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1 超高速 光量子部門 超高速電子移動系におけるコヒーレントな核波束運動 : フェムト秒超高速分光による観測 電子移動 (ET) はもっとも基本的な化学反応素過程のひとつであり さまざまな基礎的研究が行われている とくに極性溶媒中の ET 反応では 生成物の電荷や電気双極子モーメントが溶媒和によって安定化されるため 溶媒分子の揺らぎが反応のドライビング フォースとなることが知られている ところが 溶媒和ダイナミクスに律速されない超高速の ET 反応も報告されており この場合 分子内の原子核配置の再配向がドライビング フォースであると考えられている そこで 我々はフェムト秒時間分解分光により ET 反応にともなうコヒーレントな核波束運動を観測することを目的に実験を行った 実験手法としては 縮退四光波混合 単波長ポンププローブ (PP) 法 白色光スーパーコンティナムによる過渡吸収測定の3 種類の分光法を用いたが ここではおもに PP 法の結果について報告する [1,2] 実験系は 電子供与性溶媒 N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) 中に色素 oxazine 1 (Ox1) を溶解したものであり サブピコ秒から数十フェムト秒領域で起こる溶質 溶媒間の超高速 ET 反応が報告されている [3,4] レーザー光源としては 2012 年度に新規購入した再生増幅器付き Ti:sapphire レーザー (Solstice, Spectra Physics) と非同軸光パラメトリック増幅器 (TOPAS-White, LightConversion) を用いた 励起波長は 620 nm と 660 nm であり パルス幅は 12~14 fs 程度であった レーザースペクトルと Ox1 の DMA 溶液と 1-chloronaphthalene (1-CN) 溶液中の吸収 蛍光スペクトルを Fig. 1 に示す Fig. 1. (a) The absorption spectra of Ox1 in 1-CN は極性が DMA とよく似た非反応性の有機溶媒で 1-CN (green curve) and DMA (blue curve) and fluorescence spectrum in 1-CN (red curve). (b) あり 比較用に測定した DMA 溶液中では ET 反応の Laser spectra centered at ca. 620 nm (blue ため蛍光がほぼ完全に消光してしまうため DMA 溶 curve) and 660 nm (red curve). 液の蛍光スペクトルは示していない Fig. 2a と 2b に 620 nm と 660 nm 励起で測定した PP 信号を示す どちらの波長でも 1-CN 溶液中の信号 ( 赤の実線 ) は核波束運動によって激しく振動していることがわかる これに対し DMA 溶液の信号には ET 反応による超高速の減衰が現れている これらの減衰から この系における ET 反応の時定数は fs 程度であることがわかった DMA 溶液ではどちらの波長でも振動が弱くなっていることがわかり とくに 620 nm の振動が弱くなっていることがわかる そこで 各 PP 信号からフィッティングで得られた減衰関数を差し引き その残差として振動成分のみを抽出したのが Fig. 2c と 2d である 1-CN 溶液で核波束運動による振動は どちらの波長でも数ピコ秒にわたって持続していることがわかる これに対し DMA 溶液では振動は急速に減

2 Fig. 2. Femtosecond PP signals of Ox1 in 1-CN and DMA excited at (a) 620 nm and (b) 660 nm. Oscillatory parts (normalized) of the PP signals obtained by subtracting the decay components from the signal at (c) 620 nm and (d) 660 nm. 衰し ( 時定数 : fs) いったん消滅した振動が 1 ピコ秒後くらいにまた弱く復活しているように見える ところが 660 nm の振動は DMA 溶液中でも数ピコ秒に渡って持続していることがわかる この結果は 620 nm と 660 nm で観測された振動は別々の状態に帰属されることを示唆している そこで 抽出した振動成分 (Fig. 2c と 2d) をフーリエ変換して得られた振動スペクトル ( 実数部 ) を Fig. 3 に示す 620 nm 励起のスペクトル (Fig. 3a) を見てみると 1-CN 溶液では 561 cm -1 に一番強い振動バンドがあることがわかるが DMA 溶液では負の方向に強いバンドが 567 cm -1 に現れている 負のバンドの位相は 他の振動に比べて 180 反転している さらにこの負のバンドは より幅の広い ( 位相緩和時間の短い ) 正のバンドの上に重なっているように見える また 660 nm 励起のスペクトル (Fig. 3b) ではどちらの溶液でも一番強い振動は 567 cm -1 に現れている 561 cm -1 の振動は 1-CN 溶液で励起波長が 620 nm のときのみに観測された この波長では 励起状態の吸収帯が基底状態のそれと重なっていることが報告されている そこで 561 cm -1 と 567 cm -1 のバンドをそれぞれ励起状態および基底状態における核波束運動に帰属した その波数差はわずか 6 cm -1 であり 分子構造も基底 励起状態で大きく変化していないことを示唆している DMA 溶液中では Fig. 3. Real parts of the Fourier transformed spectra of the 波数 561 cm -1 oscillations of PP signals of Ox1 in 1-CN (red curve) and の振動は 電子移動により急速に DMA (blue curve) with excitation wavelength of (a) 620 nm and (b) 660 nm.

3 消失し その時定数は fs であった この振動の消失後 波数 567 cm -1 の振動が現れているが これは基底状態の振動か ET 反応後の振動もあまり波数が変化していないことを示している 6 cm -1 の波数差が実験誤差ではなく 両状態の波数差であることを確認するため 1-CN 溶液中で 620 nm と 660 nm 励起の振動位相の時間依存性を比較した 波数 561 cm -1 と 567 Fig. 4. Oscillatory parts (normalized) of the PP signals for cm -1 の振動の周期は 59.5 fs と 58.8 fs であり そ Ox1 in 1-CN excited at 620 nm and 660 nm. Red dotted curves are exponentially decaying cosine functions with の差はわずか 0.7 fs しかない しかし 40 周期 time constant of 3.0 ps and frequencies of 560 and 567 ほど振動すれば その差は 30 fs 弱となり既存 cm -1, respectively. の測定系で検出可能となる 620 nm と 660 nm 励起の振動の時間変化を 1-CN 溶液で比較すると 最初のうちは両振動の位相がそろっていることがわかるが 2ピコ秒ほど経つと 位相が 180 反転していることがわかる (Fig. 4) このことから わずか 6 cm -1 の波数差が誤差ではなく現実のものであることが確認された なお DMA 溶液中の励起状態の振動モードの位相緩和時間は fs 程度であり 電子移動の時定数 fs よりも長かった この実験結果は ET 反応と同時にコヒーレントな振動が消失するのではなく 電子移動状態においても非常に短い時間のあいだだけ 振動が継続している可能性を示唆している 直線状電子供与 受容体連結系の電荷移動ダイナミクス : イオン液体中における時間分解分光研究 イオン液体は室温近傍で溶融した有機塩であり 高イオン電導性 ほぼゼロの蒸気圧 非燃性等の特異な物性を有し 新規な溶媒として注目されている また 正と負の電荷が独立に存在しているので 通常の極性溶媒とは異なる溶媒和状態を形成する可能性があるため 我々はイオン液体中の ET 反応ダイナミクスの研究を行っている 今回は 直線的な phenyleneethynylene (PEN) 誘導体の イオン液体中の光誘起電荷分離過程について ピコ秒過渡吸収スペクトルと時間分解蛍光スペクトル測定により検証した [5] イオン液体としては 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, (BmimTFSI) を使用し PEN 誘導体については Fig. 5 のように 電子供与性の phenyl 基 (D) と受容性の perfluorophenyl 基 (A) の順序を入れ替えたもの (ADAD, ADDA, DAAD, AADD) を使用し 電荷分離反応の制御を試みた どの化合物も 400 nm より短波長側に吸収帯を示し π 電子共役系は各ベンゼン環に局在化していることを示している AADD の定常蛍光スペクトルは 440 nm まで長波長シフトして形状も Fig. 5. Molecular structures of 滑らかであり 電荷分離反応が起こっていることを示唆している その phenyleneethynylene (PEN) derivatives.

4 Fig. 6. Normalized time-resolved 他の化合物は 380 nm から 410 nm にかけて振動構造による2 つの極大を持つ蛍光スペクトルを示し 電荷分離反応は見られない 時間分解分光測定の結果 誘導体 AADD については 10 ps 以内に超高速光誘起電荷分離反応が起こり 続いてイオン液体の溶媒和ダイナミクスによる電荷移動 (CT) 状態の安定化が起こることが判明した Fig. 6 に BmimTFSI 溶液中の AADD の時間分解蛍光スペクトルを示す イオン液体の溶媒和による CT 状態の安定化が 蛍光の長波長シフトとして観測されている 蛍光のピークシフトの時定数は 溶媒和による dynamic Stokes shift と同様な値が得られており スペクトルの形状も時間変化していない fluorescence spectra of AADD in BmimTFSI, excited with a 350-nm laser pulse. 単一光子計数法の時間分解能は20ピコ秒程度なので 超高速の電荷分離反応自体は観測できていない 一方 ADAD と ADDA について電荷分離反応は起こらず 局 在励起 (LE) 状態のみからの蛍光が観測された DAAD について は アセトニトリル溶液では蛍光スペクトルの時間変化は観測され なかったが BmimTFSI 溶液では Fig. 7 のように時間変化が観測 された これは アセトニトリルに比べ BmimTFSI は高粘度なイオ ン液体であるため 溶媒和ダイナミクスが遅くなったためと考えられ る スペクトルの形状は cm -1 にあった極大が時間とともに 減少し 代わりに cm -1 の極大が増大していくことがわかり 溶媒和の進行とともに LE 状態から CT 状態へ化学平衡が偏って いく様子が観測された これらの観測結果より 電荷分離反応自体はイオン液体の粘度 と無関係に超高速で起こり LE 状態と CT 状態は擬似的な平衡に Fig. 7. Normalized time-resolved fluorescence spectra of DAAD in 達するが その後 CT 状態が溶媒和により安定化するにつれ 化 BmimTFSI. In both systems, excited 学平衡が LE 状態から CT 状態へと偏っていくことが示唆された with a 350-nm laser pulse. 参考文献 1. Y. Nagasawa, et al., Vib. Spec. 70, (2014). 2. Y. Nagasawa, et al., Chem. Phys., (2014). 3. Y. Nagasawa, et al., J. Chem. Phys., 101, (1994). 4. M. Seel, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett., 275, (1997). 5. M. Muramatsu, et al., Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 12, (2013).

5 Research Report 2013 [Ultrafast Quantum Spectroscopy Laboratory] Coherent Wavepacket Motion in an Ultrafast Electron Transfer System Monitored by Femtosecond Spectroscopies Coherent nuclear wavepacket motions were monitored by three types of femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopies, namely, transient absorption measurement utilizing white-light supercontinuum (WC-TA), degenerate four-wave-mixing (DFWM), and pump-probe (PP) measurements, for an ultrafast intermolecular electron transfer (ET) system with a dye molecule, oxazine 1 (Ox1), dissolved in an electron donating solvent, N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA).[1,2] Vibrational frequencies of the wavepacket motion in the excited and in the ground states were and cm -1, respectively, with only a few frequency difference of 5-9 cm -1. The oscillation with frequency of cm -1 was only observable in an inert solvent, 1-chloronaphthalene (1-CN), at the excitation wavelength of 620 nm (Fig. 1) where the excited state absorption is overlapped with the ground state bleach. The cm -1 oscillation was quickly diminished by the ET in DMA (decay time constant of fs). By comparing the time dependence of the vibrational phase in 1-CN at 620 nm and 660 nm excitation, it was confirmed that the frequency difference is indeed real. The dephasing time in DMA for the excited state vibrational mode ( fs) is somewhat longer than the decay time of the ET (ca fs). It seems as if the oscillation is not diminished instantaneously by the ET but somewhat extends into the product state. Fig. 1. Femtosecond PP signals of Ox1 in 1-CN and DMA excited at (a) 620 nm and (b) 660 nm. Oscillatory parts (normalized) of the PP signals obtained by subtracting the decay components from the signal at (c) 620 nm and (d) 660 nm.

6 Charge-Transfer Dynamics of Sequentially Aligned Donor-Acceptor Systems in Ionic Liquid Studied by Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Room temperature ionic liquid (IL) is a molten organic salt with peculiar properties such as high ionic conductivity, near-zero vapor pressure, and inflammability, which make it an attractive new type of solvent. Photoinduced charge separation processes of linear phenyleneethynylene (PEN) derivatives were investigated in an IL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, (BmimTFSI).[3] Each PEN derivative had a different sequence of electron-withdrawing perfluorophenyl groups (A) and electron-donating phenyl groups (D) such as ADAD, ADDA, DAAD, and AADD as shown in Fig. 2a. For AADD, a very rapid photoinduced charge separation (time constant of 10 ps) was followed by stabilization of the charge-transfer (CT) state by the solvation of IL as seen as a red-shift of time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) spectra shown in Fig. 2b. On the other hand, the excited states of ADAD and ADDA were ascribable to the locally excited (LE) state. Equilibrium between the LE and CT states was established for DAAD with time constants of forward and backward processes much faster than the solvation time. The relative population of the CT state increases with time owing to the dynamic stabilization of the CT state by the solvation as seen in the TRF spectrum shown in Fig. 2c. Fig. 2. (a) Molecular structure of linear PENs with different sequences of A and D. (b) Solvation dynamics of CT state of AADD monitored as a red-shift of TRF spectrum. (c) LE to CT state conversion of DAAD monitored by TRF spectroscopy. The maximum at cm -1 vanishes with time and a new maximum appears at cm -1. References 1. Y. Nagasawa, et al., Vib. Spec. 70, (2014). 2. Y. Nagasawa, et al., Chem. Phys., (2014). 3. M. Muramatsu, et al., Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 12, (2013).

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