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1 pp. ATP ε ATP ATP ATP ε Bacillus PS ATP ATP H H µ H ATP ATP ADP µ H ATP FoF -ATP FoF -ATP µ H H ADP ATP H Na On the regulatory role of the epsilon subunit in ATP synthase Yasuyuki Kato-Yamada Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University,, Nishi- Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan FoF -ATP µ H H ADP ATP FoF H Fo c Fo ATP a b c H Fo F b α β γ δ ε α β γδε β ATP Fo FMg F ATP ATP F - ATPase FoF -ATP ATP H ATP µ H F -ATPase FoF

2 ATP a FoF -ATP b F -ATPase c Fo ATP FoF ATP ATP µ H John Walker F -ATPase X α β γ α β α β γ β ATP ADP γ α β Paul Boyer γ γ γ γ γεc ATP ATP γε F H c Fo F -ATPase γ ATP β γ ATP ATP ADP ATP ADP ATP ADP α ATP ATP ADP µ H ATP

3 ADP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP γ a ATP ATP ATPase ph ATP b ATP ADP ε ε ε β N α C F Fo F F δ F ε Fo F ATP α β γ F F ATP a ATP γ b ATP ATPase F -ATPase ε a F -ATPase ε b F -ATPase ε

4 α β γ F ATPase ε FoF F -ATPase ATPase F -ATPase ε ε afof F -ATPase ATP ε ATP ε ε ATP F -ATPase ε Bacillus PS F -ATPase TF ε TF F -ATPase TF α β γ δ ε ATPase ε α β γ α β γε ATP µm µm ATP NADH ATP NADH nm ATP ATPase ε α β γ α β γ ADP ε α β γε ATP µm a ε ε ATP ε b TF ε ATP ATPase F -ATPase ε ε F -ATPase ε F -ATPase ε F -ATPase a F -ATPase ε F -ATPase ε ε ATP F - ATPase HPLC SDS-PAGE F -ATPase ε F -ATPase ε ATP TF ATPase ATP ε

5 F -ATPase ε b TFoF -ATP ATP ε F -ATPase ε ATP FoF ε ε ε F -ATPase ε ATP ε ATPase ATP ε ATPase µ H ε ε γ ATP ATP ε ε FoF ATP ATP Bacillus PS F -ATPase ATP ε ATPase ε ATP ATP ε ATP ATPase ATP ε Fo F ATP H FoF F -ATPase ε C α ATP ε C ATP F -ATPase ATP ε ATP ATP ε ε ATP ε ε Py- MOL http: PDB ID E FS ε ATP Bacillus PS ATP ε ε ATP ε C ATP ε ATP

6 HPLC UTP CTP GTP ADP ε ATP ε X ATP ε a ε - b ATP ε ε ATP HPLC ATP ε ε ATP Kd µm ADP µm GDP mm ATP ε ATP ATP Kd µm ATP ATP ATP ATP mm ATP Kd mm ATP HPLC F -ATPase ε ATP Kd µm ATP ε ATP Bacillus Bacillus subtilis ATP ε ATP Kd mm ATP ε ATP ε ATP ATP ε ATP ε a N C ATP PDB ID E Y b ATP ε

7 ε ATP ATPase RA a ε ATP b ATPase ε ε ATP ATP ATP ε C ATP ε HPLC ATP ATP F -ATPase ATPase RA ATP ATPase R ATPase RA ATP ATP ε ATP ε ATP ε ATP ATP ATP ATPase ATP

8 µ H ATP µ H ATP ε ATPase ATP ATP ATP µ H ε ε ATP ε ε ATP Bacillus ε ATP ATP ε KdmM ATP ATP ε ATP ε ATP ε ATP ε ATP ATP ATP ε CFP YFP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ε Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., & Stryer, L.Biochemistry, th Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., New York. Boyer, P.D.Annu. Rev. Biochem.,,. Kinosita, K., Jr., Yasuda, R., & Noji, H.Essays Biochem.,,. Yoshida, M., Muneyuki, E., & Hisabori, T.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.,,. Senior, A.E., Nadanaciva, S., & Weber, J.Biochim. Biophys. Acta,,. Abrahams, J.P., Leslie, A., Lutter, R., & Walker, J.E. Nature,,. Noji, H., Yasuda, R., Yoshida, M., & Kinosita, K., Jr. Nature,,. Kato-Yamada, Y., Noji, H., Yasuda, R., Kinosita, K., Jr., & Yoshida, M.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Sambongi, Y., Iko, Y., Tanabe, M., Omote, H., Iwamoto- Kihara, A., Ueda, I., Yanagida, T., Wada, Y., & Futai, M. Science,,. Tsunoda, S.P., Aggeler, R., Yoshida, M., & Capaldi, R.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.,,. Yasuda, R., Noji, H., Kinosita, K., Jr., & Yoshida, M. Cell,,. Yasuda, R., Noji, H., Yoshida, M., Kinosita, K., Jr., & Itoh, H. Nature,,. Nishizaka, T., Oiwa, K., Noji, H., Kimura, S., Muneyuki, E., Yoshida, M., & Kinosita, K., Jr.Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.,,. Ariga, T., Muneyuki, E., & Yoshida, M.Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.,,. Adachi, K., Oiwa, K., Nishizaka, T., Furuike, S., Noji, H., Itoh, H., Yoshida, M., & Kinosita, K., Jr.Cell,,. Vasilyeva, E.A., Minkov, I.B., Fitin, A.F., & Vinogradov, A.D. Biochem. J.,,. Jault, J.-M. & Allison, W.S. J. Biol. Chem.,,. Matsui, T., Muneyuki, E., Honda, M., Allison, W.S., Dou, C., & Yoshida, M.J. Biol. Chem.,,.

9 Ort, D.R. & Oxborough, K.Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol.,,. Pullman, M.E. & Monroy, G.C.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Gledhill, J.R., Montgomery, M.G., Leslie, A.G., & Walker, J.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.,,. Smith, J.B., Sternweis, P.C., & Heppel, L.A.J. Supramol. Struct.,,. Sternweis, P.C. & Smith, J.B.Biochemistry,,. Nelson, N., Nelson, H., & Racker, E.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Yoshida, M., Sone, N., Hirata, H., & Kagawa, Y.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Kato, Y., Matsui, T., Tanaka, N., Muneyuki, E., Hisabori, T., & Yoshida, M.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Kato-Yamada, Y., Bald, D., Koike, M., Motohashi, K., Hisabori, T., & Yoshida, M. J. Biol. Chem.,,. Kato-Yamada, Y., Yoshida, M., & Hisabori, T.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Iino, R., Murakami, T., Iizuka, S., Kato-Yamada, Y., Suzuki, T., & Yoshida, M.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Rodgers, A.J.W. & Wilce, M.C.J.Nat. Struct. Biol.,,. Gibbons, C., Montgomery, M.G., Leslie, A.G.W., & Walker, J. E.Nat. Struct. Biol.,,. Hara, K.Y., Kato-Yamada, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Hisabori, T., & Yoshida, M.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Tsunoda, S.P., Rodgers, A.J.W., Aggeler, R., Wilce, M.C.J., Yoshida, M., & Capaldi, R.A.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.,,. Suzuki, T., Murakami, T., Iino, R., Suzuki, J., Ono, S., Shirakihara, Y., & Yoshida, M.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Richter, M.L. & McCarty, R.E.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Konno, H., Murakami-Fuse, T., Fujii, F., Koyama, F., Ueoka- Nakanishi, H., Pack, C.G., Kinjo, M., & Hisabori, T. EMBO J.,,. Nakanishi-Matsui, M., Kashiwagi, S., Hosokawa, H., Cipriano, D.J., Dunn, S.D., Wada, Y., & Futai, M. J. Biol. Chem.,,. Tsumuraya, M., Furuike, S., Adachi, K., Kinosita, K., Jr., & Yoshida, M.FEBS Lett.,,. Kuki,M.,Noumi,T.,Maeda,M.,Amemura,A.,&Futai,M. J. Biol. Chem.,,. Masaike, T., Suzuki, T., Tsunoda, S.P., Konno, H., & Yoshida, M.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.,,. Rondelez, Y., Tresset, G., Nakashima, T., Kato-Yamada, Y., Fujita, H., Takeuchi, S., & Noji, H.Nature,,. Kato-Yamada, Y. & Yoshida, M.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Yagi, H., Kajiwara, N., Tanaka, H., Tsukihara, T., Kato- Yamada, Y., Yoshida, M., & Akutsu, H.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.,,. Kato-Yamada, Y.FEBS Lett.,,. Kato, S., Yoshida, M., & Kato-Yamada, Y.J. Biol. Chem.,,. Imamura, H., Huynh Nhat, K.P., Togawa, H., Saito, K., Iino, R., Kato-Yamada, Y., Nagai, T., & Noji, H.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.,,.

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