Respiration

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かつかげかたづ
4 years ago
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1 Respiration Respiration the life function which involves the transfer of potential (stored) chemical energy found in into a more usable form eat food C2 C6126 synthesis (building) the exchange of gases (namely ) between an organism and the environment Respiration energy is stored in organic molecules mostly by carbohydrates (fats & proteins) eat these organic molecules make these organic molecules all organisms break them down! fuels for energy () raw materials for building more molecules carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids storage { { { energy needed even at rest activity temperature control growth reproduction repair glycogen (animal starch) fat combustion making heat energy by burning fuels in one step fuel (carbohydrates) 2 C heat aerobic respiration making energy (& some heat) by burning fuels in many small steps food (carbohydrates) 2 C (+ heat)

2 energy is released from (mainly) by a series of enzyme controlled reactions to build molecules of : Why not just use? Why bother changing one molecule of stored energy to another? C 2 when the high energy bonds of are broken ( ), a little bit of energy is released for the cell to use this gives us ADP ( ) and! Can t store too unstable only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage only used in cell that produces it eat food Adenosine TriPhosphate Adenosine DiPhosphate A working muscle recycles over 10 million s per second energy for work

3 there are two ways in which can be broken down to release energy anaerobic respiration: aerobic respiration: carried out by organisms when: the organism does not have the and/or proteins to utilize oxygen these reactions happen in the of the cell the first step of all cellular respiration is (the breakdown of into two 3-carbon molecules of ) 2 molecules of must be broken down to start the reaction C 2 But you get enough energy to make 4 (that is, add P to 4 ADP)! 2 because oxygen is not used, no more energy can be released from the 3-carbon and is then made into pyruvic acid then, depending on the organism, that is converted to: lactic acid in humans o alcohol and carbon dioxide in yeast o 2 In summary, without oxygen, is broken down into pyruvic acid resulting in a net gain of 2 molecules of. The pyruvic acid is then converted to EITER lactic acid R alcohol and C 2 depending on the species.

4 the first step of all cellular respiration is (the breakdown of into two 3-carbon molecules of ) 2 molecules of must be broken down to start the reaction C 2 But you get enough energy to make 4 (that is, add P to 4 ADP)! So there is a NET GAIN of 2 after the anaerobic step of glycolysis, if oxygen is available, the can be broken down completely to release a lot more energy than anaerobic respiration these steps take place in the Krebs cycle o electron transport chain o 2 enzymes after the anaerobic step of glycolysis, if oxygen is available, the can be broken down completely to release a lot more energy than anaerobic respiration these steps take place in the In summary, with oxygen, glycolysis results 32 in more a net gain of 2 molecules of, the Krebs cycle for breaks a down the into C NET 2 and makes 2 GAIN more, and the electron transport of chain 36 releases! 2 and 32 more! 2 Krebs cycle releases C 2 and. The electron transport chain releases 2 and

5 animal cells plant cells Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria that means, they carry out! Energy and material through living things! sun anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration plants oxygen requirement C 2 2 sugars 2 where in cell animals, plants energy yield end products

6 II. rganismal Respiration involves the diffusion of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) between the organism and its environment for this to occur, you need: so the gases can be dissolved II. rganismal Respiration A. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist, & Fungi the exchange of gases is done by simple (passive transport) of gases through the B. Plants simple plants (bryophytes) like moss exchange gases by through the complex plants (tracheophytes) can exchange gases at: (openings in leaves) (opening in stems) II. rganismal Respiration C. Animals different species have different for the exchange of C 2 and 2 many species with red blood carry 2 in an iron-containing pigment (protein) called Gas exchange is similar yet different in different species! one-celled amphibians echinoderms insects fish mammals

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きずなプロジェクト-表紙.indd P6 P7 P12 P13 P20 P28 P76 P78 P80 P81 P88 P98 P138 P139 P140 P142 P144 P146 P148 #1 SHORT-TERM INVITATION GROUPS 2012 6 10 6 23 2012 7 17 14 2012 7 17 14 2012 7 8 7 21 2012 7 8 7 21 2012 8 7 8 18