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4 ? (Open Source Software,OSS) 1998 (Open Source Initiative) 1 [?] The Open Source Definition( OSD ) (Free Software) GNU(GNU is NOT UNIX) (Free Software Foundation,FSF[?]) OSS 1 B. E. Netscape

5 : (One Point) ( ) OS(, ) ( ) 0 1 (2 ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 Linux UNIX OS C BASIC Fortlan COBOL Ruby Java Perl Pascal 1.1 C 1.2 OSD OSD

6 1.2. OSD 3 [?] 2 ( ) OSD 1. ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. ( ) (WTO)

7 ( ) OSS MIT(X11) MIT( ) [?] X Window X ( ) BSD BSD(Barkley Software Distribution, ) [?] BSD BSD FreeBSD(NetBSD,OpenBSD BSD OS) Darwin ( Mac OS X Mach3.0 FreeBSD )

8 1.4. GNU 5 ( ) Microsoft Windows(TCP/IP ) PostgreSQL( ) ( ) 3. ( ) BSD ( BSD ) GPL 1.2: GNU FSF [?] GPL GNU General Public License BSD Copyright Copyleft( 1.2) ( ) GPL GPL 1.4 GNU GNU[?] is Not UNIX(GNU UNIX ) 3 GNU 3 ( ) wit

9 : GNU 1.3 [?] GNU R.Stallman GNU GNU R.Stallman 1971 MIT Stallman Emacs ( ) Emacs ( ) Stallman UNIX (OS) Stallman Stallman 1983 MIT (FSF,Free Software Foundation) UNIX FSF GNU

10 7 2 FreeBSD8.2R 2.1 BSD Unix TCP/IP TCP/IP BSD OS PDP-11 (70 80 ) 2.1: Bell labs, Dennis Richie [?] Dennis Richie( ) Ken Thompson (UNIX Thompson B Richie C ) PDP-11 UNIX AT&T( ) BSD AT&T UNIX BSD AT&T UNIX SystemV BSD BSD AT&T 4.4BSD-Lite BSD ( Linux BSD ) BSD Berkeley Software Distribution UNIX OS BSD

11 8 2 FreeBSD8.2R OS (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD,PC-BSD, DesktopBSD, DragonFly BSD, BSD/OS, 386BSD, BSD OS SunOS OpenDarwin, Mac OS X ) BSD Linux 2.2: UNIX ( history-simple.svg [?]) FreeBSD 7.x (7.0,7.1,7.2 ) CURRENT STABLE RELEASE RELEASE Linux Linux FreeBSD 2.2 FreeBSD

12 VGA [?] CPU CPU Intel 486,Pentium AMD CPU 64bit amd64 AMD Athlon64,Phenom,Opteron Intel Xeon EM64T CPU 32bitCPU 4Gbyte 64bit ISA, EISA, PCI, PCI Express PCI, PCI IDE E-IDE( ATA,SATA) RAID FreeBSD VGA X XFree86 (Nvidia ATI ) 100M Ether Gigabit Ether Gigabit Intel, 3Com, DEC RealTek,VIA ( Intel Broadcom )

13 10 2 FreeBSD8.2R CD-ROM ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM SCSI CD-ROM SCSI CD-ROM SATA CD-ROM (DVD-ROM ) FreeBSD FDD, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, DOS, FTP, NFS ( ) CD-ROM(DVD-ROM) CD-ROM CD-ROM ( CD 3 DVD 1 ) 2.3 PC BSD PC (PC/AT ) PC PC DOS (DOS,Win ) DOS 4 OS ( ) UNIX Windows OS ( ) UNIX PC DOS DOS ( 2.3 ) DOS ( ) DOS BSD DOS PC ( DOS, Windows DOS ) BSD ( ) BSD (BSD ) DOS,Win BSD 2.4 ISO ( ) FreeBSD FreeBSD8.2R iso CD-ROM DVD [?],[?]

14 ディスク BSD ディスク DOSパーティション スライス DOSパーティション スライス DOSパーティション スライス / パーティション SWAP パーティション / var パーティション / tmp パーティション / usr パーティション スライスとパーティションの 2.3: FreeBSD CD,DVD FreeBSD Japan PageUp,PageDown

15 12 2 FreeBSD8.2R Keymap Japanese 106( 106 ) ( Custom ) (for experts )

16 Options a) Editor /usr/bin/ee ee /usr/bin/vi b) Media Type CD-ROM(DVD-ROM) c) Q Partition ( ) FreeBSD

17 14 2 FreeBSD8.2R C (Create) D (Delete) A ( ) C MegaByte 100M M 10G 10000M PC FreeBSD 50Gbyte ( Windows7 ) Windows Windows Windows ( 6G ) 512byte 6Gbyte 12, 582, 801 (2 Kbyte ) 50 G 100,000,000 Q

18 OS BootMgr Standard ( OS None ) Label ( ) 1) ( ( C Mbyte 50M 50Mbyte /usr A ( A ) Q Distribution( ) X-Kern-Developer

19 16 2 FreeBSD8.2R (Ports) YES Distribution Exit

20 Commit ( ) Commit( ) 6.Media Options (CD,DVD ) Commit YES

21 18 2 FreeBSD8.2R YES root Root Passwd root

22 passwd root 2 ( Unix ) Time Zone

23 20 2 FreeBSD8.2R UTC No Asia, Japan

24 JST YES Exit

25 22 2 FreeBSD8.2R Yes FreeBSD login: root 2.6 BSD root # shutdown -p now -p ( ) # shutdown -r now

26 23 3 X-window X Window 3.1 FreeBSD Package Package (N = 1 9 ) # setenv PACKAGEROOT ftp://ftpn.jp.freebsd.org # setenv PACKAGEROOT ftp://guru.it.matsue-ct.jp Package pkg_add X Window # pkg_add -r ja-kon2-16dot pkg_add -r FTP # rehash C-shell ( ) rehash rehash kon # kon kon

27 24 3 X-window # lls lls: Command not found. # setenv LANG ja_jp.eucjp lls man # pkg_add -r ja-less+iso # pkg_add -r ja-groff # pkg_add -r ja-man # pkg_add -r ja-man-doc setenv PAGER jless setenv LANG ja_jp.eucjp setenv LC_CTYPE ja_jp.eucjp rehash # jman man man FreeBSD8.2R 8 Alt + F1 (F1 F8) 3.2 X Window System X Window System X Window X X (MIT) X.Org Foundation X Unix Unix Unix X MS-Windows X X X GNOME, KDE, Xfce ( X twm )

28 3.2. X Window System : KDE

29 26 3 X-window FreeBSD8.2R Xorg HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) HAL /etc/rc.conf hald_enable="yes" dbus_enalbe="yes" # pkg_add -r xorg # pkg_add -r ja-font-sazanami # pkg_add -r ja-font-ipa # pkg_add -r ja-canna-server # pkg_add -r ja-kinput2 # pkg_add -r ja-kterm # pkg_add -r firefox # pkg_add -r firefox-i18n # pkg_add -r gedit # pkg_add -r fvwm2-i18n-imlib Firefox 3.6 fvwm2 X # Xorg -configure xorg.conf.new # Xorg -config xorg.conf.new -retro Xorg7.4 -retro ( ) Alt + Ctrl + F1 1 Ctrl + C Xorg ( X F1 F8 X F9 ) /etc/x11/xorg.conf # cp xorg.conf.new /etc/x11/xorg.conf X-window # startx US vi ga X-window gedit gedit

30 3.2. X Window System 27 Xorg7.3 /usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy/ x11-input.fdi #/usr/local/etc/hal/fdi/policy/x11-input.fdi <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso "?> <deviceinfo version="0.2"> <device> <match key="info.capabilities" contains="input.keyboard"> <merge key="input.x11_options.xkbrules" type="string">xorg</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.xkbmodel" type="string">jp106</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.xkblayout" type="string">jp</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.xkboptions" type="string">ctrl:swapcaps</merge> </match> </device> </deviceinfo> <merge key= Ctrl CapsLock A CapsLock Ctrl ( Ctrl+C ).cshrc (.cshrc cd ) #.cshrc... setenv BLOCKSIZE K # setenv PAGER jless setenv LANG ja_jp.eucjp setenv LC_CTYPE ja_jp.eucjp # 3 3 setenv # source.cshrc (.cshrc tcsh ) B. source ( X-window ) X Window X Canna kinput2

31 28 3 X-window X Canna /etc/rc.conf canna_enable="yes" Canna # /usr/local/etc/rc.d/canna start FreeBSD /etc/rc.d/ canna_enable="yes" xxxx_enable="yes" /etc/rc.d/ Canna /usr/local/etc/rc.d/ ( ) xxxx_enable="yes" /etc/rc.conf ps # ps auxw grep canna bin ?? Is 7:55AM 0:00.03 /usr/local/sbin/cannaserver -u bin Canna root # cd # cp /usr/local/lib/x11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc # vi.xinitrc # gedit.xinitrc ( Unix. ( ) ).xinitrc # start some nice programs twm & xclock -geometry 50x & xterm -geometry 80x & xterm -geometry 80x & exec xterm -geometry 80x name login ( # ) twm & ( ) twm xclock,xterm

32 3.2. X Window System 29 exec & X X exec exec xterm X xterm -name login login xterm exit xterm X Window X Window login xterm # startx.xinitrc # chmod u+w.xinitrc export XMODIFIERS="@im=kinput2" export KDE_LANG=ja_JP.eucJP kinput2 -canna & kterm -geometry 80x & kterm -geometry 80x & exec fvwm2 startx X Window kterm ( xterm kterm kterm xterm ) X kterm xterm kterm # kterm -km euc & -km euc EUC (FreeBSD EUC ) kterm Shift + Space vi Firefox firefox3 Tools Quick Locale Switcher ja-jp ( firefox ) Firefox3 Google fvwm KDE KDE GNOME KDE

33 30 3 X-window 3.2: fvwm2

34 3.2. X Window System 31 # pkg_add -r kde... # pkg_add -r ja-kde-i18n... (# ) exec startkde.xinitrc exec fvwm rehash startx japanese KDE ( (ja-font-sazanami,ja-font-ipa ) )

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36 33 4 UNIX UNIX 4.1 OS 2 (OS) ( ) 4.1: (Operating System,OS) ( ) ( ) OS 4.1 OS 1 OS ( ) 1 OS ( )

37 34 4 UNIX OS ( ) 4.2 UNIX 4.2 UNIX OS ([?] ) 4.2: UNIX UNIX 1969 AT & T MIT GE Multics OS UNIX UNIX 1973 D. C UNIX C UNIX OS UNIX C UNIX OS 1978 UNIX UNIX AT & T UNIX System V UNIX UNIX 7

38 4.2. UNIX 35 UNIX AT &T System V 4.2BSD Barkley Software Distribution 2 UNIX System V UNIX OS UNIX System V UNIX (IBM AIX Sun Solaris HP HP-UX HI-UX ) BSD UNIX ARPA 2 UNIX C UNIX OS System V BSD UNIX BSD UNIX AT & T System V UNIX System V UNIX 4.3BSD Net/2 OS AT & T USL(Unix Systems Laboratories) 1994 System V 4.4BSD-Lite BSD PC-UNIX (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD ) UNIX PC-UNIX Linux 1991 Linux( ) UNIX GNU OS Linux 3 UNIX OS em 3. (MS-DOS ) X.org(XFree86) X GUI 8. PDA( ) 2 TCP/IP OS ARPANET BSD UNIX 3 Linux PC-UNIX GNU/Linux GNU

39 36 4 UNIX 4 OS 1970 OS 4.3 UNIX (Shell) 5 ( ) UNIX UNIX # 6 & ( ) UNIX echo $SHELL echo $ echo $SHELL $SHELL $SHELL 4.2 echo GNU is not UNIX echo GNU is not UNIX echo 4 OS OS 5 Windows MS-DOS 6 MS-DOS C:\

40 4.3. UNIX : UNIX Shell sh ksh Bourn( ) 1979 UNIX System V UNIX OS Korn sh ( ) Bell D.Korn csh C BSD UNIX sh,ksh bash Bourn Again FSF(Free Software Foundation) sh csh Linux zsh Z ksh tcsh C csh BSD 4.3 Backspace( 1 ) Delete( 1 ),

41 38 4 UNIX (One Point) a bash tcsh emacs ( 4.2) Windows Xkeymacs Xkeymacs Windows emacs CapsLock Ctrl Ubuntu Firefox firemacs Firefox emacs emacs CapsLock A b emacs a ( F, J ) b NEC 9801 Sun A Ctrl A JIS UNIX OS 4.4 UNIX

42 4.4. UNIX 39 Ctrl+n ( ) Ctrl+f ( ) 4.2: bash,tcsh,zsh 1 Ctrl+p ( ) 1 Ctrl+b ( ) Ctrl+a Ctrl+e Ctrl+k Ctrl+d ( ) Ctrl+h 1 (BS) 1 (DEL) Ctrl+Space ( ) ( ) Esc+w Ctrl+w Ctrl+y 4.4 date JST 4.5 man date man date q 1 space 1 emacs (Ctrl + f,b,n,p) / ( ) 4.2 emacs Esc + < Esc + > passwd 2 7 NIS passwd yppasswd LDAP ldap-passwd smbldap-passwd

43 40 4 UNIX 4.3: ( 4.3) ( ) ( ) 4.7 who whoami whoami Who am I? who

44 cal cal UNIX 4.5 UNIX UNIX ( ) UNIX Windows CD DVD USB 8 ( ) 9 4 (1) ( ) ( ) 2 (2 ) (2) (3) Windows 8 9 Windows OS ( )

45 42 4 UNIX (4) ( ) UNIX ( ) ( ) 255. ( ) Windows UNIX UNIX ( 1) ( # $ % ^ & ( ) [ ]? \ ; < > + - %..( 2 ) ( 2).( ) ( ).bashrc.xinitrc.cshrc.emacs. ( 3). Windows.doc,.bat.c.lzh UNIX : UNIX.txt.html.xml.odt ( ) HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) XML(Extensible Markup Language) OpenOffice (xml).z UNIX.tar.gz.zip.bz2.gif,.jpg,.png.ps,.eps.avi,.mpg,.rm,.wmv.mp3,.aac UNIX tar (archived) gzip zip (zip ) bzip2 GIF,JPEG,PNG Postscript (eps ) AVI, mpeg Realmedia, WMV MP3 AAC ( ).c,.cpp,.pl,.rb,.php,.java,.a C C++ Perl Ruby.dev,.rpm Debian/GNU Linux, RedHat Linux

46 : UNIX UNIX Windows OS ( ) 4.4 UNIX UNIX / yamada / home yamada UNIX ( 4.4 ) 4.4: UNIX /bin UNIX (binary) /boot /dev /etc /lib /media (Linux ) /mnt /opt (Linux,SysV UNIX ) 10 /sbin /tmp /usr /var ( ) /home ( 1)

47 44 4 UNIX 4.9 UNIX MS-DOS ( ) Print Working Directory pwd MS-DOS cd 11 pwd /home/ / ( ) home 4.10 Change Directory cd.. ( 2 ) 11 MS-DOS, C:\Document and Setting\ MS-DOS UNIX / \( Y)

48 pwd ( /home/ ) cd.. pwd ( /home /home ) cd.. pwd ( / /( ) ) cd usr pwd cd pwd ( /usr /usr ) ( cd ) ( /home/ ) cd../.. pwd ( /../.. 2 ) MS-DOS cd cd c:\document and Setting\hara ( ) / \ Y 4.11 /home/ / ( ) / = / home /home / 4.5 yamada usr /usr../../usr

49 46 4 UNIX 4.5: cd pwd ( /home/ ) cd /usr pwd ( /usr ) ( ) cd../../etc pwd ( /etc ) 4.12 ( 1) (list) ls cd ls Examples ls ls [ ] [ ] [ ] ls /usr X11R6 bin games include lib local sbin share src 4.13 ( 2)

50 : ls -a ls -l ls (1) ls -F / / / / / / / / * (2) ( 4.7 ) ls -a (a all ). ( ) (3) ( 4.6 ) ls -l (4)(1) (3) (2) (3) ls -al ( 4.7 )

51 48 4 UNIX 4.7: ls -al ls -l ls -al ( 2) 4.14 cat more cat [- ] [ ] more [- ] [ ] cat more 1 space ls -al.cshrc cat.cshrc more.cshrc 4.15 cp copy

52 cp cp cp (1) (> >>) cat > test.txt Welcome to UNIX World!! --> OK Ctrl + d --> Ctrl d 1 cat( ) 2 > 2 Welcome to UNIX World! 12 (2) ls more test.txt (3) cp test.txt test-new.txt (4) ls more test-new.txt ls 4.16 cp (1) mkdir testdir (2) 12 echo Welcom to UNIX world! > test.txt > test.txt ( ) > >> test.txt

53 50 4 UNIX ls -F (3) cd testdir touch cd test3.txt --> touch ( ) (4) ( ) ls -al testdir --> cat testdir/test3.txt --> (5) cp -r testdir testdir2 -r -r OS 4.17 mv (move) mv mv 1 2 (1) ls --> test.txt,test-new.txt,testdir,testdir-new (2) mv test.txt test-move.txt (3) test.txt test-move.txt ls more test-move.txt

54 (1) 23 mv test-move.txt testdir/ n testdir/ test-move.txt (2) ls testdir/ more testdir/test-move.txt (3) mv ls test-new.txt testdir/test-newname.txt testdir/ more testdir/test-move.txt 4.19 ( ) rm remove rm - (1) test-rm.txt touch ls -al test-rm.txt (2) rm test-rm.txt (3) ls -al (4) rm -r 13 -r rm -r testdir (5) ls -al 13 rmdir rmdir rm -r rmdir

55 52 4 UNIX (1) pass[tab ] wd passwd Ctrl+c( ) bash,tcsh,zsh [Tab ] sh,ksh,csh (2) more /etc/add[tab ] user.conf /etc/adduser.conf 4.21 / (1) * ls.*rc. ( ) rc * MS-DOS *.bashrc.dmrc ls /etc/*rc (2) 1 ls.ad???? 1.ad

56 rc (3) 14 ls.[a-c]*. a,b,c yamada networking GNOME KDE Windows GUI 4.22 find find find [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (1) /( ) cd / (2)find networking ( ) find. -name networking -print 4.8 Permission denied( )./etc/init.d/networking find. -name -print ( ) find. -name *working -print find. -name???working -print Perl

57 54 4 UNIX 4.8: find grep grep [ ] [ ] [ ] (1) cd (2)grep HISTCONTROL ( ) grep HISTCONTROL * grep HISTCONTROL.* Ubuntu.bashrc (* ). ( ) grep -R [ ] [ ] -R

58 Windows PC-UNIX vi( ) 1 Ubuntu gedit GNOME ( ) 2 R. emacs vi vi VIsual editor ( ) Windows MacOS vi UNIX OS ( ) vi vi [ ] [ ] 5.1 vi vi ( 5.1 ) 5.1 ( ) ( ) vi(vim) vi vi -R --> 1 vi vim( vim jvim ) 2 Kubuntu kate

59 : vi 5.2 vi vi Hello! World : vi Hello! World vi ( ) 2 ( ) INSERT ( 5.2 ) 3 3 INSERT vi

60 ( ) 5.3 vi Esc Es1c 5.3: vi

61 Esc 1 dd(d 2 ) World! Esc 1 dd 1 (1) i,i,o,a,a,o,o 1 i,a,o,o ( 5.1) i I a A o O 5.1: vi 5.4 i 1 i ( ) Enter Delete 4 This is the first line in the file, followed by the second line, and last line. (2) (a) 2 x,dd,d, dd ( 5.2) i 1 x 5.6 dd 4 Backspace x ( )

62 : x 1 X 1 dd 1 dw D dd x (i) My name is (i is ) (ii)my name is i (iii) dd My name is a (One Point) J J Backspace Delete (b) h,j,k.l ( 5.3) (c) vi 4 :wq! ( 5.4) (d) ( ) yank( ) past( ) y p Y Y p P J ( 5.5) u ( ) vim

63 60 5 h l j k G G 5.3: 1G 0 $ w 5.7 vi vi test2.txt 2Y p Today is fine! Hello UNIX World! Today is fine! Hello UNIX World! Today is fine! Hello UNIX World! Today is fine! Hello UNIX World! Today is fine! Hello UNIX World! Today is fine! Hello UNIX World! (d) 6 ( 5.6) 5.8 test2.txt fine 1,$s/fine/rain/ fine rain 5.9 apache2(www ) (httpd.conf ) admin@

64 : :q vi :q!! 5 :w :w :w! :w! :q :q! :x :wq :wq! ZZ (:x ) (:x ) :wq ServerAdmin admin@your-domain.com ServerName

65 62 5 Y Y yw 5.5: 1 yy yy y$ p P J u p r /? 5.6: 1 n n 1,$s/ / / 1,$s

66 63 6 UNIX I 6.1 (UNIX) ( ) (administration) 6.2 UNIX OS root root UNIX 1 ( ) 1 Windows OS Adminstrator

67 64 6 UNIX I DNS,mail 6.3 UNIX FreeBSD UNIX Linux UNIX FreeBSD GUI TUI Terminal User Interface FreeBSD Windows ( ) F1 DOS F2 FreeBSD (DOS Windows OS ) F1 F2 OS FreeBSD Ubuntu Linux OS Grub FreeBSD BootEasy OS OS FreeBSD 6.1 FreeBSD : FreeBSD

68 6.3. UNIX : FreeBSD 1.Boot FreeBSD [default] 2.Boot FreeBSD with ACPI disabled 3.Boot FreeBSD in Safe Mode 4.Boot FreeBSD in single user mode 5.Boot FreeBSD with verbose logging 6.Escape to loader prompt 7.Reboot FreeBSD ACPI FreeBSD ACPI ACPI ATA/ATAPI DMA ATA UNIX OS exit FreeBSD OS ( 6.1) 1.Boot FreeBSD[default] 1.Boot FreeBSD[default] root exit logout 2 ( ) root FreeBSD Windows OS Ubuntu Linux 3 (a) shutdown shutdown -p now now [ ] -p ACPI -p now shutdown -r now shutdown -h now 2 Ctrl+D 3 operators FreeBSD root

69 66 6 UNIX I (One Point) Windows OS FreeBSD (UFS) Linux ext3,ext4 shutdown shutdown -p ( ) (b) reboot reboot (c) shutdown 4 shutdown now Enter full pathname of shell or RETURN for /bin/sh: /bin/sh tcsh tcsh 5 (root) 4 (/etc/rc.conf) exit 5 exit sh /bin/tcsh tcsh

70 6.3. UNIX 67 (One Point) root root FreeBSD /etc/ttys console unknown off secure unknown off insecure Linux vi mount -a 6 kbdcontrol -l jp.106.kbd jp.106x.kbd Ctrl CapsLock vi /root/.login.login kbdcontrol exit ( UNIX ) 6.1 FreeBSD 1.Boot FreeBSD[default] 4.Boot FreeBSD in single user mode( ) mount kbdcontrol exit Ubuntu sudo sudo 6 fsck mount -a

71 68 6 UNIX I UNIX root ( ) UNIX OS root Ubuntu root root 7 Ubuntu Linux root FreeBSD FreeBSD UNIX OS 4 1. OS 2. (pw,adduser,rmuser) 3. vipw 4. GNOME KDE GNOME KDE 1,2 2 1.FreeBSD sysinstall FreeBSD sysinstall 8 sysinstall OS root sysinstall 6.2 (i) sysinstall (ii) Configure User Management ( 6.2) 7 Ubuntu su(switch user) root root 8 GUI Terimnal User Interface(TUI) ( ) sysinstall

72 6.3. UNIX : sysinstall User Management (iii) Group 6 Full Name Login Shell /bin/sh /bin/tcsh ( 6.3) 6.3: hara( hara ) (root) 6.3

73 70 6 UNIX I root UNIX /etc/passwd 9 /etc/group more /etc/passwd more /etc/group /etc/passwd hara :*:1001:1001:Motoshi Hara:/home/hara:/bin/tcsh ID: ID ( ) UNIX ID ( 0 ) /etc/passwd ID passwd ID ( ID ID ) /etc/group hara:*:1001: ID:, ) ( ) sysinstall 26 hara:*:1001:hara,yamada,sato bsdgroup:*:1002:hara,taro,hanako ID id 9 /etc/passwd /etc/passwd Linux /etc/shadow FreeBSD BSD UNIX /etc/master.passwd

74 6.3. UNIX 71 id 6.4 id uid ID gid ID 6.5 root sysinstall vipw vipw /etc/master.passwd /etc/master.passwd FreeBSD vi (dd 1,:wq! ) vi /etc/group root ls -l vipw /etc/passwd hara:$1$ysp3fneu$.kc( )m0wt2.:1001:1001::0:0:motoshi Hara:/home/hara/bin/tcsh ID 3 : OK) 0 hara::1001:1001::0:0:motoshi Hara:/home/hara/bin/tcsh

75 72 6 UNIX I 2. (pw,adduser,rmuser) root adduser ( 6.4) 6.4: adduser Username Shell(sh tcsh ) yes OK Successfully added Add another user? no adduser rmuser rmuser 6.6 adduser rmuser adduser

76 6.3. UNIX pw pw useradd pw groupadd 6.2 pw ( ) passwd -n -d -g -L 6.2: pw -k -s -w random -m 6.7 pw pw useradd -n -s tcsh -m passwd passwd pw useradd -n -s tcsh -w random -m 8 15 Linux FreeBSD adduser pw 1 adduser UNIX

77 74 6 UNIX I (One Point) 1000 ( ) (i) ( ) vi user-add-script.sh #!/bin/sh if [ -f./passwdlist ]; then fi rm./paswdlist while read LINE do done pw useradd -n $LINE -s tcsh -w random -m >> passwdlist (ii)list (list ) j0801 j0802 j0803 (iii) chmod +x user-add-script.sh user-add-script.sh < list (iv)list passwdlist ( root) su [ ( root )] UNIX root wheel su root su root /etc/group wheel 6.8 root /etc/group wheel:*:root,hara su root root group

78 6.3. UNIX 75 su root root whoami UNIX ( ) mount mount [ ] UNIX /etc/fstab 6.9 root su ) mount ( 6.5) 6.5: mount mount /( ) /dev/ad0s1a ( ) /etc/fstab vi

79 76 6 UNIX I # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/ad0s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/ad0s1a / ufs rw 1 1 /dev/ad0s1e /tmp ufs rw 2 2 /dev/ad0s1f /usr ufs rw 2 2 /dev/ad0s1d /var ufs rw 2 2 /dev/acd0 /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 FS ufs(unix File System) nfs(network File System), cd9660(cd ) 6.10 USB ( 6.6 ) mkdir /mnt/usbmem mount -t msdosfs /dev/da0s1 mount cd /mnt/usbmem ls ( ) ls /dev/da* cd / /usbmem umount /mnt/usbmem 6.6: usb 6.11 FreeBSD CD

80 6.3. UNIX 77 mkdir /mnt/cdrom mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0 mount cd /mnt/cdrom ls ( ) cd / /mnt/cdrom umount /mnt/cdrom SCSI USB CD /dev/cd0 umount /mnt/cdrom df du df df [ ] [ ] -k,-m,-g -h K M G e -k,-m,-g 512KByte M K -h 6.12 ( 6.7 ) df -h 6.7: df

81 78 6 UNIX I du du [ ] [ ] -k( ),-h( ),-a( ) -d( ) -c ) -s ) -k -h 6.13 du -h /usr/bin du -ah /usr/bin more more 1 ( 6.8,6.9) 6.8: du -h 6.9: du -ah

82 6.3. UNIX 79 PC-UNIX FreeBSD fsck 11 fsck [ ] [ ] 6.14 fsck /etc/fstab fsck fsck /dev/ad0s1f /dev/ad0s1f /usr fsck OS fsck 12 (ad2s1f ) df mount

83 80 6 UNIX I 6.10: fsck fsck y YES Ubuntu GNOME KDE GUI GUI (1)ps ps ps [ ] aux auxww 6.15 ps 2

84 6.3. UNIX 81 ps aux more ps auxww more 1 more 1 ( 6.11,6.12) 6.11: ps aux

85 82 6 UNIX I 6.12: ps auxww USER ( ) PID ( ID) %CPU CPU %MEM %VSZ RSS % TTY STAT % STARTED TIME %COMMAND (2)kill kill kill( ) kill [ ] ID -9 -HUP -9 -HUP 6.16 ps aux grep csh grep ( ) grep csh ( 6.13)

86 6.3. UNIX : csh csh kill PID (One Point) kill Ctrl+c Ctrl c Ctrl+c (3)top CPU top top [ ] CPU Ctrl+c 6.17 top ( 6.14)

87 84 6 UNIX I 6.14: top (1) 2 FreeBSD 2 2 RAID RAID RAID (2) 1T(=1000GB DVD-R 4.7GB

88 6.3. UNIX 85 (3)rsync 2 rsync rsync -avz --delete -e ssh /usr/home rsync@test.matsue-ct.ac.jp:/back rsync /usr/home test.matsue-ct.ac.jp) /back ( ) (1)sysinstall sysinstall Congfigure Networking Interfaces FreeBSD 6.18 sysinstall sysinstall Configure Networking ( 6.15) 6.15: sysinstall:configure Networking Interfaces ( 6.16)

89 86 6 UNIX I 6.16: sysinstall:interfaces OS EPSON NJ1000 rl0 ( 6.17 em0 HP ProBook 4710s/CT myk0 ) 6.17: sysinstall:nic IPv6 No ( 6.18)

90 6.3. UNIX : sysinstall:ipv6 DHCP( ) YES ( 6.19 NO ) 6.19: sysinstall:dhcp DHCP IP ( 6.20)

91 88 6 UNIX I 6.20: sysinstall:ip OS sysinstall OS gateway No inetd No SSH Yes SSH(Secure SHell) FTP No NFS No NFS No NFS Network File System UNIX ( ) (2)/etc/rc.conf /etc/rc.conf /etc/hosts /etc/resolv.conf (a)/etc/rc.conf 3

92 6.3. UNIX 89 hostname="kana.matsue-ct.ac.jp" ifconfig_rl0="dhcp" (hostname) 2 (rl0,em0,myk0 ) IP (inet) DHCP DHCP sysinstall (b)/etc/hosts IP IP (c)/etc/resolv.conf DNS search cc.matsue-ct.ac.jp nameserver cc.matsuect.ac.jp IP 2 DHCP IP (a) (c) exit shutdown now reboot 13 ntp(network time protocol) ntp ntp 1 date 13 /etc/rc.conf ifconfig= 1 /etc/netstart netstart

93 90 6 UNIX I date ( ) 6.20 ntp (1) ntp IP ntp ntp (2)/etc/rc.conf ntpd_enable= YES (3)/etc/ntp.conf vi /etc/ntp.conf (ntp.conf ) server driftfile /etc/ntp.drift (3) /etc/ntp.drift touch /etc/ntp.drift ntp.drift ps aux grep ntp ntp

94 6.3. UNIX 91 (One Point) CapsLock Ctrl (1)/etc/rc.conf ( )keymap= jp.106 -> ( )keymap= jp.106x (2) shutdown now (3) exit

95

96 93 7 Ports/Packages 7.1 FreeBSD FreeBSD FreeBSD UNIX OS ( ) 3. INSTALL README FreeBSD FreeBSD Ports/Packages Linux apt-get yum Ports Packages 7.2 Ports/Packages Ports Ports The FreeBSD Ports Collection port( ) The FreeBSD Ports Collection FreeBSD Ports Ports FreeBSD ( ) Ports 1 zip 1 UNIX OS zip tar 1 gzip bzip2.tar.gz.tgz.tar.bz2.tbz

97 94 7 Ports/Packages Ports Ports /usr/ports/ Port /usr/ports/ Ports Port Packages Packages Ports ( make packages ) FreeBSD Ports PC Ports Ports Ports FreeBSD Ports Ports ( ) Ports Ports cvsup csup portsnap portsnap Ports portsnap fetch Ports (fetch) portsnap extract Ports (extract) portsnap update Ports (update) 2 extract portsnap fetch Ports (fetch) portsnap update Ports (update) Ports 2 portsnap fetch && portsnap update &

98 7.2. Ports/Packages portsnap fetch && portsnape extract && portsnap update Ports /usr/ports 7.1 (Ports )

99 96 7 Ports/Packages 7.1: Ports/Packages accessibility arabic archivers astro audio benchmarks biology cad CAD chinese comms converters databases deskutils devel dns DNS editors emulators finance french ftp FTP games german graphics hebrew hungarian irc IRC japanese java Java korean lang mail math mbone Mbone misc multimedia net net-im net-mgmt net-p2p P2P news palm Palm polish ports-mgmt Ports portuguese print russian science security shells sysutils textproc ukrainian vietnamese www WWW x11 X11 x11-clocks X11 x11-drivers X11 x11-fm X11 x11-fonts X11 x11-servers X11 x11-themes X11 x11-toolkits X11 x11-wm X /usr/ports nkf(network Kanji Filter) Port (hint)

100 7.2. Ports/Packages ports cd /usr/ports/[ ]/[Ports ] make install clean Ports ( ) (install) (clean) 7.3 nkf cd /usr/ports/japanese/nkf make install clean make Ports make Makefile ( Ports Makefile ) make Makefile Ports make make make install make clean make package

101

102 99 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP 8.1 (DOD) (DARPA) ARPANET ARPANET DARPA ( 60 ) ARPANET ( 68) 61 62, 63 ARPANET 4 (UCLA, UCSB, ) 73 ( ) TCP/IP [?], [?] ( ARPANET CSNET 81 ARPANET ) 82 TCP/IP BSD TCP/IP Unix ( NCP 83 TCP/IP Internet ) Unix TCP/IP IPv6 TCP/IP ARPANET 90 ARPANET ( 89) CERN WWW 93 Mosaic WWW

103 100 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP 8.1: 1957 ARPA 1961 L.Kleinrock, 1962 J.C.R.Licklider & W.Clark, 1963 P.Baran, 1968 ARPANET 1969 ARPANET 50Kbps 1970 ALOHA system( ) ARPANET mail PaloAlto, Ethernet (CSMA/CD 3Mbps) 1973 V.Cerf & B.Kahn, TCP 1974 TCP 1978 TCP/IP 1982 TCP/IP Internet BSD TCP/IP 1983 ARPANET TCP/IP 1984 DNS ,000 Internet 1991 WWW (CERN) ,000, InterNIC 1993 (Mosaic) WWW 341, Java,RealAudio, Internet TCP/IP

104 TCP/IP ( ) i-mode Web IP TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP 1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 3. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 4. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 5. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) TCP/IP 8.3 TCP/IP 2 2

105 102 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP ( ) ( ) IP IPv4 IPv6 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) TCP/IP 8.4 PC

106 OSI TCP/IP (ISO) (Open System Interconnect Reference Model: OSI model) 7 OSI 8.2: OSI7 OSI OSI TCP/IP OSI TCP/IP 8.3: TCP/IP4 OSI 2 OSI TCP/IP OSI TCP/IP OSI TCP/IP TCP/IP OSI OSI TCP/IP OSI (...) TCP/IP OSI

107 104 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP TCP/IP ARP RARP TCP/IP OSI 5 4 ( ) TCP/IP 8.4: TCP/IP5 TCP/IP OSI 1. ( ) 2. Ethernet( ) ( TCP/IP 4 Ethernet ) MAC ( ) IP ARP IP RARP (ARP RARP IP X IP ) 3.

108 IP (Internet Protocol) IP IP IP IP IP ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) 4. ( ) TCP UDP TCP TCP UDP TCP UDP 5. TCP/IP berkley TCP/IP Web HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 8.5 API ( ) ( )

109 106 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP aplication ƒf [ƒ^ ƒgƒ ƒ ƒxƒ [ƒg w ƒwƒbƒ_ ƒf [ƒ^ ƒlƒbƒgƒ [ƒn w ƒwƒbƒ_ ƒf [ƒ^ ƒf [ƒ^ƒšƒ ƒn w ƒwƒbƒ_ ƒf [ƒ^ w ƒwƒbƒ_ ƒf [ƒ^ CRCƒ`ƒFƒbƒN ŠK w ƃf [ƒ^ Eƒwƒbƒ_ ÌŠÖŒW 8.1: TCP/IP ( ) ( ) MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) TCP/IP TCP/IP

110 ƒgƒ ƒ ƒxƒ [ƒg w ƒlƒbƒgƒ [ƒn w TCP UDP IP Apple Talk ƒf [ƒ^ƒšƒ ƒn w Ethernet w ½ d» ÆŠK w 8.2: ƒšƒ ƒn w ƒw ƒb ƒ_ ƒvƒ ƒ ƒxƒ ƒw ƒb ƒ_ IPƒwƒbƒ_ IPƒyƒCƒ [ƒh 8.3: MPLS TCP/IP Wireshark TCP/IP ( ) 16 MS-Windows ( Unix ) ( ) GUI Unix tcpdump

111 108 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP [ ] Wireshark Ethereal FreeBSD Wireshark # pkg_add -r wireshark sudo root ( shutdown ) # pkg_add -r sudo sudo /usr/local/etc/sudoers.default ( ) 2 # cd /usr/local/etc # cp sudoers.default sudoers # vi sudoers # sudoers User_Alias FULLTIMERS FULLTIMERS=kanayama ALL=(ALL) ALL (kanayama ) ( kanayama) root (root kanayama ) FULLTIMERS ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL Wireshark ( ) Wireshark su sudo sudo ( ) $ sudo wireshark : ( ) Wireshark root $ su root # wireshark &

112 : ipconfig Wireshark IP Windows NT,2000,XP ipconfig /all Unix ifconfig BSD OS # ifconfig lnc0: flags=8843<up,broadcast,running,simplex,multicast> metric 0 mtu 1500 options=9b<rxcsum,txcsum,vlan_mtu,vlan_hwtagging,vlan_hwcsum> ether 00:10:18:01:55:e5 inet netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active lo0: flags=8049<up,loopback,running,multicast> metric 0 mtu inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet netmask 0xff IP lnc IP IP Wireshark Capture Options

113 110 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP 8.5: Wireshark 8.6: Wireshark Start ( Capture Start ) Capture Filter IP host Filter host and host (and host host )

114 : Wireshark host or host Wireshark or, and,!(not) ( ) host and ( host or host ) host [my IP] Start ( Stop ) Wireshark Wireshark (Source) ( Destination) (Protocol: TCP,UDP HTTP ) HTTP( TCP) HTTP GET

115 112 8 TCP/IP 1 TCP/IP 8.8: Wireshark 1 8.9: Wireshark 2 2 Frame, Ethernet, IP, TCP, HTTP + ( ) Wireshark ( Capture Stop Ctrl + E ) Wireshark Capture Options de Options Capture Filter: IP host and host ( IP ) NAT 8.10: Wireshark 3

116 Save capture file before starting a new capture? Continue without Saving ( ) ifconfig IP IP # dhclient rl0 /etc/rc.conf ifconfig_re0="dhcp" DHCP IP (dhclient ) 8.2 Wireshark 8.3 Wireshark

117

118 115 9 TCP/IP 2 TCP/IP OSI IEEE802.3( ) TCP/IP TCP/IP ( ) ( ) 10Mbps 9.1: 10BASE-5 10BASE-2 (1cm) (5mm) RG-58 10BASE-T UTP ( ) 10BASE-5 10BASE-2 ( ) 2 ( )

119 116 9 TCP/IP 2 UTP (Unshealded Twist Pair cable) UTP 9.2: UTP 10BASE-T 10Mbps 3 (Cat.3) 100BASE-TP 100Mbps 5 (Cat.5) 1000BASE-T 1000Mbps 5 (enhanced Cat.5) 100Base 3 100Mbps UTP5 UTP (Cat.5 4 ) 100BASE BASE 8 1 ( 5 ) UTP UTP UTP (Unshealded) ( ) UTP 1 4

120 : UTP ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) mm ( 0.5 ) 2

121 118 9 TCP/IP 2 9.2: UTP ( ) ( ) UTP UTP ( ) UTP 9.3:

122 : RJ-45 ( ) 2 AUTO-MDI/MDIX 3 UTP UTP RJ-45 ( 9.4) RJ-45 8 UTP 8 10,100Base (TIA/EIA-568B) 1000BaseT 8

123 120 9 TCP/IP 2 9.3: UTP 1 (+) White( pair of Orange ) 2 (-) Orange 3 (+) White( pair of Green ) 4 None Blue 5 None White( pair of Blue ) 6 (-) Green 7 None White( pair of Brown ) 8 None Brown ( ) TIA/EIA-568A Green pair Orange pair TIA/EIA-568B TIA/EIA-568A A B AT&T 3 TIA/EIA-568B ( ) : 100BASE-FX 100Mbps, 412,2000,20000m 1000BASE-SX 1000Mbps 550m 1000BASE-LX 1000Mbps 5Km 100BaseFX 100BaseTX 1000Base SX LX SX LX SX 3 AT&T

124 : UTP 9.6:

125 122 9 TCP/IP 2 9.7: 9.8: LX ( 550m ) 550m ( ) ( ) ( ) 50µm 62.5µm

126 µm 1000BASE-SX 850nm 1000BaseLX 5Km Km 10µm 1310nm (FTTH ) 10G ( ) µm 10 6 m = 0.001mm nm 10 9 m = 1000 µm FDDI 100M 100Base ATM 10G Base 10G

127 124 9 TCP/IP MAC MAC (Ethernet ) MAC 48bit(6byte) MAC 24bit(3byte) 24bit 9.5: 00000C 00000E Cisco Fujitsu Proteon 00AA00 Intel Com (Formerly Bridge) Hewlett-Packard Sun Microsystems Intel ( ) MAC MAC 3byte MAC 16 8bit 00:00:39:00:2f:04

128 Unix ifconfig MAC BSD > ifconfig fxp0: flags=8843<up,broadcast,running,simplex,multicast> mtu 1500 options=3<rxcsum,txcsum> inet netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast ether 00:90:27:50:fa:1c media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active Windows ipconfig MAC OS MAC MAC 9.6: MAC 01:00:5E:00:00:00 Internet Multicast [RFC1112] 01:80:C2:00:00:00 09:00:4E:00:00:02 CF:00:00:00:00:00 FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF Spanning tree (for bridges) Novell IPX Ethernet Configuration Test protocol (Loopback) IP (e.g. RWHOD via UDP) as needed FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF ARP (for IP and CHAOS) as needed FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF EtherTalk MAC TYPE field MAC ( ) MAC bit 1 Ether

129 126 9 TCP/IP 2 9.9: CSMA/CD Ethernet Ethernet CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Ethernet CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense) Ethernet (Collision Detection) ( ) Multiple Access CSMA/CD Ethernet 30% 50%

130 CSMA/CD TokenRing FDDI CDMA/CD ( ) ( CSMA/CD 100M Ether 100M Ether Gigabit Ether ARP MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC ARP( Address Resolution Protocol) ARP ( ) ARP Ethernet MAC (ARP ) IP

131 128 9 TCP/IP 2 IP ARP MAC IP ARP Unix Windows arp > arp -a -n? ( ) at 00:00:87:bf:44:65 [ether] on eth0? ( ) at < > on eth0? ( ) at 00:1f:16:1b:1e:5c [ether] on eth0 -a ARP -n IP Windows -n ARP MAC %BSD? ( ) at (incomplete) on fxp0 [ethernet] IP IP ARP ( ) ping wo ping IP OS (OS ) $ ping PING ( ) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.17 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.920 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.775 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.788 ms ^C ping statistics packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3005ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.775/0.915/1.178/0.163 ms ( Ctrl + C ) ARP 9.1 MAC ARP Wireshark MAC Wireshark

132 Filter: arp Enter ARP

133 130 9 TCP/IP 2 IP: Rx MAC: rx ƒ [ƒ^ IP: Ry MAC: ry Host: Anon IP: A MAC: a Host: Blue IP: B MAC: b 9.10: IP MAC IP Anon IP A,MAC a Blue ( IP B, MAC b ) Anon Blue Router Annon IP A IP B IP Annon Router(IP Rx) Annon Router (IP Rx) ( DHCP Router IP Rx IP A Router Blue ARP Router MAC rx IP Blue B MAC Router MAC rx Router MAC Router

134 Blue (IP B) Router ( ) Blue ( ) ARP MAC b Blue Annon Unix Windows ( Windows2000 XP IP (IP forwarding) ( ) Router ( ) Unix Windows ( ) %BSD > netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire default UGSc 4 68 nge /24 link#1 UC 3 0 nge :00:39:00:00:01 UHLW nge :90:cc:01:c0:11 UHLW lo :00:0c:02:d0:21 UHLW 5 3 nge UH lo0 Unix Ubuntsu BSD default IP IP IPv4 32bit IPv4 IP 8bit IPv4

135 132 9 TCP/IP bit 00,01,10,11 ( ) bit = 2 2 (2 10 ) = = 40 ( 2 10 = ) IP 40 IP 2003 IPv4

136 : IPv4 ( ) CC IP 1 US 1,246,274, % 2 JP 103,830, % 3 CA 62,013, % 4 GB 50,894, % 5 DE 48,699, % 6 FR 37,210, % 7 CN 30,719, % 169 SR 1, % 173 BZ % 173 GD % 173 NE % 173 SZ % 173 TO % 345, % 1,858,318, % NIC 9.8: IPv4 ( ) IP 1 US 1,445,547, % 2 167,045, % 3 149,272, % 4 EU 120,298, % 5 86,213, % 6 78,563, % 7 73,655, % 1 IP IT 7 IPv IPv APNIC JPNIC (IP ) JPNIC 2009 IPv4 IPv4 IPv6 1 JPNIC ISP IPv4

137 134 9 TCP/IP 2 IPv6 IP 128bit IPv = (2 32 ) 4 ( ) 4 = IPv ( 340 ( ) ) 1m 2 IP IP AV IP ID(RFID) IP IP IP OS DNS IP IPv4 2 IP bit 1 bit

138 ICMP ICMP(Internet Control Messaging Protocol) ICMP ping ICMP ICMP

139 136 9 TCP/IP ( ) ( ) ( ) ( IE Netscape) ( )P2P (P2P) P2P P2P IP 2 IP IP ( ) 0 IP IP

140 IP Well-Known port address Unix /etc/services ftp-data 20/tcp #File Transfer [Default Data] ftp-data 20/udp #File Transfer [Default Data] ftp 21/tcp #File Transfer [Control] ftp 21/udp #File Transfer [Control] ssh 22/tcp #Secure Shell Login telnet 23/tcp smtp 25/tcp mail #Simple Mail Transfer... http 80/tcp www www-http #World Wide Web HTTP ( ) /etc/services http 80 IP 80 OS IP ICMP TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) TCP

141 138 9 TCP/IP 2 UDP(User Datagram Protocol) UDP TCP,UDP 9.5 TCP/IP TCP/IP HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Wireshark Wireshark Capture Options Filter port 80 MAC MAC 9.3 Capture Options Filter URL IP DNS DNS IP

142 ( ) (routing) TCP/IP TCP/IP IP IP MAC ARP ( ) /usr/sbin/arp (arp -a ) ARP IP RARP MAC ( ) MAC TCP/IP

143 ( ) 10.2 IP A,B,C,D,E TCP/IP A IP A 0 B 10 C 110 D 1110 E C IP X Y (X 3byte Y 1byte IP address = X.Y C (/24) dest net address = X.Y & dest net address X.0 4bit C IP Y 4 bit Y1 4bit Y2 Y1 Y2 IP address = X.Y 1 Y 2 X.0 X (240 = binary, /28) dest net address = X.Y 1 Y 2 & dest net address X.Y1 0

144 ( /0) C CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain Routing) CIDR C byte (16 31) bit / (0001) 16 1 CIDR C IP 10.3 FreeBSD /usr/bin/netstat # netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Ref Use Netif Expire default UGSc 3 0 em /24 link#1 UC 0 0 em :40:5:17:64:73 UHLW em :0:c:7:ac:21 UHLW 3 0 em UH 0 3 lo link#2 UC 0 0 sk link#2 UHLW sk / UGSc 0 0 em0 ( IPv6 Internet6: ) Destination /28 28bit

145 (Gateway) Flags G Flags U Up H Host G Gateway Gateway D Dynamic ICMP redirect S Static ( FreeBSD man route ) default bit em0 link (em0) FreeBSD (ARP ) netstat Gateway MAC IP /etc/hosts ifconfig fwe0: flags=108802<broadcast,simplex,multicast> mtu 1500 options=8<vlan_mtu> ether 02:90:f5:d6:0e:2b ch 1 dma -1 em0: flags=8843<up,broadcast,running,simplex,multicast> mtu 1500 options=8<vlan_mtu> inet6 fe80::290:f5ff:fe2b:ed6%em0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x2 inet netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast ether 00:90:f5:2b:0e:d6 media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active plip0: flags=108810<pointopoint,simplex,multicast> mtu 1500 lo0: flags=8049<up,loopback,running,multicast> mtu inet netmask 0xff inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 sk0: flags=108802<broadcast,simplex,multicast> mtu 1500 options=8<vlan_mtu> inet netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast ether 00:09:5b:bc:01:8f media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>) status: active em0 IP xffffff00( ) sk0

146 (fwe0 FireWire IEEE1394 ) default gateway gateway ( ) gateway default router default router gateway ICMP redirect static default router ( DHCP ) FreeBSD /sbin/route gateway route add -net ( ) route add -net destination gateway router destination -netmask route add -net netmask / netstat -rn Destination FreeBSD netmask ( Unix ) / route add -net / /etc/rc.conf static_routes="0 1" route_0="-net default " route_1="-net / " route_0, route_1 route defaultrouter defaultrouter=" " # Set to default gateway (or NO)

147 defaultrouter /0 32bit / / / /24 defaultrouter /etc/rc.d/routing ( /etc/default/rc.conf defaultrouter NO ) route ( /32 ) route add -host destination gateway add delete IP forwarding Unix FreeBSD routing IP Forwading ( ) IP Forwarding FreeBSD /etc/rc.conf gateway_enable="yes" # Set to YES if this host will be a gateway /etc/rc.d/routing IP Forwarding ON case ${gateway_enable} in [Yy][Ee][Ss]) esac echo -n IP gateway=yes sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 >/dev/null ;; sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding=1 IP Forwarding ON ( /etc/rc.conf /etc/rc.d/routing restart ) ping

148 $ /sbin/ping guru.it.matsue-ct.jp PING guru.it.matsue-ct.jp ( ): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=0 ttl=254 time=0.395 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=0.284 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=0.328 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=0.285 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=0.295 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=5 ttl=254 time=0.294 ms 64 bytes from : icmp_seq=6 ttl=254 time=0.321 ms ^C ping statistics packets transmitted, 7 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 0.284/0.315/0.395/0.036 ms ping ICMP Ctrl+C packet loss traceroute Unix traceroute FreeBSD /usr/sbin $ /usr/sbin/traceroute traceroute to ( ), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets ( ) ms ms ms ( ) ms ms ms ( ) TCP/IP traceroute UDP IP TTL(Time To Live) ( 1 ) TTL 0 ICMP TIME EXCEEDED ( TTL 0 ICMP ) ICMP TIME EXCEEDED traceroute * * * traceroute traceroute TTL

149 tcpdump GUI wireshark FreeBSD packet snooping tcpdump SunOS4.x etherfind ( ) SunOS5.x snoop wireshark ethereal Wireshark web ( ) 10.4 RIP,OSPF EGP,BGP RIP 15 (RIP RIPv2 ) ( ) RIP OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) OSPF FreeBSD routed RIP Zebra RIP,OSPF,BGP (RIP OSPF CPU OSPF ) IPv6 BGP(Border Gateway Protocol) IPv VPN SSH Internet FireWall( ) FireWall IP filtering IP domain FireWall sendmail News WWW CGI ( ) filtering ( VPN )

150

151 ( ) ( PC PC, IP, default gateway IP 10.2 dhclient (DHCP ) # /etc/rc.d/dhclient stop # ps aux grep dhclient (kill ) ( ) 10.4 Ethernet ( USB Ether) Ethernet 10.5 new0( new0 ) # ifconfig new0 inet N/24 N new0 ( ) rl N.X/24 N X 1, N.1/ new0 rl0 /etc/rc.conf IP Forward defaultrouter rl DNS # traceroute guru.it.matsue-ct.jp

152 traceroute

153

154 DNS DNS(Domain Name System) IP DNS 11.1 DNS IP HOSTS.TXT DNS DNS DNS ( ) DNS DNS UNIX OS /home/net/staff/kanayama / / DNS oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp jp,ac,matsue-ct,oss00 /.. ( (jp ). ) jp matsue-ct ( jp ac ) (zone) DNS

155 DNS ( ) DNS (FQDN:Fully Qualified Domain Name, ). www DNS DNS FQDN DNS DNS (. ) DNS DNS IP IP ( ) IP DNS FQDN FQDN IP DNS DNS FQDN (DNS ).in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa DNS ( ) ( ) DNS Unix BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) ( 80% ) FreeBSD8.1R 9.6.2(patch2)

156 # named -v BIND P2 (One Point) BIND10 DHCP BIND9 BIND [?] BIND ( ) BIND9 /usr/sbin/named named /etc/namedb/named.conf ( FreeBSD5.0-RELEASE /var/named/etc/namedb/ ) conf 1 (BIND8,9) /etc/namedb/named.conf

157 DNS options { directory "/etc/namedb"; // query-source address * port 53; allow-query { any; }; allow-transfer { ; ; ; }; }; zone "." { type hint; file "named.matsue"; }; zone " in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "localhost.rev"; }; zone "oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp" { type master; file "oss00.zone"; }; }; zone " in-addr.arpa" { type master; file " rev"; BIND C /* comment */ C++ // comment [ ] # comment [ ] C { } ; } ; options {...}; 4 directory named.conf ( /etc/namedb ) query-source DNS 53 BIND 53

158 allow-query DNS any( ) ( ) /16 allow-transfer allow-query { /16; }; DNS , , ; IP / / *.*!!10/8 10.*.*.* any;!10/8; 10/8!10/8; any; Internet InterNIC ( ftp.rs.internic.net /domain/named.root ) BIND named.root DNS zone type file master slave ( ) BIND /etc/namedb master file "master/sample.zone"; /etc/namedb file master/sample.zone /etc/namedb/master/sample.zone

159 DNS options allow-query allow-transfer options Dynamic DNS allow-update Dynamic DNS allow-update {none;} oss00.zone named.conf zone "oss00.matsuect.ac.jp" { type master; file "oss00.zone"; }; zone " inaddr.arpa" { type master; file " rev"; }; zoneの zone の メンバー の rev zone の メンバー の 11.1: DNS localhost oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp

160 $TTL IN SOA pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. admin.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ( ; Serial ; Refresh after 3 hours 3600 ; Retry after 1 hours ; Expire after 1week ) ; Minimum TTL of 1day IN NS pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. IN NS pc02.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. IN MX 10 pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. IN MX 20 pc02.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. localhost IN A pc01 IN A mail IN A dns IN A pc02 IN A www IN A pc03 IN A pc04 IN A DNS (RR) SOA NS ( ) ( ) ( 1 ) ; 1 $ TTL 11.1: DNS. SOA NS A PTR CNAME MX IN ( ) 1. $TTL TTL(time-to-live) $TTL

161 DNS $TTL SOA TTL DNS CPU 2. $INCLUDE $INCLUDE 3. SOA $INCLUDE filename [origin] [comment] SOA Start Of Authority SOA ( ) ( ) conf oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 4 DNS FQDN (. DNS FQDN (( )) Serial named named kill -HUP named 4. NS NS 1 ( - oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp.) 4 FQDN ( ) 5. MX MX(Mail exchanger) 4 DNS

162 A MX DNS MX 1 oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp kanayama@oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp dummy.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp DNS MX 0 0,1,2... MX A IP 1 (. ) ( 1 pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. A WWW www IN A www IN A www IN A query IP options DNS response 7. CNAME 4 A CNAME 4 IP pc01 IN CNAME dns CNAME IPv6

163 DNS CNAME A DNS 2 FQDN IP pc01 IN A mail IN A dns IN A $TTL IN SOA pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. admin.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ( ; Serial ; Refresh after 3 hours 3600 ; Retry after 1 hours ; Expire after 1week ) ; Minimum TTL of 1day IN NS pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 1 IN PTR pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 2 IN PTR pc02.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 3 IN PTR pc03.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 4 IN PTR pc04.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. IP PTR(domain name PoinTR) 1 ( ) in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa FQDN ( in-addr.arpa. ) IP IP (FQDN) // 1 IN PTR pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 1 IN PTR dns.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp.

164 (One Point) in-addr.arpa pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp dns.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp DNS BIND rrset-order BIND9 localhost $TTL IN SOA pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. admin.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ( ; Serial ; Refresh after 3 hours 3600 ; Retry after 1 hours ; Expire after 1week ) ; Minimum TTL of 1day IN NS pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 1 IN PTR localhost.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. CIDR (8bit) CIDR ( C ) RFC /24 C matsue-ct.ac.jp. /29 CIDR matsue-ct.ac.jp.

165 DNS ; matsue-ct.ac.jp.( ) zone ; 0-7 zone in-addr.arpa IN NS pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ; in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa. ; in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa. ; ; 8-15 zone in-addr.arpa IN NS dns.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ; in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa. ; in-addr.arpa IN CNAME in-addr.arpa. ; in-addr.arpa. matsue-ct.ac.jp ( inaddr.arpa. ) matsue-ct.ac.jp in-addr.arpa. CNAME in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa in-addr.arpa. pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ( DNS ) DNS in-addr.arpa IN NS pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp in-addr.arpa IN NS pc02.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp ( in-addr.arpa. ) 0-7 named.conf

166 $TTL IN SOA pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. admin.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ( ; Serial ; Refresh after 3 hours 3600 ; Retry after 1 hours ; Expire after 1week ) ; Minimum TTL of 1day IN NS pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp IN PTR pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp IN PTR pc02.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp IN PTR pc03.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp IN PTR pc04.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. CIDR IP ISP named.conf in-addr.arpa. 2 TTL $TTL zone "." { }; type hint; file "named.matsue"; zone "oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp" { }; type slave; file "slave/matsue.zone.bak"; masters { ; }; zone " in-addr.arpa" { }; type master; // file "localhost.rev"; ( ) root hint authority type slave; ( )

167 DNS BIND9 conf # named-checkconf -t /etc/namedb /etc/namedb/named.conf -t include include # named-checkconf /etc/namedb/named.conf named-checkzone 2 # named-checkzone oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. master/matsue.zone 11.3 rndc.key Bind9 named rndc.key rndc FreeBSD rndc.key rndc-confgen # /usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a # /usr/sbin/rndc-confgen -a -r keyboard start typing: stop typing. stop typing. /etc/namedb/rndc.key

168 FreeBSD /etc/rc.conf named_enable="yes" named ( rndc ) # /etc/rc.d/named start /usr/sbin/named -c /etc/namedb/named.conf -c conf (BIND8 -c -b BIND9 -c ) named kill -HUP FreeBSD /etc/rc.d/named # /etc/rc.d/named reload FreeBSD BIND9 rndc rndc named rndc.key rndc.key ( root ) # rndc reload rndc (rndc ) reload conf reload reconfig conf status flush stop rndc FreeBSD sandbox ( ) (ftpd ) sandbox named named /var/named/ / /etc/namedb/ /var/namedb/etc/namedb/ (pid ) named /var/log/messages

169 DNS # tail /var/log/messages Jul 31 18:11:33 localhost named[1651]: starting BIND t /var/named -u bind Jul 31 18:11:33 localhost named[1651]: command channel listening on #953 Jul 31 18:11:33 localhost named[1651]: command channel listening on ::1#953 Jul 31 18:11:33 localhost named[1651]: zone IN-ADDR.ARPA/IN: loading master file master/ rev: file not found Jul 31 18:11:33 localhost named[1651]: zone g1.matsue-ct.ac.jp/in: loading master file master/g1.zone: file not found Jul 31 18:11:33 localhost named[1651]: running master/ rev master/g1.zone (named.conf ) named (Warning ) /etc/rc.d/named restart /var/log/messages Jul 31 18:20:31 localhost named[1741]: starting BIND t /var/named -u bind Jul 31 18:20:31 localhost named[1741]: command channel listening on #953 Jul 31 18:20:31 localhost named[1741]: command channel listening on ::1#953 Jul 31 18:20:31 localhost named[1741]: running ( ) 11.5 /etc/resolv.conf ( ) domain oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp nameserver DNS IP domain oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp nameserver nameserver dhclient (DHCP ) resolv.conf resolv.conf dhclient /etc/rc.conf ifconfig_re0="dhcp" IP (re0

170 11.6. DNS 167 ) 11.6 DNS DNS nslookup dig dnsquery nslookup # nslookup - pc01.oss01.matsue-ct.ac.jp - server_name (/etc/resolv.conf ) ( IP ) > pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp MX > set type=mx > oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp > server pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp exit dnsquery dnsquery [-n namesever] [-t type] hostname DNS dnsutl dns # sample host file pc pc pc pc04 host.sample # dns-hosts-import host.sample > matsue.zone matsue.zone

171 DNS $origin in soa example.com. hostmaster.example.com. ( 3 ; serial pc01 in a pc02 in a pc03 in a pc04 in a ; refresh: 3 hours 1800 ; retry: 30 minutes ; expire: 1 week ) ; minimum: 1 day $origin example. com. oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp NS MX # dns-rev matsue.zone > rev ; Do not edit this file. It is generated ; by a dns-rev matsue.zone - command. $origin in soa oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. dns.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. ( 3 ; serial ; refresh: 3 hours 1800 ; retry: 30 minutes ; expire: 1 week ) ; minimum: 1 day in ns pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 1 in ptr pc01.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 2 in ptr pc02.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 3 in ptr pc03.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. 4 in ptr pc04.oss00.matsue-ct.ac.jp. dns/dlint dns/zonecheck dlint DNS /usr/local/sbin/dlint /usr/local/sbin/zonecheck