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1 cite (verb) の用例 1. はじめに FrameNet as a Reference: 英語学習辞典への応用法を探る 内田諭東京外国語大学 Bates pulled out of the competition, citing personal reasons. (MED2) He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown. (OALD8) どちらの方が良い例文か それはなぜか 2 様々な言語資源 本発表の目的と構成 目的 FrameNet の情報を基に用例評価の基準を示す 辞書記述に活かす 3 1. はじめに 3. 英語学習辞典に FrameNet を活かす cite, arrest, pronounce の記述を例に 4. まとめ 4 フレーム意味論とは? semantics of understanding (Fillmore 1985) Frame: 単語理解のための背景的な知識 A frame... is a system of categories structured in accordance with some motivating context. Some words exist in order to provide access to knowledge of such frames to the participants in the communication process, and simultaneously serve to perform a categorization which takes such framing for granted. (Fillmore 1982: 119) フレームは単語によって喚起される 5 例えば : buy という単語は商取引フレームを喚起する 要素 buyer, seller, goods, money という要素が含まれる シナリオ buyer は goods を seller から money と引き換えに受け取る. これらの知識がないと buy という単語の意味を理解出来ない 6
2 どの単語がどのフレームを喚起するのか フレームの構成要素は何か FrameNet (dictionary of frames) She didn t wait for a reply. wait は Waiting フレームを喚起する : 7 8 Waiting フレームの記述 各フレーム要素の実現形 (Frame Elements and Their Syntactic Realizations) wait の例 Non core: Place, Manner, Purpose, Time etc 各フレーム要素の組み合わせ (valence pattern) wait の例 Frame-to-frame relationships 11 12
3 10,000 以上の見出し語 (700 以上のフレーム ) 17,000 以上の人手によるアノテーション済み用例 アノテーションの対象は BNC などのコーパスデータ FrameNet: 理論 + コーパス + 意味 無料! FrameNet から得られる情報 (a) 単語が喚起するフレーム Wait Waiting フレーム (b) フレームに含まれる要素 Protagonist, Expected_event / Salient_entity (c) コーパスに基づいたフレーム要素の実現形 Protagonist Subject, Salient_entity for- (d) 他のフレームとの関係 Intentionally_act / Change_event_time-Waiting フレーム 英語学習辞典に情報を応用する waitという単語を使うとなると この単語単独で使うことはないCf. コロケーション 実例 1: cite フレーム要素 Adducing フレームを喚起 伴う要素は Protagonist, Salilent_entity などのコアフレーム要素である可能性が高い この単語を使って 発信 する場合 これらのフレーム要素の実現形を知る必要がある 英語学習辞典では 例文 ( あるいは文型 構文表示等 ) でこの情報を示すことが可能 15 用例には Medium( 新聞などのメディア ) Role( 役割 ) Speaker( 引用者 ) Specified_entity( 被引用物 ) 実現形が含まれているべき 16 実例 1: cite 各要素の実現形 実例 1: cite 各要素の実現形 Medium ( 主語になる ) North Korean government statements and media reports often CITE a `` nuclear threat from the United States, '' 17 Speaker ( 主語あるいは by PP 句になる ) Neumann also CITES Jean-Pierre Marty 's deductions about Mozart tempos. It must be noted that this latter source, CITED by Anthony Cordesman, can not be independently corroborated 18
![実例 1: cite フレーム要素の組み合わせ Role ( ほとんどの場合 PP[by] になる ) IBM CITES rescheduling problems as the reason for the delay.](/docs-images/103/160393194/images/4-1.jpg "19 20 実例 1: cite 辞書用例の評価 Bates pulled out of the competition, citing personal reasons.")
4 実例 1: cite 各要素の実現形 Specified_entity ( 主語あるいは目的語になる ) The agreement is being CITED as a model for other companies working in Third World countries. Neumann also CITES Jean-Pierre Marty 's deductions about Mozart tempos. 実例 1: cite フレーム要素の組み合わせ Role ( ほとんどの場合 PP[by] になる ) IBM CITES rescheduling problems as the reason for the delay 実例 1: cite 辞書用例の評価 Bates pulled out of the competition, citing personal reasons. (MED2) includes: Speaker, Specified_entity 実例 2: arrest : Non-core 要素にも着目する Arrest フレームを喚起 He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown. (OALD8) includes: Speaker, Specified_entity, Role 21 用例には Authorities( 逮捕する機関 ), Charges( 法によって定められた罪 ), Offense( 逮捕される理由となる行為 ), Suspect( 逮捕される人 犯人 ) の実現形が含まれているべき 22 実例 2: arrest 各要素の実現形 23 Offense 要素の実現形 PP[for].Dep 300 rural workers ARRESTED for land occupations PPing[for].Dep police ARRESTED a man for assaulting his partner PP[in].Dep the police have ARRESTED two men in connection with the murder at Westfield Manor PP[on].Dep he tried to ARREST him on suspicion of damaging a burger bar in Cheltenham 24
5 実例 2: arrest 特徴的な Non-core 要素 Naya Min, a lawyer in his 40s, was also ARRESTED under martial law in Myanmar. 実例 2: arrest エントリーに必要なもの フレーム要素とその実現形 Authorities (NP.Ext, PP[by]) Charges (PP[for], PP[on]) Offense (PP[for], PPing[for], PP[on], PP[in]) Suspect (NP.Ext, NP.Obj) Source_of_legal_authority (PP[under]) Non-core フレーム要素であってもそのフレームに特徴的なものがある 辞書記述には含めるべき 実例 2: arrest 辞書用例の評価 OALD8 A man has been arrested in connection with the robbery. She was arrested for drug-related offences. You could get arrested for doing that. 問題点 Authorities が出てこない Suspect が主語のみ Source_of_legal_authority がない 27 実例 2: arrest 辞書用例の評価 G4 The policeman arrested him for drunk driving. He was arrested on charges of forging a passport. W2 be [get] arrested for drunk driving [a bank robbery] arrest a man on murder charges OLEX The man has been arrested on suspicion of murder and taken into custody. arrest him for the break-ins 問題点 Source_of_legal_authority がない, for ~ing の形で offense がない, Authorities がない (G4 以外 ) 28 実例 2: arrest 辞書例文の評価 改善例 The policeman arrested him for drunk driving [for violating a state law]. He was arrested under the Terrorism Act on suspicion of conspiring to attack the airport. 実例 3: pronounce 特定のフレーム要素に着目して Spelling_and_pronouncing フレームを喚起 Formal_realization に注目 29 30
![実例 3: pronounce 31 実例 3: pronounce Formal_realization 要素は as または NP.Dep で表される PP[as] For example, some words may be concatenated, such that certain sounds are omitted, e.g.](/docs-images/103/160393194/images/6-0.jpg "go away may be PRONOUNCED as go way He PRONOUNCED it as two separate words, very deliberately.")
6 実例 3: pronounce 31 実例 3: pronounce Formal_realization 要素は as または NP.Dep で表される PP[as] For example, some words may be concatenated, such that certain sounds are omitted, e.g. go away may be PRONOUNCED as go way He PRONOUNCED it as two separate words, very deliberately. SVOC He PRONOUNCED it Roobish 32 実例 3: pronounce 辞書用例の評価 OALD8 Very few people can pronounce my name correctly. The b in lamb is not pronounced. LDOCE5 How do you pronounce your name? 問題点 それぞれ Formal_realization の要素なし W2 I didn t know how to pronounce the word. X in relaxation is pronounced as /ks/. 問題点 SVOC のパターンは表記なし 33 実例 3: pronounce 辞書用例の評価 G4 How [ What] do you pronounce the English rouge? He didn't pronounce my name correctly. The letter b in comb is not pronounced. We pronounce the word aerobics /earóubɪks/. OLEX Pronouncing words too clearly and distinctly can be a sign of foreignness. The k in know is not pronounced. How do you pronounce your name? The name Nehru is usually pronounced nayroo. 問題点 文型表示にそれぞれ as を出しているが用例はなし まとめ コーパスに基づいて作成された FrameNet は辞書記述の典拠として有用 その情報を活かした一つの例として : 例文作成の基準含むべき要素 要素の組み合わせ その実現形 さらに フレーム間関係を利用した見出し語のリンク 意味分類の見直し 一言言語辞書の定義の評価 etc. 35 Links FrameNet FrameGrapher dex.php?q=framegrapher Satoru Uchida s website 36
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