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1 Global health update and basic biosecurity protocol Youngho Hong, DVM, MS Regional Technical Service Veterinarian Asia Aviagen Inc.
2 Table of contents Diseases in each regions Disease Ranking in Asia H5N8 in Korea H5N8 Biosecurity Compartmentalization
3 Disease in each regions
4 Top 5 diseases in North America 1. Metabolic disorders (Calcium tetany, SDS/Re feeding, Obesity, EODES, Prolapsepeck out, Egg yolk Peritonitis) / EODES 2. Coccidiosis, cocci vaccine reactions & associated NE issues. Complications with Histomoniasis. 3. Lameness: bacterial synovitis, staph infections 4. ILT 5. Novel Reoviruses, Green Legs.
5 Calcium Tetany, EYP, EODES EODES
6 Poor Flock Uniformity Excess Follicle Development Overfeeding Complex Lighting to Peak Consequence Tree Excess Muscle Development Anticipated Lighting Accelerated Sexual Maturation Accelerated Body Growth Multiple Follicle Hierarchy # DYE (EODES) # Internal Ovulation # Ovary Impaction # Atretic follicles (yolk leaking ) Risk Peritonitis Risk Prolapse Breeder Feed ( Ca) ( Ca) Calcium Tetany Canibalism Liver lipids Risk FLHS Risk Ketosis Increase Mortality Re feeding Syndrome Sudden Death Syndrome Decrease Performance Body size Energy Maintenance Req Fertility Egg size Specific Gravity Hatchability
7 Blackhead in pullets No proof of bird to bird transmission (direct transmission) of blackhead in chicken Intermediate host involved in survival of histomonads: cecal worm (Heterakis gallinarum) In USA most broiler breeder pullet farms are contaminated with cecal worms ova
8 Novel Reovirus Since early 2011 several companies have isolated reovirus from broilers which causes severe leg issues and in some cases poor uniformity 2011 One case in Georgia caused neurological signs Several viruses isolated which are unlike the traditional 1133 (VA) or any of the known malabsorption Reo s 1133 VA )
9 Two Clinical Presentations weeks of age (earliest 8 9 days) Swollen footpads, hocks and ruptured tendons (Classic VA lesions) Myocarditis may be present Splay legs (digital flexor is fibrosed and the legs consequently do not flex. There is no angular rotation of the bones) Virus easily isolated
10 5 7 weeks of age 5 7 Two Clinical Presentations 2 Lameness, birds not standing for long, leaning forward position, swollen joint and digital flexor tendon, a lot of fluid, ruptured digital flexor tendon Birds may not look sick just lame Heavy downgrades at the processing plant Body weights and uniformity affected May be difficult to isolate virus
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12 New Reovirus Why? Continuous exposure from re using litter and poor or no cleanouts? Some companies 4 6 years before broiler farms cleaned out!!! 4 6!!! Beware placing pullets/cockerals in grow houses with re used litter Litter beetles Genetic mutations and recombinations of the virus can occur just like with IB, AI and other viruses IB,AI, Vaccinating day of age or during the first 2 weeks with live Reo vaccines could actually select for more genetic changes 2
13 Top 5 diseases in Latin America 5 1. H7N3 H7N3 2. IBV 3. Marek s disease bad vaccine 4. Metabolic issues in breeders Peritonitis 5. APV
14 H7N3 A/Chicken/H7N3/Mexico/ , Apr. High mortality in a 100,000 broiler breeders Jalisco state in Mexico 55% national egg production % mortality and morbidity Slow mortality, peak at 14days and diminishing by day
15 Vaccination from 2012 but still circulated 2012 Mexico has same vaccination experience with H5N2 H5N2 Vaccine escape make mortality increased Updating currently circulated virus for vaccine Same in Indonesia and China with H5N1 H5N1 China RE 1 A/goose/Guandong/1/1996 RE 2 RE 3 A/bar headed goose/qinghai/3/2005 RE 4 A/chicken/Shanxi/2/2006 RE 5 A/duck/Anhui/1/2006 RE 6 A/duck/Guandong/1332/2010 RE 7?
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17 Top 5 diseases in Western Europe 5 1. Egg yolk peritonitis related with metabolic issue 2. Swollen and Ruptured tendon 3. Lameness(Bacterial synovitis, staph) 4. NDV 5. Histomoniasis
18 Top 5 diseases in CE/EE / 5 1. EYP 2. Leg problems (podo, bumble foot..) Peritonitis, salpingitis 3. Big Liver and Spleen syndrome 4. RT 5. Marek s Disease
19 Big Liver and Spleen Syndrome
20 Top 5 diseases in TMEA 5 1. CRD 2. LPAI(H9N2) H9N2) 3. Metabolic (EODES/EYP/prolapse/CaTet/SDS) EODES/ / / / 4. IBV variant IBV 5. ND
21 Top 5 Diseases in Asia 5 1. AI(H5, H9) AI(H5, H9) 2. IB Variant IB 3. Tumor(BLS, MD, ALV) BLS,MD,ALV) 4. ND 5. IBH
22 ALV contamination in Chinese local ND vaccine ND ALV
23 Disease ranking in Asia
24 Breeder Top 10 diseases surveyed 10 Vietnam Korea China Philippines Indonesia India Japan Asia 1 IB AI(H5N8) AI(H5,H9) Salmonellosis AI(H5N1) AI(H5,A9) RT IB 2 ND MS IB 3 AI(H5N1) RT ND 4 ILT IB MD/REV/ ALV Respiratory infections Unspecific diarrhea High embryonic mortality ND MD Red Mite AI(H5,H9) IB Mycoplas ma 5 MG EYP MG/MS High 1st week mortality MD ND 6 Colibacillos is MD Leg health: Staph/REO 7 Enteritidis Coryza Coccidiosis NE Leg +foot problem IB Clostridial disease ND CAstV Coccidiosis MD ILT Mycoplasm a Prolapse, EYP, Volvulus Mycoplas ma Leg weakness Coccidiosis SDS 8 Coccidiosis APV EYP Pasteuralla Salmonellosis MD 9 Leg problem Leg problem APV 10 MD Salmonellosis IBH Metabolic disorder(hen) Male aggression ALC Collibacillo sis IB Leg problem Metabolic mortality Colibacillos is APV
25 Broiler Top 10 diseases surveyed 10 Vietnam Korea China Philippines Indonesia India Japan Asia 1 IB AI(H5,H9) Late mortality AI(H5N1) AI(H5, H9) Collibacillosis AI(H5,H9) 2 Chick quality IB Runting & Stunting ND Metabolic diseases (Ascites) Heat stress 3 IBH ND CRD IBD IBH Ascites ND Gizzard Leg 4 Coccidiosis MG/MS Colibacillosis ND IBH erosion weakness 5 AI(H5N8)Colibacillosis High 1st week mortality Mycoplasma VG(CAstV) FAdV (mainly IBH) IB Colibacillosis 6 CRD coccidiosis Gut health IB Coccidiosis, Clostridial Coccidiosis disease 7 NE Unformity Leucocytozoon IBD IBD 8 Leg Low first week Aspergillosis problem BW IB Ascites 9 IBD Nutritional Runting deficiency Stunting MD Mycoplasma 10 Heat stress CAV AI(H5N8) Enteritis
26 Top 5 Emerging diseases surveyed 5 Vietnam Korea China Philippines Indonesia India Japan Asia 1 IB RT MG/MS Fowl Cholera AI (H5N1) Visceral Gout(CAs tv) RT H5N8 2 ND Coryza Leg health Infectious Coryza ND IBH MD(PS) Variant IB 3 MG Enterococcus BLS/MD ILT IB Metabolic issue FAdV IBH 4 Enteritidis NE CRD ORT Mycoplas ma(ms?) MD BLS 5 Leg problem IBH FAdV Pasturello sis Enterococcus
27 H5N8 in Korea H5N8
28 H5N8 No H5N8 virus isolation in Korea in the past All 4 previous outbreaks were H5N1 Active surveillance found no H5N8 virus( 13, 680,805samples) First outbreak was near migratory birds habitat isolation of H5N8 virus in reservoir near 1 st HPAI outbreak farm isolation of H5N8 virus from dead wild birds long time ago broad isolation of HPAI virus in wild birds( 10 20cases 14 37cases : 85% as of end of Apr)
29 H5N8 High similarity with Chinese prevalence virus most similar with H5N8 prevalied in traditional market of east China region in 2013 possibility that H5N8 virus have existed in east China for several years and wild birds spread this virus to neighboring countries(wu et al, EID 2014, CDC)
30 Birds species infected by HPAI in Korea/Japan / HPAI 2003/04 outbreak 2006/07 outbreak 2008 outbreak Korea Chicken, duck, magpie 19 farms Chicken, duck, quail 7 farms wild birds Chicken, duck 33 farms Japan Chicken Chicken, eagle Whooper swan 4 farms 4 farms Data from QIA, Korea
31 Korea 2010/2011 HPAI Wild birds infection 2010/2011HPAI Japan Mallard Baikal teal Swan Little Grebe W f. goose S.b. duck Mandarin duck Tufted duck Bl.headed gull Kestrel Eagle Owl Grey heron Hooded Crane Whooper swan Sparrowhawks Ural Owl Hawk
32 Clade 2.5 HPAI(H5N1) outbreak in Korea/Japan / HPAI H5N1) Clade 2.2 Clade Clade /2004 outbreaks 2006/2007 outbreaks 2008 outbreaks 2010/2011 outbreaks Korea 03 Dec Mar Nov Mar 6 08 Apr 01 May Dec May 16 Japan 04 Jan Mar 07 Dec Feb 1 08 Apr 21 Apr Nov Mar 16
33 Outbreak depending on poultry species Poultry species # of fams Duck Chicken Others Duck breeder Meat duck Total 150(75.8%) Layer 26 Broiler breeder Colored birds 12 Broiler 1 Total 41(21.2%) Ostrich 1 Goose 1 Mallard 1 Quail 1 Mixed 2 Total 6(3%) 3 Grand total 198 (Source: Epidemiology department in QIA, as of end of Apr)
34 Slaughter record of chicken and duck for 10 years in Korea 10 Year Chicken Growth(%) ,768,692 15,244,995 Duck Growth(%) ,898,920 15% 20,176,645 36% ,562,376 5% 30,560,367 48% ,729,695 5% 42,187,170 38% ,481,504 2% 48,414,285 15% ,010,087 9% 54,471,311 13% ,285,680 7% 74,834,055 37% ,609,670 5% 85,528,756 14% ,958,258 4% 90,409,001 6% ,155, % 85,382,162 6% Growth for 10yrs % 460.1%
35 One of the reason of more AI in Korea AI 58.3% VS 460.1% growth Easier management of duck Generally poor performing broiler farms change into duck farms Poor biosecurity
36 Japan Apr 4 Only 2 broiler farms with same owner 2 112,000 birds 112,000 More than 99.7% similarity with Korean isolate 99.7 AI compensation history in Korea(Source: MAFF) Period AI No of birds stamped out Compensation(USD) ) 5.3million 5,300, million 2,800, million 10,200, million 6,500,000 14million 14,000, M 25.3M 68.3M 67M >100M?
37 Prevalence in China and neighboring countries( ) AI China Japan Mongolia Taiwan Nepal Bangladesh Laos Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Indonesia India Cambodia
38 Virus influx through migratory birds Whooper swan Wintering in Korea Reproduction in Mongolia and Siberia Wild Ducks Wintering in Southern China Stopover in major habitat of migratory birds Reproduction in East Mongolia Data : USGS, USA
39 Reassortment A/breeder duck/korea/gochang1/2014(h5n8): A/duck/Jiansu/k1203/2010(H5N8) + A/environment/Jiangxi/28/2009(H11N9) PB2,NS 98% similarity A/Baikal Teal/Korea/Donglim3/2014(H5N8): A/duck/Jiansu/k1203/2010(H5N8) + A/duck/Eastern China/1111/2011(H5N2) PB1,Polymerase acidic protein, M protein, NS >98.2% similarity
40 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF PATHOGENS Water Feed Litter Wild birds Insects Rodents Equipment Humans Poultry House Housing Vehicles Hatchery Stock from other sources/other Livestock
41 Biosecurity Physical Barriers Farm location Surrounding poultry farms Fencing and controlled access Farm size small farms / large farms / Barrier (showers, etc) Protective clothing and foot wear House design Other farm livestock Insects Wild birds FAPP (filtered air positive pressure) FAPP People
42 Bio-security Design & Construction FEED SUPPLY FEED DELIVERY FEED STORAGE VISITOR RECEPTION STAFF AMENITY EGG STORAGE Concrete for C&D
43 Bio security/procedures / Site Maintenance (Control of Vegetation) On-Site Carcass Disposal (ABPRO Regs. 2003)
44 Bio security/procedures / Shower on and changing facilities Vehicle Wheel Washing and Disinfection Foot dips and boot changes Daily Washing & Disinfection of Paths Feed Delivery/Supply & Storage RECORDS
45 U.K. Contract Feed Supplier Vehicles and drivers Heat treated feed. Dedicated Decontamination Facility Dedicated Finished Product, vehicles & drivers Specific Feed Delivery Protocol (Ref. Genetic Pyramid & Flock Age) Quarterly Reviews
46 Personnel and visitors - No contact with any poultry or other avian species - Staff training programme - Personnel swabs - Only essential visitors should enter the production facilities - Visitors book - Passports - Farm managers turn away visitor failing to meet criteria - Showers - Protective clothing - Foot dips and hand wash facilities (especially at the entry of a work area)
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50 Production parameters Monitoring Mortality Egg Production or growth rate Processing plant Health indicators (Lab) Serology Bacteriology Virology Inputs Feed Water Staff
51 Monitoring Absence of diseases Effectiveness of vaccination Effectiveness of Biosecurity Early detection and prevention!
52 Laboratory Accurate and reliable Responsive speed Confidentiality Innovative
53 Number of samples per year ( going through the lab from UK production facilities) Bacteriology 125,000 Serology 417,000 Virology 529,000 Post Mortems 1850
54 Compartmentalization
55 Avian Influenza in GB April 2006 dead swan washed up in Fife Fife 3 more cases of HPAI till Jun HPAI Plus 2 cases notifiable LPAI 2 LPAI November 2008 regained official AI freedom AI June 2008 cases Expect more cases occasionally Future solution: compartments
56 Compartments Compartment means an animal subpopulation contained in one or more establishments under a common biosecurity management system with a distinct health status with respect to specific diseases for which required surveillance, control and biosecurity measures have been applied for the purpose of international trade
57 EU Regulation 616/2009 EU First attempt followed OIE model OIE Single Regulation providing rules applicable to all species and any disease Impossible Reg 616/2009 covers ONLY poultry and other captive birds with respect to avian influenza 616/2009 Adopted 1 May Came into force Oct GB enhanced standard
58 Implementation by UK Set of Rules, Protocols and Checklists Team of Inspectors from AHVLA AHVLA Official certification by Defra Defra Only 6 primary breeding companies 6 Already meeting most of the rules Strongly motivated to make it work Industry to pay
59 Heightened risk periods Extra procedures if cases occur Extra serology and swabs Extra restrictions on movement of personnel and vehicles Restriction on non essential visitors
60 Implementation within Aviagen Aviagen Compartment Pedigree, GGP and GP farms Pedigree and Stratford hatchery Egg distribution centre All approved by April
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63 Interested Countries Interest from Japanese initiative being taken by DEFRA. Advanced stage of negotiations following a visit in November DEFRA New Zealand have accepted compartments and included them in the EHC. Chile very supportive of concept South Africa precedent already set Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Iraq and Tanzania accepted.
64 Export Potential The standard OIE paragraph is: OIE The flocks of origin and the hatchery are located in either (i) The United Kingdom (UK)* or (ii) a region of the UK* or (iii) a poultry compartment within the UK* which is officially free from highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (HPNAI) according to the criteria of the OIE OIE HPNAI)
65 Thank you
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