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- あつの わくや
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1 14 Visual Spatial-Frequency-Tuned Channels Separated by a Shape of Luminous Impulse Response Functions
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3 1 (IRFs) IRFs IRFs 2 2 IRFs IRFs IRFs i
4 ISI (Inter Stimulus Interval) Burr and Morrone 0.43cpd (Gauss ) 4.90 cpd 11 IRFs 0 (0 ) 4 IRFs cpd ( 26ms) (48ms) (38ms) IRFs 0 Power Ratio Change Model (PRC ) Receptive Field Model ( ) PRC IRFs 0 IRFs 2.23cpd IRF 2.23cpd 4cpd IRF PRC 2cpd IRFs ii
5 iii
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7 Abstract Visual Spatial-Frequency-Tuned Channels Separated by a Shape of Luminous Impulse Response Functions Masaharu Hirayama It is important to investigate the mechanisms of human visual information processing, especially for development of better human-machine interface, because the recent development of technologies enable to spend much more resources for the interface itself. For that purpose, I studied the spatial property of human vision. I tried to separate spatial channels in human vision by measuring luminous impulse response functions (IRFs) with gratings in different spatial frequencies. Because the IRFs directly indicate temporal property of visual system, I assumed that the shape of IRFs would be influenced by the spatial frequency of gratings. It is expected that human visual system has some spatial channels. Thus, IRFs are not necessarily the same in different spatial channels. These spatial channels determine the spatial property of human vision but the number of these channels are still under discussion. To obtain the luminous IRFs in various spatial frequencies, I used the doublepulse method with sinusoidal gratings in a certain spatial frequency (I used 11 different frequencies in a range from 0.43 to 4.90cpd). The gratings were displayed successively in a certain inter stimulus interval (ISI) (a range from 6.7 to 180ms). Thresholds for detection were measured in different ISIs. The stimuli were radial sinusoidal gratings with a certain spatial frequency (a range v
8 from 0.43 to 4.90cpd). The stimulus was displayed successively at variable inter stimulus interval (a range from 6.7 to 180ms). I used Burr and Morrone s model equation without the assumption of minimum phase to predict the IRFs. As the temporal property of the IRFs, I mainly compared the data in terms of 0 crossing time. As the result from four observers, the zero crossing time of luminous IRFs tend to be fastest at around 2 cycle per degree (cpd) (the average in all observers was 28msec). In lower spatial frequencies, it became slower (the average was 48msec). In higher spatial frequencies, it also became slower but faster than the one in lowest frequencies (the average was 38ms). The ratio of the inhibitory phase amplitude to the excitatory phase amplitude and the amplitude of the excitatory phase were also higher at around 2cpd. In addition, although it was feeble, the same tendency was obtained around 4cpd. In order to explain the change of the temporal property of the IRFs, we made two models. One was the power ratio change model, the other was the receptive-field model. In the power ratio change model (PRC model), it is assumed that the phase shift between positive phase and negative phase in the IRFs is constant because the horizontal distance in positive and negative area in a receptive field has been determined. In this model, the power ratio, which was defined as the ration of the inhibitory phase amplitude to the excitatory phase amplitude would influence to the temporal property of the IRFs. In the receptive-field model, there will be two or more spatial frequency channels which determine the detection thresholds. The thresholds at a certain spatial frequency will be determined by the amount of the output from one channel, which is the most sensitive at that frequency. As the results of these analysises to the IRFs based on the PRC and RF models, we found that the turning point of the spatial-frequency-tuned channels is at around 2.23cpd. This suggests that spatial frequency channels can be separated by the difference vi
9 of luminous IRFs and the turning point of spatial frequency channels can exist on around 2cpd in human visual system. key words Impulse response function, Spatial-frequency-tuned channel vii
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11 Burr and Morrone M.H Y.F T.T ix
12 3.4 T.S IRFs M.H Y.F T.T T.S IRFs Power Ratio Change Model PRC Model Receptive-Field Model A IRFs 83 x
13 CRT A fit M.H. 0.43cpd M.H. 0.89cpd M.H. 1.34cpd M.H. 1.78cpd M.H. 2.23cpd M.H. 2.67cpd M.H. 3.12cpd M.H. 3.56cpd xi
14 3.9 M.H. 4.01cpd M.H. 4.45cpd M.H. 4.90cpd Y.F. 0.43cpd Y.F. 0.89cpd Y.F. 1.34cpd Y.F. 1.78cpd Y.F. 2.23cpd Y.F. 2.67cpd Y.F. 3.12cpd Y.F. 3.56cpd Y.F. 4.01cpd Y.F. 4.45cpd Y.F. 4.90cpd T.T. 0.43cpd T.T. 0.89cpd T.T. 1.34cpd T.T. 1.78cpd T.T. 2.23cpd T.T. 2.67cpd T.T. 3.12cpd T.T. 3.56cpd T.T. 4.01cpd T.T. 4.45cpd T.T. 4.90cpd T.S. 0.43cpd xii
15 3.35 T.S. 0.89cpd T.S. 1.34cpd T.S. 2.23cpd T.S. 3.12cpd T.S. 4.01cpd T.S. 4.90cpd M.H. CSF cpd M.H. CSF cpd M.H. CSF cpd M.H. CSF cpd M.H. CSF cpd M.H. CSF 4.90cpd Y.F. CSF cpd Y.F. CSF cpd Y.F. CSF cpd Y.F. CSF cpd Y.F. CSF cpd Y.F. CSF 4.90cpd T.T. CSF cpd T.T. CSF cpd T.T. CSF cpd T.T. CSF cpd T.T. CSF cpd T.T. CSF 4.90cpd T.S CSF cpd xiii
16 4.20 T.S CSF cpd T.S CSF cpd T.S CSF 4.90cpd CSF IRF CSF IRF IRFs Power Ratio Change Model IRFs Receptive-Field Model M.H. IRFs Y.F. IRFs T.T. IRFs T.S. IRFs IRFs IRFs IRFs xiv
17 A.1 (M.H.) A.2 (Y.F.) A.3 (T.T.) A.4 (T.S.) xv
18
19 1 1.1 CRT 80% 1 HDTV( ) 1 1
20 1 HDTV (Impulse Response Function) IRFs IRFs I(t) N RN(t) 1 (Threshold Device) TD 2
21 1.3 Spatial Filter 1 R1 (t) Thereshold device Stimulus I (t) R2 (t) Spatial Filter 2 Noise RN (t) Spatial Filter N Thereshold device Thereshold device OR Response Yes No 1.1 I(t) 2 [1] N H(t) (1.1) A τ H(t) = 1 (n 1)! ( ) n 1 { ( )} A t exp τ τ (1.1) 1.1 R n (t) I(t) H(t) (1.2) R(t) = t 0 I(t )H(t t )dt (1.2) R(t) (1.3) (Detection Threshold) DT = [ t 0 1 R(t ) β dt ] 1 β (1.3) β 1.1 TD 3
22 1 S (1.4) (1.3) [ T S = R(t) β dt 0 ] 1 β (1.4) Wilson[1] R(t) t i R(t i ) P i R(t i ) t i R(t i ) R(t) R(t) P (t) P i (1.5) P (t) = 1 (1 r)π i (1 P i ) (1.5) t i r P i (1.6) P i = 1 (1 r) exp { R(t i ) β} (1.6) (1.6) (1.5) (1.7) { } T P = 1 (1 r) exp R(t) β dt (1.7) (1.7) T R(t) = 0 P I(t) Kelly (1961) 77td 20Hz 4
23 1.4 (van Nes and Boumann, 1967) 90td 5cpd ( 3 ) (LGN) 6 ( ) LGN ( ) LGN LGN 1 2 (magnocellular layer) 3 6 (parvocellular layer) (magnocellular pathway) (parvocellular pathway) 1.2 IVcα IVcβ 5
24 1 V2 V3 MT blob-dominated stream interblob-domainated stream magno-domainated stream blob I II / III IV a IV b IV cα IV cβ V VI move speed magnocellular pathway retina parvocellular pathway line color 1.2 M P M V3 MT ( ) P V2 (V1) 1.3 6
25 1.4 High temporal frequency spatial frequency High (Contrast Sensitivity Function) 1.4 7
26 1 Luminance Lmax L0 Lmin Position (x) 1.4 = L max L min L max + L min CSF 3 5cpd Blakemore and Campbell (1969) 3cpd De Valois (1977) 1.19cpd 1cpd 8
27 1.4 9
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29 2 IRFs on-set on-set t Luminance t Test Stimulus Masking Stimulus Time 2.1 CRT CRT RGB 11
30 2 2.2 Temporal Double-pulse Method ISI L SOA Time Time 2.2 SOA Stimulus Onset Asynchrony first flash second flash ISI first flash second flash ISI SOA 2.2 SOA ISI Inter Stimulus Interval 2 2 t W (t) 2 12
31 2.3 W ( ) q(t) = W (t) W ( ) W (t) + W ( ) q(t) 2 2 (t = 0) q(t) = 1 2 (t = ) q(t) = 0 2 Uchikawa and Yoshizawa [3] SOA 2 SOA = 80ms cpd SD (±SD) = 2 (x, y) = (0.33, 0.33) fixation cross 2.28 duration ISI CRT CRT 150 Hz 1 frame = 6.7ms duration first flash second flash 1frame = 6.7 ms ISI ms
32 cpd cpd T.S cpd 7 CRT background (x, y) = (0.33, 0.33) 10cd/m 2 CRT background (x,y) = (0.33,0.33) CRT CRT CRT fixation cross VSG2/3 Cambridge Research Systems BARCO CCID
33 cm 270cm 90cm 5 mm CRT VSG2/3 PC 3 1 Room A356 CRT PC within VSG 2/ cm 290 cm 90 cm 2.4 A cm CRT natural viewing eye patch 2.5 CRT = A 15
34 2 = C = A = C CRT left up right up left down right down To PC A B C Switch Box Observer side 2.5 A C B 2.5 Calibration CRT CRT 9 Optical Cambridge Research Systems LS-100 Minolta CT-1000 Minolta CS-1000 Minolta CRT 16
35 warm up M.H. 23 years Male, 1.5 Y.F. 24 years, Male, 1.2 T.T. 21 years, Male, 1.5 T.S. 22 years, Male, Plate Panel D-15 M.H. naive
36 2 1 : Dark adaptation (5 min) 2 : Pre adaptation (5 min) Only background presented 3 : Experiment start 4 : Presentation of test stimulus 5 : Interval (2 sec) Repeat from 3 to 7 until the experiment was finished 6 : Tone 7 : Observer s response CRT 2.7 Luminance 6.7 ms 6.7 ms background 10 Beep tone ISI 2 sec Beep tone Forced Response Time 2.7 CRT cd/m 2 4AFC 4 Alternative Forced Choice 2 flash CRT 4 1 CRT 18
37 2.7 Two-down One-up first flash second flash (log cd/m 2 ) step 2 reversal log cd/m 2 ) 3 6 reversal ISI 2 ISI 1 ISI
38 2 2.8 Impulse Response Functions Burr and Morrone IRFs Burr and Morrone 2.1 IRF (t) = a 0 H(t)t sin{2π[a 1 t(t + 1)] a 2 } exp( a 3 t) (2.1) H(t) H(t) = 0, t < 0; H(t) = 1, t 0 a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 Watson[1] 2.2 [ ] T p = 1 (1 r) exp R(t, τ) β dt 0 (2.2) p Proportion of Detection I(t) 2.2 r 4AFC r = 1/4 Two-down One-up p = 2/ R(t) R(t, τ) = k((irf (t) + IRF (t + τ)) 20
39 2.8 k ISI = τ 2 R(t) t IRF (t) τ IRF (t + τ) IRFs 2.2 β = [5] a 0 a 1 a 2 a a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 Microsoft Excel log ISI ms a 0 a 1 a 2 a I(t) fit 21
40 a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 I(t) ms 22
41 3 IRFs IRFs a 0, a 1, a 2, a 3 A 3.1 M.H. M.H. 4 23
42 3 3.1 M.H. 0.43cpd IRF 3.2 M.H. 0.89cpd IRF 24
43 3.1 M.H. 3.3 M.H. 1.34cpd IRF 3.4 M.H. 1.78cpd IRF 25
44 3 3.5 M.H. 2.23cpd IRF 3.6 M.H. 2.67cpd IRF 26
45 3.1 M.H. 3.7 M.H. 3.12cpd IRF 3.8 M.H. 3.56cpd IRF 27
46 3 3.9 M.H. 4.01cpd IRF 3.10 M.H. 4.45cpd IRF 28
47 3.2 Y.F M.H. 4.90cpd IRF 3.2 Y.F. Y.F. 4 29
48 Y.F. 0.43cpd IRF 3.13 Y.F. 0.89cpd IRF 30
49 3.2 Y.F Y.F. 1.34cpd IRF 3.15 Y.F. 1.78cpd IRF 31
50 Y.F. 2.23cpd IRF 3.17 Y.F. 2.67cpd IRF 32
51 3.2 Y.F Y.F. 3.12cpd IRF 3.19 Y.F. 3.56cpd IRF 33
52 Y.F. 4.01cpd IRF 3.21 Y.F. 4.45cpd IRF 34
53 3.3 T.T Y.F. 4.90cpd IRF 3.3 T.T. T.T. 4 35
54 T.T. 0.43cpd IRF 3.24 T.T. 0.89cpd IRF 36
55 3.3 T.T T.T. 1.34cpd IRF 3.26 T.T. 1.78cpd IRF 37
56 T.T. 2.23cpd IRF 3.28 T.T. 2.67cpd IRF 38
57 3.3 T.T T.T. 3.12cpd IRF 3.30 T.T. 3.56cpd IRF 39
58 T.T. 4.01cpd IRF 3.32 T.T. 4.45cpd IRF 40
59 3.4 T.S 3.33 T.T. 4.90cpd IRF 3.4 T.S T.S. 4 T.S. 0.43, 0.89, 1.34, 2.23, 3.12, 4.01, 4.90cpd 7 41
60 T.S. 0.43cpd IRF 3.35 T.S. 0.89cpd IRF 42
61 3.4 T.S 3.36 T.S. 1.34cpd IRF 3.37 T.S. 2.23cpd IRF 43
62 T.S. 3.12cpd IRF 3.39 T.S. 4.01cpd IRF 44
63 T.S. 4.90cpd IRF 3.5 ISI 50ms 2 ISI ISI 50ms 80ms 2 ISI 130ms 2 Uchikawa and Yoshizawa[3] 45
64 3 CSF 0.75cpd 1.5cpd SOA = 50ms [5] IRFs 3cpd, 6cpd CSF 4.45cpd 4.90cpd IRFs
65 4 IRFs Power Ratio Change Model Receptive Field Model IRFs 4.1 IRFs IRFs 2.1 t Contrast Sensitivity Functions 2 IRFs CSFs IRSs CSFs M.H. 47
66 4 4.1 M.H. IRFs CSF cpd 4.2 M.H. IRFs CSF cpd 48
67 4.1 IRFs 4.3 M.H. IRFs CSF cpd 4.4 M.H. IRFs CSF cpd 49
68 4 4.5 M.H. IRFs CSF cpd 4.6 M.H. IRFs CSF 4.90cpd M.H cpd [6] CSF
69 4.1 IRFs 0.89cpd Y.F. 4.7 Y.F. IRFs CSF cpd 4.8 Y.F. IRFs CSF cpd 51
70 4 4.9 Y.F. IRFs CSF cpd 4.10 Y.F. IRFs CSF cpd 52
71 4.1 IRFs 4.11 Y.F. IRFs CSF cpd 4.12 Y.F. IRFs CSF 4.90cpd Y.F cpd cpd cpd CFS 53
72 T.T T.T. IRFs CSF cpd 4.14 T.T. IRFs CSF cpd 54
73 4.1 IRFs 4.15 T.T. IRFs CSF cpd 4.16 T.T. IRFs CSF cpd 55
74 T.T. IRFs CSF cpd 4.18 T.T. IRFs CSF 4.90cpd T.T cpd 56
75 4.1 IRFs T.S T.S IRFs CSF cpd 4.20 T.S IRFs CSF cpd 57
76 T.S IRFs CSF cpd 4.22 T.S IRFs CSF 4.90cpd T.S. CFS cpd 58
![4.2 4.2 4.23 [5] CSF 4.23 0.75 1.5 3.0 6.0cpd Y.E. Y.O.](/docs-images/49/25603764/images/77-0.png "0.88( ) 8.8( ) 88( ) 1100( )td CSF [5] 10cd/m 2 (4.")
77 [5] CSF cpd Y.E. Y.O. 0.88( ) 8.8( ) 88( ) 1100( )td CSF [5] 10cd/m 2 (4.1) 59
78 4 (td) = (cd/m 2 ) (mm 2 ) (4.1) 10cd/m 2 3mm 22.5td td 88td CSF cpd CSF 0.89cpd CSF CSF cpd CSF CSF T.S. ( T.S. 4.90cpd ) cpd CSF 2 3cpd IRFs CSF
79 4.3 IRFs 4.24 IRF CSF CSF CSF IRFs 4.24 CSF IRFs 4.3 IRFs IRFs 2.1 t 61
80 4 IRF IRFs IRFs 4.25 IRFs IRF IRF IRFs 0 ms cpd 62
81 4.3 IRFs 4.26 IRFs 0 ms cpd cpd IRFs 0 48ms IRFs cpd 2 3cpd ms 3cpd 0 M.H. T.T. 3.56cpd M.H. 44ms T.T. 37ms Y.F. 4.01cpd 52ms T.S. 3cpd T.S. 3 4cpd
82 4 38.8ms IRFs IRFs Power Ratio Change Model Receptive-Field Model Power Ratio Change Model PRC Model Power Ratio Change Model PRC 4.27 IRF Excitatory phase At the ratio of 1 to 1 The zero crossing time will be observed as "fast" Inhibitory phase At the ratio of 1 to 0.1 The zero crossing time will be observed as "slow" 4.27 Power Ratio Change Model IRF 0 IRF 0 IRFs 64
83 4.4 Power Ratio Change Model PRC Model IRF : 1 IRF : IRF IRFs cpd
84 cpd 3.12 cpd cpd 0.5 M.H. 1.34cpd cpd 3.12cpd 3.56cpd cpd cpd cpd 5 % IRF cpd 2 4cpd cpd Receptive-Field Model Receptive-Field Model
85 4.5 Receptive-Field Model Status 1 Excitatory signal : Strong Inhibitory signal : Weak Amplitude of excitatory phase : High Ratio of inhibitory to excitatory phase : Low + Status 2 Excitatory signal : more weaker than Status 1 Inhibitory signal : strong Amplitude of excitatory phase : High Ratio of inhibitory to excitatory phase : High + Status 3 Excitatory signal : weak Inhibitory signal : weak Amplitude of excitatory phase : Low Ratio of inhibitory to excitatory phase : High or Low + Status 4 + Excitatory signal : Strong Inhibitory signal : Strong Amplitude of excitatory phase : High Ratio of inhibitory to excitatory phase : High 4.29 Receptive-Field Model / 4.29 / 1. 1 IRFs
86 4 1 IRFs IRFs IRFs dominant IRFs IRFs
87 4.5 Receptive-Field Model 4.30 M.H. IRFs M.H. IRFs 0.43cpd 1.78cpd 1.78cpd 3.12cpd 3.12cpd 4.01cpd 4.01cpd 4.90cpd 4.31 Y.F. IRFs 69
88 4 Y.F. IRFs 0.43cpd 1.78cpd 1.23cpd 2.23cpd 2.23cpd 3.12cpd 3.12cpd 3.56cpd 3.56cpd 4.45cpd 4.45cpd 4.90cpd 4.32 T.T. IRFs T.T. IRFs 0.43cpd 0.89cpd 0.89cpd 1.34cpd 1.34cpd 2.23cpd 2.23cpd 3.12cpd 3.12cpd 3.56cpd 3.56cpd 4.45cpd 4.45cpd 4.90cpd 70
89 4.5 Receptive-Field Model 4.33 T.S. IRFs T.S. IRFs M.H. 1.78cpd 3.12cpd 4.01cpd 4.90cpd 2 71
90 4 Y.F. 1.78cpd 2.23cpd 3.12cpd 3.56cpd 4.45cpd 4.90cpd 3 T.T. 0.89cpd 1.34cpd 2.23cpd 3.12cpd 4.45cpd 4.90cpd 3 T.S. 2.23cpd 3.12cpd 4.01cpd 4.90cpd IRFs IRFs IRFs IRFs 0 1. (0.43, 0.89, 1.34cpd) IRFs 0 48ms cpd IRFs 0 26ms 3. (4.01, 4.45, 4.90cpd) IRFs 0 39ms 72
91 IRFs 0 IRFs IRFs PRC PRC PRC IRFs (0.43, 0.89, 1.34cpd) M.H. 1.34cpd cpd cpd PRC IRFs IRFs 73
92 IRFs IRFs IRFs ( ) 2 cpd 4cpd T.S. IRFs 2cpd 74
93 IRFs IRFs IRFs 3 2cpd
94 4 2 1 attention IRFs IRFs 3 LGN Parvo cellular IRFs 76
95 5 2 IRFs IRFs 0 IRFs PRC 2 cpd 4cpd IRFs 1.7cpd, 4.0cpd 3 IRFs 77
96
97 79
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99 [1] Andrew B. Watson Probability summation over time Vision Research, Vol.19 pp pp.522, 1979 [2] David C. Burr and M. Concetta Morrone Impulse-response functions for chromatic and achromatic stimuli J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol.10, No.8, pp pp [3] Keiji Uchikawa and Yoshizawa Temporal responses to chromatic and achromatic change inferred from temporal double-pulse integration J. Opt. Soc. Am. A / Vol.10, No.8, pp pp.1696, 1993 [4] Hugh R. Wilson, David K. McFarlane and Gregory C. Phillips Spatial Frequency tuning of Orientation Selective Units estimated by oblique Masking Vision Research Vol.24, No.9, pp , 1983 [5] Yoshio Ohtani and Yoshimichi Ejima Relation between Flicker and Two-pulse Sensitivities for sinusoidal Gratings Vision Research Vol.28, No.1, pp pp.156, 1988 [6]
100
101 A IRFs 2 Burr and Morrone IRFs IRFs a 0, a 1, a 2, a 3 A.1 ( M.H.) A.2 ( Y.F.) A.4 ( T.S.) A.3 ( T.T.) M.H. (cpd) a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 0 (ms) A.1 M.H. IRFs
102 A IRFs Y.F. (cpd) a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 0 (ms) A.2 Y.F. IRFs
103 T.T. (cpd) a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 0 (ms) A.3 T.T. IRFs
104 A IRFs T.S. (cpd) a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 0 (ms) A.4 T.S. IRFs
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Title 社 会 化 教 育 における 公 民 的 資 質 : 法 教 育 における 憲 法 的 価 値 原 理 ( fulltext ) Author(s) 中 平, 一 義 Citation 学 校 教 育 学 研 究 論 集 (21): 113-126 Issue Date 2010-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2309/107543 Publisher 東 京
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