日本における外来種対策 水谷知生 環境省自然環境局野生生物課 外来生物対策室長 はじめに日本は生きた動物を大量に輸入しており また 日本の経済は貿易に大きく依存しており 輸入品やコンテナに紛れて多くの生物が非意図的に国内に入ってきていると考えられる このように国内に導入される生物の中には 侵略的な性

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1 日本における外来種対策 水谷知生 環境省自然環境局野生生物課 外来生物対策室長 はじめに日本は生きた動物を大量に輸入しており また 日本の経済は貿易に大きく依存しており 輸入品やコンテナに紛れて多くの生物が非意図的に国内に入ってきていると考えられる このように国内に導入される生物の中には 侵略的な性質を持つものもある 国外から侵入する植物への病害虫や感染性の病原体による農林水産業への被害の防止のために 植物防疫法 家畜伝染病予防法等に基づく輸入検疫の仕組みはあったが 国外からの生物の輸入による生態系への影響の防止を図る観点はなかった このような状況を踏まえ また 生物多様性条約 8 条の規定と第 6 回締約国会議の決議として採択された外来種に対する指針原則の実施を目的として 日本では 外来生物法 を 2005 年に施行した 外来生物法の概要 外来生物法 の目的は侵略的な外来種を適切に管理し 生態系への被害などを防止することにある この法律では 生態系 人の健康 ( 感染症による被害を除く ) 農林水産業に被害を及ぼすおそれがあると認められる外来種を 特定外来生物 として指定する 主務大臣は科学的知見に基づき どの外来種を特定外来生物に指定すべきかを評価し 決定する 特定外来生物として指定されれば 主務大臣の許可を得ずに飼養 栽培 保管 運搬を行うことはできなくなる 特定外来生物の輸入も許可を得ている者でなければできない 特定外来生物を放つことは禁止される この法律では 輸入に先立つ未判定外来生物の判定の仕組みもある 未判定外来生物は特定外来生物に指定される疑いのある種類として指定され 輸入する場合に 輸入者は事前に届け出て 主務大臣による評価が終了するまでは輸入できない仕組みとなっている 法律の全文と基本方針は に掲載している 外来種対策は 1 被害を及ぼすものの侵入の防止 2 定着したものの拡大の防止 3すでに定着したものによる被害の防止の3 段階に分かれる 日本では 被害を及ぼすおそれのある種類の導入を防ぐことと同時に オオクチバス アライグマなど すでに定着して被害を及ぼしている侵略的外来種への対策が強く求められた そのために法律では まだ国内で定着していない種類に対する規制とともに すでに定着している種類の規制 駆除についても法律でカバーすることとなった 特定外来生物の指定外来生物法では 特定外来生物の選定に際し 主務大臣は生物の特性に関する専門家の意見を聴くことが規定されている そのため 専門家会合と 哺乳類及び鳥類 爬虫類及び両生類 魚類 昆虫 無脊椎動物 植物の6つのワーキンググループが設置され 種の選定に

2 ついて議論された さらに オオクチバスとセイヨウオオマルハナバチの選定について議論する小グループが設けられたが それぞれ釣り業界と農業関係者の関心が高く詳細な議論が必要であったためである 専門家による会合で候補種を絞り込み 主務大臣がパブリックコメント手続きを行った後 特定外来生物が指定されたが 2005 年の指定の際には 11 万件を超えるコメントが提出された 多くはオオクチバスの特定外来生物指定に反対するコメントであり マスメディアがこの件を大きく報道し 結果として外来生物法の一般への認知度が高まることとなった 2005 年の指定と 2006 年の指定で 80 種類が特定外来生物として指定され 現在までに規制されている種のリストは 96 種類である に指定種等のリストが掲げられている 指定された種類については 許可なく輸入や国内での利用ができなくなっており すでに国内に定着している種類についても 生態系や産業への影響の拡大に一定の歯止めがかかるようになった 定着した侵略的外来種への対応特定外来生物に指定された種類は 許可なく輸入や国内での利用ができなくなるが すでに野外に定着している種類については 規制措置によって影響が減少するわけではない 外来生物法が制定される以前から 農業や漁業に被害が生じている 希少種が影響を受けているといった場合に対策は行われ 例えば環境省では 奄美大島で固有種の生息を脅かしているジャワマングースへの対策を 2000 年から実施してきており 小笠原諸島では 島の植生を破壊するヤギの捕獲が東京都を中心として進められてきた これらは 行政が中心となって対策を進めているケースであるが 身近なフィールドでは NPO 地域住民が中心となって 回復すべき生態系の目標をおいて侵略的な外来種の捕獲が進められている例も多い しかし 定着して分布を拡大させている侵略的な外来種に対して どのように被害を減少させていくかについては 一定の方法が見いだせているわけではなく 息の長い取り組みが必要となっている 侵略的外来種によるリスクを減らすためには日本では 侵略的外来種の輸入や国内での利用の規制の仕組みを 2005 年に導入し 新たに導入する外来種だけでなく すでに定着している種類を含めて利用を規制する仕組みとした 2007 年には 日本への生きている動物の輸入は以前と比較して減少している この変化をもたらした大きな理由は動物検疫 特に鳥インフルエンザに対する検疫の強化であるが 他の理由として外来生物法の施行があげられる 輸入のもたらすリスクについての一般の理解が進んだことがこの変化をもたらしたと考えられる 侵略的外来種による悪影響を防止するための課題はいくつかある 未導入のものに関しては 侵略的外来種の非意図的な導入に対する効果的な対応が求められる また 既存の法律は野生動物への感染症のリスクには対応していない これらの課題に対応するためには導入される様々な生物や商品をチェックするといったことが考えられるが 限られた人員での実施は困難である また すでに定着した種類による影響を減らすための対策も必要であるが

3 長期的な対策となり 継続的に人手と資金が必要となってくる 侵略的外来種によるリスクを軽減するためには まず 国民が日本の経済が貿易に強く依存し 物の輸入に伴ってさまざまな侵略的外来種が侵入する可能性があり そのことが危険な状況をもたらしていることを認識しておくことが重要である 水谷知生環境省自然環境局野生生物課外来生物対策室長 1986 年環境庁 ( 当時 ) 入庁 主に自然保護局で 国立公園管理 野生生物管理等の業務に従事 2007 年から侵略的外来種対策 GMO の利用規制を担当

4 Japan s Invasive Alien Species Act Tomoo Mizutani Head of invasive alien species control and GMO control section, Wildlife Division Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the environment Introduction Japan is a country that conducts mass importation of living organisms. In addition, as the Japanese economy is strongly sustained by international trade, it is thought that many species are unintentionally introduced into the country along with imported goods and containers. The previous quarantine system to prevent the adverse effects of invasive alien species on agriculture, forestry and fisheries under the ruling of the IPPC, the OIE or related domestic acts (such as the Plant Protection Act or the Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control Act) was not covered by the existing administrative system that controls adverse effects on wild fauna/flora and the ecosystem resulting from the introduction of alien species. Considering this situation and aiming to implement the provisions of Article 8 (h) stipulated by the Convention on Biological Diversity and the guiding principles for the implementation of Article8 (h) adopted as COP decision VI/23, the Japanese government prepared the Invasive Alien Species Act in Framework of the Invasive Alien Species Act The Invasive Alien Species Act was approved in 2004 and promulgated in July 2005 with aims including the proper control of invasive alien species (IASs) and the prevention of damage to the ecosystem. The act defines alien species recognised or feared to cause damage to the ecosystem and human safety (excluding damages related to infectious diseases) as well as agriculture, forestry and fisheries as IASs. The competent ministers have the responsibility of estimating and deciding, based on scientific information, which alien species should be designated as IASs. Species designated as IASs are subject to various regulations; raising, planting, keeping or transporting them is prohibited without the express permission of the competent ministers. Permission is also a prerequisite for importing IASs, and discarding them in the wild is not allowed at any time. This act sets the judgement of Uncategorized Alien Species (UASs) before their importation. UASs are alien species that are suspected of being IASs. According to this act, before importing UASs into Japan, importers must notify the competent ministers of their intention and provide information on the ecological properties of the targeted UASs; its import is restricted until evaluation is complete. After this evaluation, UASs posing a risk of damage are immediately designated as IASs, while those posing no risk are not regulated by the act. The full text of the act and the basic policy are available at Selection of IASs The first selection of IASs was started in Under the act, the competent ministers consult

5 with experts on the properties of living organisms for the designation of IASs. Accordingly, a general expert meeting and six working groups were established to deal with each group of alien species (i.e., mammals and birds, reptiles and amphibians, fish, insects, invertebrates, and plants) and discuss which species should be designated as IASs. In addition, two special working groups were set up to discuss the selection of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and the large earth bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) as IASs. The sports fishing industry and the farming industry were greatly concerned about the designation of these species as IASs because it would mean the prohibition of their use. It was necessary to discuss the issue among stakeholders in special working groups to reach a conclusion. Each of the six working groups convened and made draft recommendations of designation, and the general expert meeting decided on the final recommendation to the competent ministers. After the public consultation procedure, the competent ministers finalized the decision. During the public consultation in the first round of designation, more than 110,000 comments were received from the general public; most were against the designation of the largemouth bass as IASs. Newspapers and other media reported the conflict widely, resulting in a rapid increase in public awareness of the IASs Act. In the process of the first round (2005) and second round (2006) of IASs designation, 80 different types were selected as IASs. A list of the regulated species is available at Conclusion In line with the guiding principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Japan established a system to regulate the import and use of invasive alien species in This legislation covers not only invasive alien species that have not yet been introduced to Japan, but also those that have been introduced and are in widespread use. In 2007, the number of live animals imported to Japan fell. One reason for this change is the intensification of animal quarantine restrictions, especially against avian influenza. Another reason seems to be the enforcement of the IAS Act. Raising public awareness of the risks of importation has brought about this change. A number of challenges are involved in preventing the adverse effects of invasive alien species. Preparing effective measures against the unintentional introduction of such species is essential. Existing acts does not cover the risks of infectious diseases to wild animals. To address these problems, it will be necessary to strengthen existing measures. However, it is difficult with limited staff resources to check the various kinds of living organisms and imported goods entering the country. It is essential to reduce the risks posed by invasive alien species and to realize the gravity of the situation, since the Japanese economy is strongly sustained by huge amounts of international trade. Tomoo Mizutani

6 Head of invasive alien species control and GMO control section, Wildlife Division Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of the environment He joined the Environment Agency (Nature Conservation Bureau) in 1986, and has mainly worked on national park management, wildlife management. From2007, he has been in charge of invasive alien species control and GMO control.

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