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4 A Tailoring Framework for Quantitative Management of Software Processes Kyohei Fushida Abstract Quantitative management is a key technology to software process management and improvement. Quantitative management uses indicators that based on quantitative data, and quantitative management planning requires understandings of indicator definitions including the followings: types of required quantitative data, measurements to be integrated, and timing or frequency of each measurement task. However, effectiveness of quantitative management and methodology of planning quantitative management have studied insufficiently. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of quantitative management in a software organization. Our results show that a lot of indicators are adopted though some are unused or customized according to circumstances. Based on the results, we propose a framework for planning and tailoring of software development process with quantitative management. Our framework employs a structural model to indicators and associated measures. Tailoring method for measurement and analysis is provided based on the structural model. We also present a system that helps novice managers to plan software projects according to the framework. The system provides structural information of indicators and measures with software process model descriptions. Using this system, novice manager easily comprehend and tailor their management plans. Keywords: Quantitative Process Management, Process Tailoring, Software Process, Supporting Project Planning Master s Thesis, Department of Information Systems, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST-IS-MT , February 1, ii

5 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC CMMI iii

6 EPDG A. 53 iv

7 1 JISX 0160:1996 JIS X0160: JIS X0141:2004 A CMMI CMMI EPDG EPDG v

8 vi

9 1. Kazumasa Hikichi, Tetsuya Yonemitsu, Yutaka Fukuchi, Kyohei Fushida, Hajimu Iida. An assistance method of incorporating quantitative management indicator into software development process. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Project Management(ProMAC2006), Sydney, Australia, September Kazumasa Hikichi, Kyohei Fushida, Hajimu Iida, and Ken ichi Matsumoto. A software process tailoring system focusing to quantitative management plans. In Jürgen Münch and Matias Vierimaa, editors, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Product Focused Software Process Improvement (Profes2006), Vol. 4034, pp , June ,,,..,, 2006, 2006(SES2006), pp.51 58, October ,,.. 3 (FORCE 2006), pp.27 36, July vii

10 1.,,,,,.., Vol.2006, No.125, pp.9-15, November ,,,,,,..,, MoMuC , pp.11-16, November viii

11 1. [1, 31] CMU/SEI CMMI Capability Maturity Model Integration [5] CMM Capability Maturity Model [28] CMMI Basili GQM Goal-Question-Metrics) [3] GQM McGarry ISO/IEC 15939[11] 1

12 PSM(Practical Software Measurement) [22] EPDG2 Electric Process Data Guidebook 2 EPDG

13 2. Basili GQM(Goal-Question- Metric McGarry PSM Practical Software Measurement CMM CMMI IDEAL[6] ISO/IEC [12, 15 17, 19] ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9126 [10, 13, 14, 18] PSM ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 12207[9] ISO/IEC CMMI ISO/IEC ISO/IEC JIS X0160[25] 1 JISX 0160:

14 8 4 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 主ライフサイクルプロセス取得プロセス供給プロセス運用プロセス開発プロセス保守プロセス支援ライフサイクルプロセス文書化プロセス構成管理プロセス品質保証プロセス検証プロセス妥当性確認プロセス共同レビュープロセス監査プロセス問題解決プロセス組織に関するするライフサイクルプロセス管理プロセス改善プロセス環境整備プロセス教育訓練プロセス修整プロセス 1 JISX 0160:1996 JIS X0160:

15 ISO/IEC ISO/IEC JIS X0141[26] ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 情報成果物解釈管理指標分析モデル導出測定量導出測定量測定の関数基本測定量基本測定量測定方法測定方法属性属性 2 JIS X0141:2004 A.1 5

16 CMMI CMMI CMU/SEI 1991 SW-CMM(Capability Maturity Model for Software) SECM(Systems Engineering Capability Model) IPD-CMM(Integrated Product Development Capability Maturity Model) CMMI CMMI ISO/IEC15504 CMMI 2 CMMI 6

17 CMMI 3 OPD Organizational Process 5: 最適化している成熟度レベル : 特徴プロセス領域 4: 定量的に管理された組織プロセス実績定量的プロジェクト管理組織改革と展開原因分析と解決 1: 初期 2: 管理された要件管理プロジェクト計画策定プロジェクトの監視と制御供給者合意管理測定と分析プロセスと成果物の品質保証構成管理 3: 定義された要件開発技術解成果物統合検証妥当性確認組織プロセス重視組織プロセス定義組織トレーニング IPPD のための統合プロジェクト管理リスク管理統合チーム編成統合供給者管理決定分析と解決統合のための組織環境 3 CMMI 7

18 Definition 区分プロセス領域プロセス管理プロジェクト管理エンジニアリング支援組織プロセス重視組織プロセス定義組織トレーニング組織プロセス実績組織改革と展開プロジェクト計画策定プロジェクトの監視と制御供給者合意管理 IPPD のための統合プロジェクト管理リスク管理統合チーム編成統合供給者管理定量的プロジェクト管理要件管理要件開発技術解成果物統合検証妥当性確認構成管理プロセスと成果物の品質保証測定と分析決定分析と解決統合のための組織環境原因分析と解決プロセス領域能力レベル : 特徴定量的プロジェクト管理 5: 最適化している 4: 定量的に管理された 3: 定義された 2: 管理された 1: 実施された 0: 不完全な測定と分析 5: 最適化している 4: 定量的に管理された 3: 定義された 2: 管理された 1: 実施された 0: 不完全な 4 CMMI 8

19 CMMI [20] Electronic Process Guide, EPG Boehm MBASE[4] [30] Moe [23] Jeffery EPG/ER[21] EPG/ER 9

20 Basili [2] Park [27] Park Huo [8] Huo 10

21 計画計画者分析管理者管理計画の立案データの分析プロジェクト管理作成報告フィードバック開発プロセス管理計画測定開発者 1 測定開発者 N データの測定 5 11

22 1. CMMI

23 [24] Hikichi [7] 3 1: 2: 13

24 3:

25 4. CMMI

26 1 1 # DB 4. or FP #1 #21 #22 #27 #28 #32 #33 #36 #37 #39 #40 #43 #44 # A 16

27 A B C A 3 B 4 C #1 #

28 1 目的の重要度進捗管理 16 指標番号レビューテストプロセス品質保証リスク管理 41 要件管理 46 支援プロセスシニアクラスビギナークラス 6 18

29 1 プロジェクト件数進捗管理 16 指標番号レビュー 31 テスト 36 プロセス品質保証リスク管理 41 要件管理 46 支援プロセスシニアクラスビギナークラス 7 19

30 1 プロジェクト件数進捗管理指標番号 26 レビュー 31 テスト 36 プロセス品質保証リスク管理 41 要件管理 46 支援プロセスシニアクラス : 指示通りビギナークラス : 指示通りシニアクラス : 調整ビギナークラス : 調整 8 20

31 1 指標利用の効果進捗管理指標番号 26 レビュー 31 テスト 36 プロセス品質保証リスク管理 41 要件管理 46 支援プロセスシニアクラスビギナークラス 9 21

32 #26 #27 #22 #25 #26 #

33 QA Quality Assesment QA 6 QA QA QA #38 # #44 #45 23

35 要件定義基本設計詳細設計開発規模の見積値の推移を見る大規模プロジェクト仕様が明確に定まっているのでファンクションポイントを用いて見積もる小規模プロジェクト仕様が明確に定まっておらず, ファンクションポイントを用いることができないドキュメント数で置き換える 10 25

36 標準開発プロセス定義作業内容やワークフローの変更テーラリング作業管理指標の選択管理指標利用に必要な定量データの選択見直し測定量分析作業の組み込み各プロジェクトの開発管理プロセス定義 11 26

37 既存の組織標準プロセス定義管理指標定義分析生成テーラリングのための参考情報対象工程別分類データ粒度別分類誘導生成プロジェクト固有プロセス管理タスクが組み込まれたプロセスモデル 12 27

39 3 DB (a) 4(b) 4(a) JIS X0160 4(b) 4(a) (a) 4(b) 3 29

40 4 (a) (b)

41 5 DB E E I I I I E E I I I I E E I I I I I I I E E I I E E E E I E I DB

42 2 3 32

43 6. EPDG2 5 EPDG EPDG2 Hikichi EPDG+ EPDG+ EPDG2 5 EPDG2 EPDG EPDG2 3 WBS Work Breakdown Structure *1 *1 33

44 5 EPDG 利用者 1 開発プロセスの読み込みシステム 2 必要な管理指標を選択管理指標の選択支援機能 3 定量データを選択定量データ候補のリストアップ機能新規定量データの定義機能 5 4 定量データの測定工程を選択測定対象工程のリストアップ機能 4 定量データの測定頻度を選択測定頻度のリストアップ機能 5 計画の確認測定作業の確認支援機能 6 開発プロセスに管理計画を統合依存関係の確認支援機能 13 EPDG2 34

46 6.3. EPDG2 Java XML プロセスペイン 2 確認ペイン 3 詳細表示ペイン 4 指標定量データ一覧ペイン 14 36

47 WBS PReP[29] 14 B001 ID 15 37

48 ID 14 ID I WBS 38

49 6.4. EPDG EPDG2 16 EPDG2 39

50 EPDG2 WBS EPDG2 ID DB

54 6.5. EPDG2 EPDG2 44

55 7. EPDG2 EPDG2 EPDG2 EPDG2 EPDG2 EPDG2 45

56 46

57 47

58 EPDG2 48

59 [1] % , No. 587, pp , November [2] Victor R. Basili and H. Dieter Rombach. Tailoring the software process to project goals and environments. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering(ICSE 87), pp , March [3] Victor R. Basili and David M. Weiss. A methodology for collecting valid software engineering data. IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp , November [4] Barry Boehm and Dan Port. Conceptual modeling challenges for modelbased architecting and software engineering (MBASE). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1565, pp , [5] CMMI Product Team. Capability maturity model integration for system engineering / software engineering / integrated product and process development, version 1.1. Technical Report CMU/SEI-2002-TR-004, Software Engineering Institute, August [6] Jennifer Gremba and Chuck Myers. The ideal model: A practical guide for improvement. Software Engineering Institute (SEI) publication, Bridge, No. 3, [7] Kazumasa Hikichi, Kyohei Fushida, Hajimu Iida, and Ken ichi Matsumoto. A software process tailoring system focusing to quantitative management plans. In Jürgen Münch and Matias Vierimaa, editors, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Product Focused Software Process Improvement (Profes2006), Vol. 4034, pp , June Amsterdam, Netherlands. [8] Ming Huo, He Zhang, and Ross Jeffery. A systematic approach to process enactment analysis as input to software process improvement or tailoring. In Proceedings of XIII Asia Pacific Software Engineering Conference 49

60 (APSEC 06), pp , December [9] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC 12207:1995, Information Technology Software Life Cycle Processes. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, [10] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC :2001, Software engineering Product quality Part 1: Quality model. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, June [11] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC 15939:2002, Software Engineering Software Measurement Process. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, [12] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC :2003, Information Technology Process assesment Part 2: Performing an assesment. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, October [13] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC TR :2003, Software engineering Product quality Part 2: External metrics. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, July [14] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC TR :2003, Software engineering Product quality Part 3: Internal metrics. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, July [15] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC :2004, Information Technology Process assesment Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, November [16] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC :2004, Information Technology Process assesment Part 3: Guidance on performing an assesment. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, January [17] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC :2004, Information Technology Process assesment Part 4: Guidance on use for 50

61 process improvement and process capability determination. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, July [18] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC TR :2004, Software engineering Product quality Part 4: Quality in use metrics. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, March [19] International Organization for Standardization. ISO/IEC :2006, Information Technology Process assesment Part 5: An exemplar Process Assessment Model. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, March [20] Marc I. Kellner, Ulrike Becker-Kornstaedt, William E. Riddle, Jennifer Tomal, and Martin Verlage. Process guides: Effective guidance for process participants. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Software Process, pp , June [21] Felicia Kurniawati and Ross Jeffery. The use and effects of an electronic process guide and experience repository: a longitudinal study. Information and Software Technology, Vol. 48, No. 7, pp , July [22] John McGarry, David Card, Cheryl Jones, Beth Layman, Elizabeth Clark, Joseph Dean, and Fred Hall. Practical Software Measurement: Objective Information for Decision Makers. Addison Wesley Professional, October [23] Nils Brede Moe and Tore Dybå. The use of an electronic process guide in a medium-sized software development company. Software Process: Improvement and Practice, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp , January [24],,..,, SS , pp , November [25]. JIS X 0160:1996,., [26]. JIS X 0141:2004,., 51

62 2004. [27] Soojin Park, Hoyoung Na, Sooyong Park, and Vijayan Sugumaran. A semiautomated filtering technique for software process tailoring using neural network. Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp , February [28] Mark C. Paulk, Bill Curtis, Mary Beth Chrissis, and Charles V. Weber. Capability maturity model for software, version 1.1. Technical Report CMU/SEI-93-TR-24, ESC-TR , Software Engineering Institute, February [29],,. PReP., Vol. 46, No. 5, pp , May [30] University of Southern California and Carnegie Mellon University. MBASE 577 interactive process guide. EPG/home.html. [31] Mary Hayes Weier. Precious connection. InformationWeek, pp , October

63 A NAIST A A-1 A-2 A-3 PM QA PMO A-4 A-3 A-5 FP 53

64 B 4 B B-2. B-3. B-4. B-5. B-6. B-7. B-8. B B-10. B

65 C. B B

5005-toku3.indd

5005-toku3.indd 3 1 CMMICMM Capability Maturity Model ISO : International Organization for Standardization IEC : International Electrotechnical CommissionJTC1 : Joint Technical Committee 1SC7 : Sub Committee 7 SC7 WG