[! árs[ " áà[" bcd^ [ äãå! ÄÅZ â ef ghy!z ghy"z ijkl mn ef[! gh[ ef[" ágh[! áà[è äãå äãå" ef[# ágh[!! s 19t qr!" s 19t ghwx!# s 19t " gh[ çé[ ágh[ ãêëí [!$ s ãê ìîu ghwx 19t!% NO NO áà[ áà[ ìîu NObc d^bc ãêïñ!& ó 7+<5/<!' s áàò áàôö efò efò ef efõ!( s qr 19t!) ûü wx 19t qr 19t "* / X úù/t9 ÉÑ! 1 (14a) +, -. / : ; < = >! 0?@ABC3. 0! 0" 0# 0$ 0% 0& 0' 0( 0) 0!* 0!! 0!" 0!# 0!$ 0!% 0!& 0!' 0!( LM STUV XYZ[ _` cd ex fg hi jk lmn^ op qrs tk rs rs 3DEBF =BGABDHI JK NOPDQB?? W NOPDQB?? \]^ NOPDQB? ab NOPDQB?? NOPDQB?? NOPDQB??B NOPDQB??B NOPDQB?? NOPDQB?? NOPDQB?? NOPDQB??B NOPDQB? N!RNOPDQ N"RNOPDQ NOPDQB??B BER BER?BER BER BER ER ER BER BER BER ER?BER B??BER B??BER " ER JKw LMw! uv ST { # xy/z9 xy/z9 $ " } 19z % # } 19z & $ } 19z ~ ~ ' % } ÄÅ 19z ( & U 7+<5/< ' ÇÉÑÖ JKÜ LMá SÜ XYZ[ àâ abá cdä exá fgá hiá opá àâ { rsá ) á!* ( ä 7+<5/<!! ) } ãàå tká rsá!* ÉÖçÇ éèá _`á ê ëy ëyu!" íì!#!! U 7+<5/<!$!" } ~ 19z ëyu!# îï 19z ÄÅ ñóy/z9!% lm òô!$ } XY ëy fgå jkö n^ö õpá qrsá!& áy/z9!' } 19z!(!% ú 7+<5/< ï!& ùû 19z ÄÅ ~ jü!) m "*!' } ÄÅ 19z ÄÅ tï!( } ~ 19z ~ "! ß ""!) } 19z Ælm "# "* } 19z "$ "! 2 (14b) ( ) (collocations) () (construction (effect)s) [18] (Generative Lexicon Theory: GLT) [21, 22] ( ) PDP [19, 20] (Parallel Distributed Semantics: PDS) MSFA GLT MSFA GLT GLT (qualia structure) 3.3 w w 5

6 ! " # $ % & ' ( )!*!!!"!#!$!%!&!' +, -. / ! 0" 0# 0$ 0% 0& 0' 0( 0) 0!* 0!! 0!" 0!# 3:;<= >?@ AB CDE:F<GG IJKL CDE:F<GG KL CDE:F<GG IJ CDE:F<GG MN OP IQ CDE:F<GG RSTU VWXB Y CDE:;EG< Z[H B\X] ^ CDE:F<GG _` ab cd! ef gh ghi ghi ghi " X 7+j5/j # k 19l $ mn ABo KL op/l9 KLo MNo qr sb tuv % w 7+j5/j & k ABx yz yz yz Otuo { ' k }z }z }z ( k ~z I zp/l9 Izp /l9 ) k ƒ`!* OPx BYxˆ ]^xˆ x ˆp/l9 ab\!! k 19l!" XŠ Œ ON OP IQ BY ]^B\!# Ž 7+j5/j!$ 19l /l9!% _ ab p/l9 s p/l9 3 (14c) : (19) (sense enumerative approach)? HFN [13, 14, 15] x y w (e.g., ) (word senses) w S(..., w,...) (e.g.,,, ) S σ Σ = {σ 1, σ 2,... } S (= w 1 w 1 w n ) W = { w 1, w 1,..., w n } : (20) S S (W ) M(S) = Φ(M(w 1 ),..., M(w n )) Σ σ i S(...,w,...) ( ) w M(S) M(S) ( attraction to comprehensible situation effect) : (21) : w i ( ) S(..., w i,...) w i M(S) (e.g., (semantic wellformedness)) M(S) GLT GLT

7 (23) GLT (closure) ( ) GLT (principle of compositionality) (22) (22) a. M(S) S { w 1, w 2,... } { M(w 1 ), M(w 2 ),... } b. M(S) { M(w 1 ), M(w 2 ),... } S (23) (23a) (23b) : (23) a. : S W { M(w 1 ), M(w 2 ),... } W S M(S) W b. : S W { M(w 1 ), M(w 2 ),... } M(S) W (23a) (23b) (23a) (23b) (23a) w i Langacker [23, 24] S(..., w i,...) w i (semantic underspecification) S(...,w,...) w S M(S) Σ Σ Σ 3.4

<> F13: < > A IS-A B : A B B 4 (14b) [25, 23] MSFA 3.4.1 (14b) 4 (14b) (14b) F01:, F03:, F05: ( F03 ) 3.

8 F1: <> F2: <> F6: <> F3: <> F4: < > F19: <> F17: <> F5: <> F10: <> F16: <> F18: <> M M R F F7: <> F9: <> F15: <> F14: <> A A IS-A B : A B A B B F8: <> F11: <> F12: <> F13: < > A IS-A B : A B B 4 (14b) [25, 23] MSFA (14b) 4 (14b) (14b) F01:, F03:, F05: ( F03 ) : (24) (un(der)specified features) (25) ( 1, 2, 3 ) : (26) θ

9 4 F10, F12, F14, F15 F14 SOURCE-PATH-GOAL F10 CONTAINER (14b) 4 F1:, F5:, F7: 4 (MSFA) (derivation) (deep structures) A x y [11, 13] 5 x y 15 (27) 15 ( [14, 15] ) 2) (27) F01: ; F02: ; F03: ( ) ; F04: ; F05: ; F06: (); F07: ( ); F08: ; F09: ( ) ; F10: () ; F11: ; F12: 2) 18 ; F13: ( ); F14: (); F15: () {,,... } [+human, grouped] {,,... } [+human, grouped] F09, F10 [1] C. J. Fillmore. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp , [2] C. J. Fillmore and B. T. S. Atkins. Towards a framebased lexicon: The semantics of RISK and its neighbors. In A. Lehrer and Eva F. Kittay, editors, Frames, Fields and Contrasts: New Essays in Semantic and Lexical Organization, pp Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, [3] C. J. Fillmore and B. T. S. Atkins. Starting where the dictionaries stop: The challenge for computational lexicography. In B. T. S. Atkins and A. Zampoli, editors, Compuational Approaches to the Lexicon, pp Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, [4] C. J. Fillmore and B. T. S. Atkins. FrameNet and lexicographic relevance. In The First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), [5] C. J. Fillmore, C. Wooters, and C. Baker. Building a large lexical databank which provides deep semantics. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asian Conference on Language, Information and Computation, [6] C. J. Fillmore, C. R. Johnson, and M. R. L. Petruck. Background to FrameNet. International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp , [7] K. H. Ohara, S. Fujii, H. Sato, S. Ishizaki, T. Ohori, and R. Suzuki. The japanese FrameNet project: A preliminary report. In Proceedings of PACLING 03, pp , [8] K. H. Ohara, S. Fujii, T. Ohori, R. Suzuki, H. Saito, and S. Ishizaki. The japanese FrameNet project: An introduction. In Proceedings of LREC-04 Satellite Workshop Building Lexical Resources from Semantically Annotated Corpora (LREC 2004: 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation), pp. 9 11, [9],. : FrameNet. 10

10 ROOT: 5 x y, , [ : jp/~kkuroda/papers/jfn-nlp10-rev4.pdf]. [10],.., 104 (416), pp , [ : ~kkuroda/papers/linking-l-to-k-v3.pdf]. [11],. : FrameNet. [COE 21 : papers/metaphor-and-frames.pdf], [12]. ID :. 5, pp , [13],,.. 21, pp , [14]. : HFN/FOCAL. 5 Conference Handbook, pp , [15],,. :., p. 39, [ clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~kkuroda/papers/ Nakamoto-et-al-CogPsy2004-Original.pdf]. [16] M. Johnson. Body in the Mind. Unversity of Chicago Press, [17] G. Lakoff. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Unversity of Chicago Press, [18] A. D. Goldberg. Constructions. University of Chicago Press, [19] D. Rumelhart, J. McClelland, and The PDP Research Group. Paralledl Distributed Processing, Vol. 1. MIT Press, [20] J. McClelland, D. Rumelhart, and The PDP Research Group. Paralledl Distributed Processing, Vol. 2. MIT Press, [21] J. Pustejovsky. The generative lexicon. Computational Linguistics, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp , [22] J. Pustejovsky. The Generative Lexicon. MIT Press, [23] R. W. Langacker. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. 1. Stanford University Press, [24] R. W. Langacker. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. 2. Stanford University Press, [25] D. A. Cruse. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 1986.

1 ( ) (1) (2) Pattern 1 (P1)// Pattern 2 (P2) (V1 = V2) (alternation) (SPRAY-PAINT alternation/ hypallage) (1) (2) P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y

1 ( ) (1) (2) Pattern 1 (P1)// Pattern 2 (P2) (V1 = V2) (alternation) (SPRAY-PAINT alternation/ hypallage) (1) (2) P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y 1 ( ) 1 1.1 (1) (2) Pattern 1 (P1)// Pattern 2 (P2) (V1 = V2) (alternation) (SPRAY-PAINT alternation/ hypallage) (1) (2) P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y V2 1.1.1 : (1) P2 (3) : (3) [ X [ X [ X ] ] ] [ Y ]