3章 有害性の同定

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1 PDGF DEP DE F mg/m 3 DE LTB4 B6C3F1 Wistar 3.1mg/m 3 DE 24 ICR 3.0mg/m 3 DEP ICR mg DEP 10 NOS - O 2 NO ONOO - DEP DEP DE DEP Takano 1997 ICR 0.1mg DEP OA 1µg OA+DEP vehicle 330 OA 7 DEP IL-5 OA+DEP 8 IL-5 Th2 GM-CSF OA+DEP IL-4 IgE IgG1 8 Th2 IL-5 GM-CSF IgG

2 3-18 OA+DEP OA mg DEP Takano 1 / 6 ICR 14 IL IL-4 IgG1 8 (it)(1µg OA 3 1 it) (1997) IgE 0.1 mg DEP 1 / 6 ICR Rrs OA+DEP Takano (1µgOA 3 1 it) OA DEP (1998a) mg DEP C3H/He>BALB/c OA IgG1 C3H/He Miyabara (it) (1µg OA / 5 C3H/He BALB/c (1998a) it) IL-5 IL µg OA, 50µg DEP DEP 1 IgG1 1µg OA + 50µg DEP Ichinose 5 C3H/He> C57BL/6 >ICR >BDF/1 > CBA/2N (1997) (1µg OA 3 1 it) 12, OA OA+DEP C3H/He 1 mg/m 3,3 mg/m 3 (10µg OA ip DE 12 / C3H/He (Rrs) DE BALF Miyabara 1%OA /, 3 DE IgE,IgG1 (1998b) -SRBC IgM 7 / 0.35, 3.5, 7.1 mg/m 3 ( F-344 AFCs 3.5mg/m 5 / Bice SRBC CD-1 AFCs SRBC IgM, IgG, (1985) 6, 12, 18, 24 IgA 3 mg/m 3 12 / C3H/He (1µg OA 3 1 ip) 7 / 5 (Rrs) OA+DE Miyabara IL-5 (1998c) 3 mg/m 3 12 / ICR OA Miyabara (1µgOA 3 1 ip 7 / 6 OA+DE 3 7 IL-2 IL-5 (1998d)

3 3-18 0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/m 3 OA+DE DEP (16 12 / 1.0 mg/m 10µg OA ip, 1 OA 3 Ichinose ICR 7 / mg/m 3 OA DE (1998) 3 1 0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/m 3 (16 OA+DE DEP 12 / Takano 10µg OA ip, 1 OA ICR 3.0 mg/m 3 IL-5 IgG1, IgE 7 / 40 (1998b) 3 1 OA -SRBC IgM 7 / 0.35, 3.5, 7.1 mg/m 3 ( F-344 AFCs 3.5mg/m Bice 5 / SRBC CD-1 AFCs SRBC IgM, IgG, IgA (1985) 6, 12, 18, 24 3 mg/m 3 12 / C3H/He (1µg OA 3 ip) 7 /,5 (Rrs) OA+DE Miyabara IL-5 (1998c) 3 mg/m 3 (1µgOA / OA Miyabara ICR ip 7 / 6 OA+DE 3 7 IL-2 IL-5 (1998d) 0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/m 3 OA+DE DEP (16 12 / 1.0 mg/m 10µg OA ip, 1 OA 3 Ichinose ICR 7 / mg/m 3 OA DE (1998) 3 1 0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/m 3 (16 OA+DE DEP 12 / Takano 10µg OA ip, 1 OA ICR 3.0 mg/m 3 IL-5 IgG1, IgE 7 / 40 (1998b) 3 1 OA 3 mg/m 3 12 / 8 Hashimoto BALF (2001)

4 Takano 1998a Rrs OA DEP OA DEP DEP OA Miyabara 1998 IgG IgG C3H/He IgG high responder BALB/c IgG low responder 0.025mg DEP µg OA OA IgG1 C3H/He BALB/c 30 OA+DEP C3H/He BALB/c 4.6 OA+DEP C3H/He BALB/c 18 Rrs C3H/He OA+DEP 2 3 BALB/c Rrs OA DEP OA+DEP IL- 5 IL-2 C3H/He BALB/c 20 IgG1 IL-5 IL-2 Ichinose 1997 IgG mg DEP µg OA OA+DEP OA OA IgG1 IgG1 C3H/He C57BL/6 ICR>BDF1 CBA2N OA OA+DEP C3H/He IgG1 DEP IgE DEP IgE IgG1 DEP IgE NALT nasal-associated lymphoid tissue IgE IgG IgA Ohta 1999 DEP DEP A/J C57BL/6 2 DEP β2- DEP GM-CSFmRNA GM-CSF DEP IL

5 GM-CSF DEP DEP GM-CSF Walters 2001 BAL PM DEP 0.5mg 1 PM AHR BAL DEP BAL AHR AHR,BAL PM AHR 7 BAL 7 AHR Th2 IL-5, IL-13, Th1 PM AHR BAL PM Walters PM 2 DE Miyabara 1998a C3H/He 6 1mg OA / 5 DEP 3mg/m 3 DE OA 15 Rrs BALF OA DE / BALF DE OA+DE / BALF OA+DE 80 OA 4.4 OA+DE OA 66 6 Rrs OA+DE OA IgE IgG1 OA OA DE IL-5 IL-4 GM-CSF IL-2 OA+DE OA IL-5 IL-5 IL-2 IL-2 IgE IgG1 Miyabara 1998d ICR 1 12 DE 1mg OA / 5 DEP 3mg/m 3 DE OA 15 OA OA+DE 3 7 OA IgE

6 OA IgE IgG1 1 Miyabara 1998c C3H/He 10µg OA / 12 DEP 1mg/m 3 3mg/m DE OA 6 Rrs BALF DEP 1mg/m 3 3mg/m 3 OA Rrs DEP OA IgE IgG1 OA DE 30 1mg/m 3 3mg/m 3 C3H/HeN OA+DE IgE IgG1 Ichinose 1998 ICR / 34 DEP 0mg/m 3 0.3mg/m 3 1.0mg/m 3 3.0mg/m 3 DE 16 10µg OA 3 1 OA OA+DE DEP DEP 1.0mg/m 3 OA DE 2 DE 1mg/m 3 OA+DE 0.3mg/m 3 Takano 1998b Ichinose DE 6 40 DE Rrs Rrs OA DE 3.0mg/m 3 IL-5 DE 3.0mg/m 3 OA+DE OA 3.3 GM-CSF 3.0mg/m 3 OA 60 IgG1 10 IgE 10 DEP Hashimoto 2001 DE 3mg/m 3 DE OVA / 2 OVA DE DE IAR LAR

7 IAR DE BALF DE OVA DE LAR OVA DE BALF DE IAR DE LAR DEP OA DEP mg/m 3 DE 1 12 OA 3 OA DE DEP 1.0mg/m 3 OA DE 0.3mg/m DE 3-19 DEP DE Kobayashi 1995 DEP mg/kg DEP 1 3.2mg/m 3 DE 3 28 DE Kobayashi Hiruma mg/m 3 DE 28 DE Muranaka 1986 DEP IgE DEP DE

8 3-19 OA DEP BDF1 IgE DEP IgE Muranaka (1986) µg DEP ,5 25µg OA DEP 1µg OA 0.25µg Takafuji BDF1 IgE (1987) OA OA or DEP BDF1 IgE DEP IgE Suzuki (1993) 10µgOA 10µgOA or 1mg DEP IL-4 IL-4 Fujimaki 0.3mgDEP 3 3 T IgE BALB/c IgE (1994) OA IgE 1µgOA 1µgOA 5µgDEP 3 IL-4 OA DEP Fujimaki 3 BALB/c IFN-γ OA IgE (1995) DEP DEP mg/kg DEP DEP Kobayashi 30 Hartly (1995) mg/m mgdep 6.0 mg/m 3 OA IgE DE Fujimaki IL-4 IL-10 BALB/c IgE (1997) IFN-γ IgE IgG4 DEP mrna Th2 Diaz-Sanchez IgE IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IL-10 IL-13 Th1 (1997) IFN-γ IgE DEP IgE Maejima 2 BDF1 (1997) 2 1 IgE DE DEP OA

9 mg/m 3 3 DE DE Kobayashi Hartly (1997) mg/m mg/m 3 28 DE DE 4 Kobayashi Hartly (1998) DE Hiruma Hartly (1999) 30µg 30µg IgE IL-2 IL-4 DEP IgE Ohyama DEP100µg 2 10 BALB/c (1998) 10 1mg keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) KLH mg KLH KLHIgE DEP DEP Diaz-Sanchez KLHIgE (1999) KLH mg DEP DEP IL-8 Terada DEP IL-8 GM-CSF GM-CSF mg/m 3 DE (OVA) 0.3mg/m 3 DE mg/m 3 DE Kobayashi IgG Hartly IgG IgE 1.0mg/m 3 (2000) IgE DE DE DEP OA

10 Takafuji 1987 DEP µg OA µg DEP 1µg OA 0.25µg OA IgE DEP Suzuki 1993 DEP OA OA OA IgE Fujimaki DEP DEP T Th1 TH2 IgE DE 6mg/m 3 DE DEP Ohyama 1998 OA 30µg 100µgDEP Fujimaki DEP Maejima DEP IgE Diaz-Sanchez p.106 Fujimaki Kobayashi mg/m 3 DE OVA 1 1 IgG IgE 0.3mg/m 3 DE IgG IgE 1.0mg/m 3 DE mg/m 3 DE Terada 1999 HNECs HMMECs H1 H1R IL-8 GM-CSF DEP DEP DE HNECs HMMECs HNEC HMMEC DEP H1RmRNA RT-PCR DEP HNEC HMMEC DEP 3 24 PBS mol/l 24 IL-8 GM-CSF ELISA DEP HNECs HMMECs H1R mrna

11 IL-8 GM-CSF DEP HNECs HMMECs DEP IL-8 GM-CSF HNECs HMMECs DEP IL-8 GM-CSF mg/m 3 DEP DE DEP mg/m 3 DE DE DEP 0.4mg/m 3 DNA -6- DE 7 20 / / mg/m 3 Lewis mg/m 3 Mauderly 1987a Research Committee for HERP Studies mg/m 3 Barnhart

12 3-20 mg/m 3 mg.h/m ,520~2, , , , ,240 12, ,380-18, , , a 0.4 a 1.1 a 2.3 a 3.7 b 1,592 15,925 31,850 7,400 21,800 61,700 35,500-NMRI 38,300-C57 1,373 5,117 13,478 28,829 46, / 7 / / 5 / 104 F344 A/J Cyrian Kaplan (1982) Lewis (1989) 7 / 5 / Bhatnagar (1980) F Pepelko (1982a) 8 / 7 / SD Bhatnagar (1980) 39 A/HEJ Pepelko (1982a) 8 / 5 / Chinese Pepelko (1982b) / 5 / 120 Cyrian Heinrich (1982) 6 / 5 / Wistar Karagianes (1981) 87 8 / 7 / 104 F344 Iwai (1986) 7 / 5 / / 5 / / 5 / 13.5 NMRI 24 C57BL/N 16 / 6 / 130 a Light-duty engine b Heavy-duty engine F mg/m 3 7.0mg/m 3 7.0mg/m 3 Mauderly (1987a) CD-1 Henderson (1988) Wistar NMRI Heinrich (1995) 7 mg/m 3 NMRI Heinrich (1995) C57BL/N F Research Committee mg/m3 for HERP studies (1988)

13 Kato 1999 DE DE ppm mg/m 3 H 3ppm 3mg/m 3 M 1 ppm 1mg/m 3 L 0.2 ppm 0.2mg/m 3 3 M MG 1 ppm 0mg/m L M MG MG 2 L MG 3 H M 24 H 12~24 12 L M MG M 24 MG DE DEP DE 24 DEP Nagai 2000 H 3ppm 3mg/m 3 M 1 ppm 1mg/m 3 L 0.2 ppm 0.2mg/m 3 DE M MG 1 ppm 0mg/m MG M DE

14 DE 0.4mg/m 3 DE 7 20 / / mg/m mg/m mg/m DE 3-21 Campbell CR/CD-1 20 DE DE /46 TSP 6.4mg/m 3 NO 2 2.8ppm Streptococcus pyogenes A/PR Streptococcus pyogenes A/PR8-34 Hahon 1985 CD-1 2mg/m 3 2mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m DE DE 6 Lewis 1989 DE CD-1 7 / 5 / mg/m 3 2mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m 3 4 DE

15 3-21 6~7mg/m 3 2, 6 8 / 8, 15, 16 8 / 44~46 Streptococcus p. Campbell (1981) CR/CD-1 2mg/m 3 2mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m 3 + 1mg/m 3 DE 7 / 5 / 1, 3, 6 IFN Hahon (1985) CD-1 2mg/m 3 2mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m 3 + 1mg/m 3 DE 7 / 5 / 24 DE Lewis (1989) CD-1 IFN

16 DE 3-22 Dziedzic mg/m 3 DE 0.2µm 4 8 T B Mentnech 1984 F-344 2mg/m 3 2mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m 3 DE 1mg/m SRBC phytohemagglutinin PHA concanavalin A Con A Bice 1985 DE F-344 CD mg 3.5mg 0.35mg/m 3 MMAD µm SRBC 7mg/m 3 3.5mg/m mg/m 3 3.5mg/m 3 IgM IgG IgA Fujimaki 1997 IgE mg/m 3 DE 3 OA 3 3 OA IgE 6.0mg/m 3 OA 6.0mg/m 3 IL-4 IL-10 IFN-γ DE IgE DEP DEP 3-23 Muranaka 1986 DEP BDF1 5 DEP OVA; DNP OVA :JCPA IgE PCA DEP µg/mouse 52 1µm DEP IgE DEP 1~1000µg DEP 10~100µg

17 3-22 (mg/m 3 ) µmMMD 20 / 5.5 / 4, 8 Dziedzic (1981) µmMMD 7 / 5 / 52, 104 F344 SRBC PFC PHA, ConA Mentnech (1984) µmMMD 7 / 5 / mg/m 3 7.0mg/m 3 F344 Bice (1985) CD-1 SRBC µm 12 / 7 / 3 6mg/m 3 BALB/C IL-4, IL-10 IFN-γ OVA IgE Fujimaki (1997)

18 3-23 DEP ,000µg/mouse 5 BDF1 IgE Muranaka (1986) DEP 1mg/mouse 1mg/mouse 6 BDF1 DEP, IgE Suzuki (1993) 0.3mg/mouse 3 BALB/C IL-4 0.1mg/mouse BALB/C OVA IgE Fujimaki (1994) Løvik (1997) µg/mouse 5 DBA/IJ HEL Yoshino (1999) DTH µg/mouse µg/mouse 10 5 DBA/IJ CII IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 DBA/IJ HEL,IgG1,IgG2a, IL-4, IFN-γ 1.0mg/mouse BALB/C IL-4 CD4 Yoshino & Sagai (1999) Yoshino&Sagai (1999b) van Zijverden (2000a) 1.0mg/mouse BALB/C TNP-OVA IgE,IgG1 van Zijverden &Granum(2000b)

19 Suzuki 1993 BDF OVA 2 OVA 3 OVA DEP OVA IgE OVA DEP 1 10µg JCPA 2 10µg JCPA JCPA IgE DEP IgE Fujimaki 1994 DEP IgE BALB/c DEP OA OA DEP+OA IL-4 OA IgE DEP+OA Løvik 1997 BALB/c 8 DEP CB DEP 0.03µm 0.1mg/ OVA 20 DEP+OVA 4 6 CB OVA DEP OVA IgE DEP+OVA DEP CB CB DEP DEP Yoshino 1998 DEP DBA/1J 5 8 hen egg lysozyme HEL 10mg µg DEP 0.4µm HEL HEL IgG1 IgG2a HEL HEL mg DEP DEP IL-4 IFN-γ DEP DEP Yoshino Sagai 1999 Collagen-induced Aryhritis DEP DBA/1J 5 type C complete Freund`s adjuvant 21 DEP mg/ml 50µl PBS 2 20 Collagen-induced Aryhritis

20 DEP C IgG IgG2a DEP C DEP IFN-γ IL-2 IL-4 Collagen-induced Aryhritis DEP DEP carbonyl iron chrysotile asbestos crocidolite asbestos iron-coated chrisotile asbestos fiberglass wollastonite fiber Warheit 1988 DEP Kanemitsu 1998 DEP Yoshino Sagai 1999 DEP DBA/1J HEL DEP HEL IgG1 IgG2a IFN-γ IL-4 Th1 Th2 DEP van Zijverden 2000a BALB/c DEP <0.5 mm CBP <0.5 mm SIP 1~5 µm 1mg TNP-OVA DEP CBP IL-4 4 DEP IgG1 IgE CBP IgG1 IgE IgG2a SIP IgG2a Th1 Th2 van Zijverden Granum 2000b BALB/c NIH/Ola DEP CBP SIP TNP-OVA PSP 0.2µm OVA SIP Th1 DEP Th2 CBP PSP Th1/Th2 Granum 2001a 0.1 µm PSP 6~8 NIH/Ola OVA IgE IgE PSP PSP Grunum 2001b

21 IgE 0.5 µm PSP 0.05~0.5 µm polytetrafluoroethylene 0.2 µm 4 OVA NIH/Ola IgE IgG2a IgE DE 3-24 Penney DE DE µg/m 3 20 / 5.5 / µm 2 13 Karagianes 1981 Wistar DE 6 / 5 / 20 DE 8.3mg/m 3 6.6mg/m mg/m 3 DE 8.3mg/m 3 5.8mg/m 3 DE 0.71µm MMAD 2.1µm MMAD CO 4 DE 3.7% 20 5% 4 4.1% % Heinrich 1982 Syrian Golden 3.9mg/m 3 MMD 0.1µm DE GOT LDH AP Brightwell 1986 F mg/m DE AP γ-gtp 2mg/m 3 DE DE 3.5mg/m 3 DEP DEP PAH,

22 3-24 (mg/m 3 ) µm MMD 8.3 (0.71µm MMD) 6.6, 14.9 (2.1µmMMD) DE / 5.5 / 78 6 / 5 / 78 F344 Penney (1981) Hartley Karagianes (1981) Wistar COHb 4~5% µm MMD 7-8 / 5 / 29 Syrian GOT, LDH, AP, Heinrich (1982) / 5 / 104 F344 AP γ-gtp, Brightwell (1986)

23 IgE IgG2a IgE 3.9mg/m 3 DE DE 3-25 DE Wiester 1980 Hartley 20 / 7 / 6mg/m 3 DE 8 DE 2 Brightwell 1986 F / 5 / mg/m 3 DE 2 6.6mg/m 3 / Kaplan 1982 Penney 1981 Green 1983 Vallyathan 1986 F344 Hartley DE DE F344 Hartley 6 7mg/m 3 / / DE 3-26 Lee 1980 SD 13 DE 20 / 42 aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase AHH EH AHH EH DE 14.2ppm DEP NO X Pereia 1981 DE DEP 6mg/m 3 DE A Y Pepelko Peirano 1983 CD mg/m

24 3-25 mg/m DE 6.8 DE Hartly Wiester (1980) DE 1.5 F A/J 6 Cyrian Kaplan (1982) F344 Hartly Penney (1981) F344 Green (1983) F mg/m3 Brightwell (1986) F344 Vallyathan (1986) DEP dimethyl sulfoxide Hartley Minami (1999)

25 ppm 6mg/m /, 42 8 /, mg/m 3 LD *1 8 /,7 / 3-26 SD 10 Aryl Lee 1980 hydrocarbon hydroxylase 4.5 A Pereia(1981) CD-1 Pepelko Periano 100 (1983) 6 mg/m 3 8 /,7 / T Pepelko Periano 7 (1983) 50, 100, 200mg/kg B.W 5 C57BL/6 6 mg/m 3 (HD) *2 8 /,7 / Quinto DeMarinis C3H (1984) SD Pepelko Periano (1983) mg/m 3 7 /,5 / F-344 Lewis (1989) 2 mg/m 3 7 /,5 / 6 2 Lewis (1989)

26 ng/µl DEP Fredericson 25 (1993) 1/10 MCF-7 DEP Ah Meek(1998) 5.63 mg/m 3 6 /,5 /, 19 Watanabe (NO ppm 3 Onuki(1999) NO 8.10ppm) 19 (FSH) 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/m 3 12 /,7 /, TCR 0.3 mg/m 3 Yoshida (1999) 10 6 (6 ) LH mrna 5.63 mg/m Watanabe N ( 20 ) DEP (2001) *1,LD light duty engine *2,HD heavy duty engine

27 DE 8 / 7 / Lewis 1989 F-344 DEP 2mg/m 3 DE 7 / 5 / Pepelko Peirano mg/m 3 DE T / 7 / 7 Quinto De Marinis 1984 DEP kg mg 5 C57B1/6 C3H 1 F 1 200mg 8 Lewis cynomolgus monkey DEP 2mg/m 3 DE 7 / 5 / 2 motility Pepelko Peirano mg/m 3 SD 8 / 7 / Fredericsson 1993 DEP 25% 5 DEtHxP DmeP DEP 1/10 1/ DEP Meek 1998 DEP DEP-E Ah ER DEP-E Ah DNA 22 DEP-E ER E2 DEP-E AhR ER DNA

28 Watanabe Oonuki 1999 DE 5.63mg/m 3 4.1ppm NO ppm NO FSH 3 FSH DE DE Yoshida 1999 DEP mg/m 3 DE ICR Fredericson 1 DE mg/m 3 29 DE LH mrna DEP LH 6 12mg/m 3 U Watanabe 2001 Fisher DE, NO 2, NO 5.63mg/m 3, 4.10ppm, 8.10ppm DE DEP DE DEP Taneda 2000 DEP DEP 20µg/ml

29 DEP 1M 20µg/ml DEP DEP 0.3mg/m 3 12mg/m 3 DEP DE DEP, DEP DE 3-27 Laurie mg/m 3 DEP DE / 15 Laurie mg/m 3 DEP DE Laurie mg/m 3 DEP DE Laurie / mg/m

30 3-27 (C) C T (mg/m 3 ) (T) (mg.h/m 3 ) NO 2 (ppm) SO 2 (ppm) CO (ppm) 6 20 /, 7 /, 6 5, SD, Laurie (1978) 6 8 or 20 / 7 /, 1,008~13, ,4,6 or 16 SLA 20 8 / SD, SLA 20 Laurie (1980) /

31 DE DEP IgE IgE IgEmRNA IgE IgG4 Th2 Th1 DE 0.3mg/m 3 DE 1 B CD4+T CD8+T DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE

32 20m m 1 DEP DEP DE SPM PM 10 PM 2.5 DEP PM 2.5 PM 10 DE DE mg/m 3 DE 1.5mg/m

33 DE 6mg/ m mg/ m 3 DEP DE 7 / 5 / mg/m 3 DEP DE 1.5mg/m 3 DEP DE / 5.5 / 40% 20%FVC FEV mg/m 3 DEP DE 7 / 5 / 104 7,280mg h/m 3 25% ventilation distribution mg/m 3 DEP DE DEP PAH DEP IgE IgE DEP DEP DE F mg/m 3 DE LTB4 B6C3F1 Wistar 3.1mg/m 3 DE 24 ICR 3.0mg/m 3 DEP ICR mg DEP

34 - O 2 NO ONOO - DEP NOS DEP OA DEP OA DE OA OA+DE DEP 1.0mg/m 3 DE HNECs HMMECs DEP IL-8 GM-CSF mg/m 3 DEP DE DEP mg/m 3 DE mg/ m 3 DEP DE

35 DNA -6- DE 7 20 / / mg/m mg/m mg/m 3 DE 2 3.9mg/m 3 DE IgE IgG2a IgE DE F344 Hartley 6 7mg/m 3 / / DE DE DE ICR mg/m 3 DE 12 / LH 12mg/m 3 DE DEP DEP

36 6mg/m 3 DE DE

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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