The japanese Society of Forest Environment Jpn J For Environ 54 (2), 81 92, 2012 Kentaro Matsumoto, Mineaki Aizawa, Yota Kikuchi, Yoosuke Matsumoto an

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1 Jpn J For Environ 54 (2), 81 92, 2012 Kentaro Matsumoto, Mineaki Aizawa, Yota Kikuchi, Yoosuke Matsumoto and Tatsuhiro Ohkubo Sprout regeneration of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica) and its usefulness as a regenerator in unsuccessful conifer plantations after clear-cutting of natural Japanese beech forests. Japanese Journal of Forest Environment 54:81 92, We aimed to delineate the regeneration process of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica) by sprouting under strong and frequent human-induced disturbances, such as clear-cutting, weeding, and salvage cutting, and to assess the usefulness of the species as a natural regenerating tree in unsuccessful conifer plantations after clear-cutting of natural Japanese beech forests in Nikko, Tochigi. We investigated the stand structures and analyzed the growth of Japanese beeches and their spatially neighboring trees, focusing on 2 types of unsuccessful conifer plantations, (1) the Hinoki cypress plantations where weeding and several salvage cuttings had been conducted, and which were degraded by the bark stripping by bears; and (2) secondary broad-leaved forests resulting from the poor growth of conifers planted in locations where weeding had been conducted. Japanese beech exhibited stool structures with many stems resulting from sprouting under all the human-induced disturbances mentioned above. In the Hinoki cypress plantations, Japanese beech was the most dominant species under the tree layer of cypresses; in secondary broad-leaved forests early successional species, such as Betula grossa, were dominant in the tree layer, under which Japanese beech was dominant in the shade. Besides Japanese beech, almost no late successional species was observed under the tree layer in all the types of plantations. Therefore, Japanese beech could maintain a strong ability to produce sprouts and survive in unsuccessful conifer plantations under human-induced disturbances, and might become a main tree-layer component in the future. If unsuccessful conifer plantations are converted to broad-leaved forests, Japanese beech would be the most useful natural regenerator among the surviving broad-leaved trees. Keywords : broad-leaved forest, Fagus japonica, under human-induced disturbances, sprout regeneration, unsuccessful conifer plantation Del Tredici, Zimmerman et al., Kruger et al., Corresponding Author Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, , Japan aizawam@cc.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University Oji Forest and Products Co., Ltd. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Present Address : Mitsui Bussan Forest Co., Ltd.

Sasaki Ohkubo et al.,, Ohkubo, http:www.rinya.maff.go.

2 Sasaki Ohkubo et al.,, Ohkubo, j kikaku plan pdf, m kmm., mm.. ha CCBBR CC Fig. 1. Map of study site CC BBR

3 Jpn J For Environ 54 (2), 2012 Table 1. Outline and forest management history of study plots

4 BB B Mitsutoyo AT B B B BA B BA CC DBH. cm N DBH. cm DBH DBH m m. m DBH cm m m mm haha BA m ha RD CC RD.. C..C.. CC. m CC DBH DBH BA BA RD DBH BA m Fig. 2. Basal area of each dominant tree species in the study plots before clear-cutting obtained from harvest records cm B B B CC. R

5 Jpn J For Environ 54 (2), 2012 Table 2. Tree species composition in the study plots N has han SBA m hard BABA

6 Fig. 3. Frequency distribution of height of living trees in the study plots. BB RD B. B. B..B.. BB B R RD... R

7 Jpn J For Environ 54 (2), 2012 DBH CC X DBH m DBH H Fig. 4. Arrangement in the order of diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) of the stems in each stool of Japanese beech in the study plots H. m

8 m CC C C DBH C C C. m BB L m R DBH L CC BB Masaki et al., BB DBH Ohkubo et al., Bellingham and Sparrow, Nakagoshi and Wada,

9 Jpn J For Environ 54 (2), 2012 Fig. 5. Cumulative radius growth curve of stems at 50 cm above ground of Japanese beeches and their spatially neighboring trees in the study plots

10 m Ohkubo et al., m cm Ohkubo et al., RD. RD. C C RDBH cm cm B

11 Jpn J For Environ 54 (2), 2012 pp Bellingham, P. and Sparrow, A D. (2000) Resprouting as a life history strategy in woody plant communities. Oikos 89: Del Tredici, P. (2001) Sprouting in temperate trees: A morphological and ecological review. The Botanical Review 67: pp. Kruger, L.M., Midgley J J. and Cowling, R.M. (1997) Resprouters vs reseeders in South African forest trees; a model based on forest canopy height. Functional Ecology 11: Masaki, T., Ota, T., Sugita, H., Oohara, H., Otani, T., Nagaike, T. and Nakanuma S. (2004) Structure and dynamics of tree populations within unsuccessful conifer plantations near the Shirakami Mountains, a snowy region of Japan. Forest Ecology and Management 194: Nakagoshi, N. and Wada, S. (1990) Population structure and succession in temperate forests of southwestern Japan. Vegetatio 87: Ohkubo, T. (1992) Structure and dynamics of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) stools and sprouts in the regeneration of the natural forests. Vegetatio 101: Ohkubo, T., Kaji, M. and Hamaya, T. (1988) Structure of primary Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) forests in the Chichibu mountains, central Japan, with special reference to regeneration processes. Ecological Research 3: Ohkubo, T., Peters, R., Sawada, H. and Kaji, M. (1998) Fagus japonica stools in natural beech forests: age structure and growth dynamics of the sprouts. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 6: Ohkubo, T, Tanimoto, T. and Peters, R. (1996) Response of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) sprouts to canopy gaps. Vegetatio 124: go.jp j kikaku plan pdf Sasaki, Y. (1970) Versuch zur systematischen und geographischen Gliederung der Japanischen Buchenwaldgesellschaften. Vegetatio 20: Acer rufinerve pp

12 Zimmerman, J.S, Everham III. E.M., Waide, R.B., Lodge, D.J., Taylor, C M. and Brokaw, N.V.L. (1994) Responses of tree species to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: implications for tropical tree life histories. Journal of Ecology 82:

2004 2004 38 12 38 3 8 ha 3 2 ha 6 ha 61 2003 2003 2000 2

Research on techniques for regeneration of cut-over areas in Japanese Cedar plantation in Akita Prefecture Satoru WADA 12 53 10 3m 10 10 ha 2 2 ha 2003 2004 2004 2004 1 2004 2004 38 12 38 3 8 ha 3 2 ha