FizAtm2_09ElanskiiLO

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1 13ｨ ｨ ｨｪｨ ｨｹ ｨｺ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨｪ02ｨｦ050600ｨｺ01 ｨ ｨｦ , 2009, , 6ｧ8 2, ｨC231 ｨｬ ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｨC ｦ ｨ ｦ apple0ｸ ｨｦ ｦ0 ｨｺ , ｦ0, ｨｨ0ｸ apple., 3 [email protected] ｨｨ ｦ0 6 5 apple00 6ｦ0010ｷ3090ｸ , apple6ｦ ｦ000000ｸ apple apple ｦ ｦ00ｹ009030ｸ800 apple ｦ0030ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0, 6 50ｸ ｸ ｨC ｨｦ00 fl6 502fl000306fl 0ｹ06ｦ ｸ9 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ0 ｨｺ apple ｦ apple000ｸ ｦ004016ｦ003, fl ｦ0apple ｦ ｷ3096ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ apple000ｸ ｦ004016ｦ003 (IAMAS). ｨｦ030ｹ ｸ802 apple6ｦ apple apple ｦ0 XXIV apple6ｦ ｦ006066ｦ ｦ0apple ｹ ｹ ｸ9096ｦ0 (IUGG) ｨｪapple apple000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｨC apple apple6ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 (ｨｨ01ｨｦ) ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 040ｸ apple ｨC [1ｨC3]. ｨｺ flapple000ｸ apple000009fl ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03: ｸ apple ｦ0040ｹ ｦ0000ｷ30909 ( ) ｨC ｨ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ ｨｦ ｦ0 ｨｺ0204 (ｨ 0602 ｨｺ0204) (43.7 N, , ｦ0 04apple. 0307applefl), apple07-ｨｨ0702flapple ｹ ｦ0 ｨｺ0204 (68.0 N, ), ｸ ｹ ｨ ｦ0 ｨｺ0204 (51.2 N, ) ｦ0000ｷ309fl apple ｸ8 ｨｺ06, ｸ90ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ ｨｺ, ｨC 056ｦ (54.5 N, 37.5 E) 09 ｨｰ (59.6 N, ) ｦ0000ｷ apple ｦ0000ｸ ｸ ｦ009076ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00307apple6ｦ00309 Dasibi, apple0ｸ800 08apple apple flapple00040ｸ9 016ｦ00209 apple apple apple ｦ000 6ｦ0apple0304 ENV 03-41M 6ｧ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ1036ｦ ｨｹ ｨｨapple ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｦ0040ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0000ｷ30906, apple6ｦ ｸ apple07 6ｦ apple fl03: ｦ0 ｨC ｨ 0602 ｨｺ0204, apple04 000ｸ806 ｨC apple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple ｹ apple6 56ｦ00307apple0909, ｨｪ ｨC ｨ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ8 05ｨｦ ｨｺ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｸ8 6 5 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple07 6ｦ apple096ｦ ｸ803 0ｷ apple076 5 ｨｺ [2ｨC6]. 046ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ800 6ｦ000000ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0000ｷ30906 ｨ 0602 ｨｺ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple ｹ apple6 56ｦ00307apple0909 (0902ｨｦ), apple090300apple ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple ｦ0, fl0ｸ ｦ0apple036ｦ ｦ0 1 ｨｨ00apple04 086ｦ0, ｨ 036ｦ00209fl 2ｨC13 090ｸ902fl / ｨｺ00. ｨ.ｨ , apple ｷ : ｨｨapple000606, (006ｦ0 6ｦ fl09.) (Russian National Report. Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences. 2003ｨC2006. / Eds. I.I. Mokhov and A.A. Krivolutsky. National Geophysical Committee RAS. Moscow: MAX Press, p.). 08apple09apple ｦ00009fl apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｸ8 [5, 7]. 0502fl 016ｦ00209 apple apple09 07apple076 5, ｸ90ｸ ｦ0 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｦ003 apple6ｦ ｹ apple09006ｦ , ｦ00206fl, 016ｦ001 08apple6ｦ , 06036ｦ000 6ｦ0apple03 006ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 0ｹ ｹ apple0702fl (056ｦ ｨｨ000300apple 04apple6 7). 076ｦ009076ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00307apple0ｸ8 ｨ 0602 ｨｺ ｨｦ 016ｦ00209 apple076 56ｦ apple apple ｦ000 6ｦ0apple fl ｹ fl apple070603apple6ｦ apple ｨｮ ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple ｦ apple00 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple ｨｺ apple ｹ apple ｸ8 TROICA (Transcontinental Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) ｦ apple apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 ｨｪｨｺｨｦ apple ｨC apple apple09 0ｹ apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｷ3096ｦ apple036ｦ , 05ｨｰ fl , apple0ｸ applefl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 09 apple ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 08apple ｸ ｦ ｦ0 ( 6 56ｦ008 0ｸ8 ｨC ) apple ｦ ｦ0 (03apple070001apple6ｦ003000ｸ ｨB apple ｹ apple07 6ｦ ) [8ｨC10]. ｨｺ flapple apple ｦ0 020ｸ fl 6 500apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ apple apple00 006ｦ0 066ｦ ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple ｨ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ8 05ｨｦ ｨｺ0204 (ｨ ｨｦ02 05ｨｦ ｨｺ0204) ｹ ｸ ｸ803 0ｹ ｷ ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ ｸ fl ｦ ｦ ｸ fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｹ [11, 12] apple ｦ apple09 07apple apple000009fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl03. ｨｨ00apple ｨC ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ apple ｦ0, apple0ｸ806 apple apple09apple076 56ｦ002 0ｸ , apple ｦ0apple6ｦ apple0ｸ8, ｸ800 02fl 6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ apple08apple00036ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803: ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 6 76ｦ apple , apple0ｸ ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ1apple , apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ apple TROICA. ｨ

2 13ｨｨapple ｸ , ppbv ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ( ｦ0 04apple. 0307applefl) 1989ｨC ｨｺ apple ｹ0000ｸ apple fl0ｹ0000ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 08apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ ｸ apple ｦ0000ｷ ｦ0 0800apple ｦ0 020ｸ ｨC ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 08apple ｦ ｸ ｸ806 03apple0000 apple6ｦ ｨC 0.65 ﾀ 0.10% ｨC apple ｦ0006ｦ0 0800apple ｦ0fl 026ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple09fl apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple00apple0ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0000ｷ ｦ ｹ ｸ9 fl6 502fl000306fl apple flapple006ｦ0fl ( ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple6ｦ003 6ｦ ｦ003090ｹ ｦ0fl) 016ｦ00209 apple ｦ0 08apple09 07apple ｦ000000ｸ apple ｹ000apple ｨ apple apple on-line [9, 13]. 046ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ0fl apple ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ ｨ ｨｦ02 05ｨｦ ｨｺ0204 [14] apple ｦ008apple6ｦ ｨC apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ80603apple ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ009076ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00307apple6ｦ0 02fl apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple0ｸ803 apple ｦ ｨｨ00apple6 50ｸ806 0ｹ flapple 036ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0040ｹ ｦ ｹ ｨｹ. 016ｦ0apple ｦ0 [15, 16]. ｨｨapple09 07apple ｦ0 6ｦ ｦ0020ｸ apple apple006ｦ06 709apple076 56ｦ00009fl ( 0006fl030ｸ ｸ8) ｦ0020ｸ803 apple6ｦ apple0703 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0 ( apple076 5). ｨｴ fl ｦ apple09 07apple 02fl apple000009fl 0304apple ｸ ｦ0 ( apple ｨC Nｨｦ x, 04Cl 09 apple. 6 76ｦ ) ｦ fl 006ｦ ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0000ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0-0ｹ06ｦ apple flapple000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl 0304apple ｸ ｦ ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ apple ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 040ｸ ｹ ｸ apple ｨC ｦ ｦ0applefl apple flapple000ｸ ｦ00209 apple ｦ ｦ0- apple07 000ｸ ｦ000 6ｦ0apple036ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｦ000000ｸ803, ｹ06ｦ000030ｸ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl , , ｦ0, apple04 000ｸ806, apple07, ｸ apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 (ｨｪｨｺｨｦ090102) ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple apple ｨ fl ｹ ｦ ｹ ｦ0030ｸ806 08apple ｸ ｨｺ applefl 6ｦ000000ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple (apple ). 046ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ , ｦ fl fl0206fl ｸ806 03apple0000 ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple6ｦ ｨC1.35 ﾀ 0.07% ｨC1, 6ｦ ｨC0.75 ﾀ 0.08% ｨC1 (apple ). ｨ apple , 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ806 03apple0000 ｨC1.3 ﾀ 0.08% ｨC1. ｨｪ6ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000fl0ｸ90306fl ｹ009fl ｸ apple000ｸ ｦ0000ｷ30906, apple ｦ ｷ ｦ06 56ｦ00206fl ｸ803 [6, 17, 18] ｦ fl ｦ00003apple ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl 6 707apple ｦ0fl 0ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ309fl 00026ｦ00ｸ903 0ｹ ｦ0000ｷ3090ｸ fl ｹ fl 08apple070ｷ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ06ｦ apple00apple0ｸ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl 08apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ30909 CO, NO, NO ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ00ｹ1apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｹ fl apple6ｦ009000ｸ803 apple ｦ ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ [6, 17, 19]. 05 0ｹ06ｦ , 0ｸ apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｸ ｦ apple apple090109, ｦ0030ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ00ｹ1apple ｨ, 006ｦ007 07apple0703, ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｸ , 08apple apple6ｦ apple07080ｸ ｹ ｨｬ01apple6ｦ009000ｸ8. ｨｬ ｹ ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ0-0ｷ30909, ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｨC25 ppb, 6 50ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ fl 02fi006ｦ00309, 07 apple6ｦ009040ｸ90ｸ fl 08apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple00 036ｦ0 [20]. ｨ fl ｦ0, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｸ ｦ003090ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ apple apple fl ｦ06 7applefl ｦ apple , 6 50ｸ8fl ｸ apple076ｦ0006ｦ

3 ｦ K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO, ppm 450 K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO 2, ppm K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CH 4, ppm ｦ apple apple ｨｨ00apple ｦ00300apple apple ｨｦ (6ｦ0) ( ) ｨｴ ｷ30909 TROICA-3, 8 ( ｸ apple0907 ) apple apple6ｦ flapple ｦ0, 6 7apple6ｦ0. ｨ apple ｨｬ026ｦ000-ｨｬ 0ｹ1 100 ｨｮ09036ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0apple ｨｺ ｨｨapple070603apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ, 05ｨｦ 2, ｦ ｸ806 (6ｦ0) ｸ apple0907 ( ). ｨｦ06apple ｸ8. K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO, ppm 450 K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO 2, ppm K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CH 4, ppm ｦ apple apple ｨｨ00apple ｦ00300apple apple ｨｴ ｷ30909 TROICA-5, 7 ( ｸ apple0907 ) ｨｦ apple apple6ｦ flapple ｦ0, 6 7apple6ｦ0. ｨ apple ｨｬ026ｦ000-ｨｬ 0ｹ1 100 ｨｮ09036ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0apple apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ803 04apple fl apple fl [6]. ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0 006ｦ % 6 5apple apple ｦ ｦ fl00090ｸ9 096ｦ06 7applefl , apple ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ apple0ｸ8. 046ｦ0-020ｸ fl 006ｦ , 036ｦ apple6ｦ , 6ｦ00ｸ apple- 036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 08apple ｸ apple ｦ ｦ fl apple apple0ｸ8. ｨ fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 066 5fl096ｦ0000ｸ8 036ｦ apple ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ00309 [21]. ｨｨapple09 08apple ｸ803 02apple ｨｨ01ｨｦ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl 006ｦ ppb, 6ｦ0 096ｦ ｹ ｹ06ｦ apple apple6ｦ006036ｦ ｦ0 5ｨC 10 ppb ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl apple fl apple ｦ0. ｨｪ6ｦ fl090ｸ86 56ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ004090ｸ8 09 apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ0 0603apple090300apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ apple07 036ｦ ｦ ｨB0003 6ｦ000000ｸ803, apple0ｸ fl ｸ8fl ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ ｦ0apple ｹ apple07036ｦ ｦ0fl 0600apple09fl apple6ｦ fl0ｸ700006ｦ fl ｸ9 006ｦ ｹ apple ｹ apple6ｦ009000ｸ ｸ8 [22ｨC25]. 05 0ｹ06ｦ , ｦ0-096ｦ00007, 0ｹ apple0309apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｦ00300apple096ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｦ00307apple apple000ｸ apple ｸ ｦ006060ｸ ｦ0-6ｦ00ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple apple ｦ0000ｸ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple076 5, ｹ ｦ ｸ803 02apple , 08apple ｹ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｹ apple070ｷ ｸ fl03 006ｦ ｦ ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ0 apple ｸ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03. ｨｺ006 7apple ｦ0fl , apple ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple apple apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ ｦ0, ｦ apple apple6ｦ0, 07 ｨBfl0600fl0003, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 07 70% 006ｦ0-020ｸ9 6ｦ ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple07 [26] ｦ ｹ apple070ｷ fl apple ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｦ0000ｷ309fl0309 [25, 27]. ｨ ｹ appleapple0002fl0ｷ309fl 6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ apple ｦ0036ｦ00309 apple6ｦ0060ｹ fl03 CHIMERE 09 LOTOS 02fl 0ｹ ｦ0000ｷ ｦ0026ｦ0, apple09 0ｹ ｦ0026ｦ0 09 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0060ｹ ｸ ｦ0-020ｸ9 6ｦ000030ｸ ｦ00ｹ [28, 29] ｨC apple ｸ8 03apple09 0ｹ apple ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ06 56ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｸ7000ｸ apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 ｨｪｨｺｨｦ (0504ｨ ｨ apple apple6ｦ apple036ｦ0 09 ｨ 0602 ｨｺ0204), apple apple ｦ apple09 040ｹ06ｦ ｸ70903 apple ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ0040ｹ0000ｸ803 0ｷ apple076 5 [9]. ｨ apple000009fl 08apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0, ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ , 6ｦ00ｹ1apple , apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple apple ｨｪapple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｷ apple , ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple0703fl ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 08apple ｸ8 6 5 apple6ｦ ｦ003 [3, 6, 9] ｸ803 apple ｦ0036ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ , ｸ apple ｦ0 apple flapple ｹ06ｦ fl 08apple006 50ｸ8046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl ｸ806 04apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0, 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ apple apple0ｸ8 apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple apple , 096ｦ fl0ｸ ｦ0, 6 5apple apple ｹ [8, 13, 30]. 05 0ｹ06ｦ , ｦ0apple , 0ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ30909 ｨｦ 3, 05ｨｦ, 05ｨｦ apple0003fl ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ008apple6ｦ (apple ). ｨｦ ｸ803 08apple090ｹ ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple0ｸ8, 006ｦ ｹ06ｦ006030ｸ ｹ apple09 [31].

4 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｨｨ ｦ0fl 016ｦ0apple ｦ0 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl 09 02fl 0ｹ ｨｦ, 05ｨｦ ｹ06 50ｸ8 09 apple6ｦ ｨｦ0ｷ ｹ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ Rn apple6ｦ00304apple apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ fl 0800apple ｦ00009fl 6 5 0ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA [9] ｹ0000ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｹ apple , 0ｹ ｸ800 0ｹ fl 07apple006ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｷ ｦ apple6 50ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA ｹ000000ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ800 02fl ｨｺ ｷ ｦ00003apple ｸ803 0ｹ apple6ｦ009apple04046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ , ｦ0 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ fl apple00-6ｦ apple ｦ0 [32]. ｨ apple000009fl CFC-11 (CCl 3 F), CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), CFC-113 (CCl 2 FCClF 2 ), CCl 4, CHCCl 3 09 Halon-1211 (CBrClF 2 ) 08apple ｸ ｨｪapple6ｦ ｦ ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｹ apple0003fl 006ｦ0 020ｸ fl 05FC-12 08apple ｸ , 0ｹ ｸ70008apple0900fl030ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ ｸ ｦ0, , 06040ｸ ｦ ｸ8. 046ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ0 09 6ｦ00ｹ1apple ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0 026ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple ｨ ｨｦ02 05ｨｦ ｨｺ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 09 6ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ000070ｹ06ｦ ｷ3 [11, 33]. 0500apple07fl030007, 0ｹ , 09 6ｦ00ｹ1apple apple6ｦ009040ｸ903-06fl apple ｸ ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ ｦ ｸ apple000009fl ｸ8fl apple ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ, ｸ , 09 08apple fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 (016ｦ001 08apple6ｦ , ｹ ) ｦ ｦ06 7applefl ｦ apple [12, 34]. ｨｨapple apple6ｦ ｸ806 6ｦ0006ｦ (036ｦ ｦ0 09apple076 56ｦ ) ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ0 006ｦ apple ｦ0000ｷ30906 EMEP ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ fl ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0 [26]. ｨｴ ｦ0 096ｦ ｦ apple070603apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl 06036ｦ000-0ｷ apple6ｦ000090ｷ ｦ0. ｨｨ07 apple apple6ｦ apple00006ｦ0 apple apple ｦ ｦ ｷ ｸ ｸ fl0309fl ｦ ｸ803 03apple6ｦ apple03000ｸ ｦ0096ｦ0006ｦ fl ｦ ｦ00209fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ fl0ｹ apple [25, 27] ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ0000ｷ30906 NOAA ｸ8fl ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ803 03apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 [35]. 0502fl 006 5apple ｦ0000ｷ ｸ8fl ｸ8 08apple090ｹ009000ｸ8 0207apple- 0309apple076 56ｦ00009fl 0ｹ ｸ ｨｨ01ｨｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ ｹ000036ｦ ｦ00003apple ｸ ｦ apple ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ fl 006ｦ fl 096ｦ06 7applefl apple ｹ fl0309 [36ｨC39] ｨｦ apple07 6ｦ apple07030ｸ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 ｨ 6ｦ ｸ8 08apple ｸ ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｨｦ0ｹ ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 6ｦ0026ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl ｦ0, apple000009fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl096ｦ000000ｸ apple (05ｨｦ, SO 2, CH 4, NH 3, ｦ ｸ apple , 6ｦ00ｹ1apple ) fl ｸ apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ009apple ( ) apple6ｦ0-02fl ｦ apple ｨｮ ｹ ｦ fl apple ｦ ｸ803 08apple apple6ｦ0, apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8, apple apple ｹ apple6ｦ0 09-6ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ8fl ｨBfl applefl 0ｹ , 6 50ｸ ｦ000000ｸ803 6ｦ ｸ apple , 6 500apple ｦ ｸ apple ｦ apple ｦ ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple [5, 40]. 01apple apple6ｦ0 090ｷ ｸ803 02fl 6 707apple07 6ｦ0 070ｷ apple ｨｮ ｹ , 0ｸ ｸ8fl ｸ ｦ0000ｸ apple0ｸ ｸ800 0ｹ ｸ8. 046ｦ008apple090300apple, 08apple09 08apple apple apple ｦ0, apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl apple ｸ9, 08apple ｸ apple6ｦ00009fl ｦ ｹ apple ｦ0000ｷ309fl03, 6 50ｸ8 apple6ｦ0060ｸ8-6 56ｦ000030ｸ ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ ｨC200 03, ｦ fl apple , 08apple fl 01 apple ｹ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ30906 NO x, CO, 066ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple fl 09 apple ｦ06 7applefl0900fl0ｸ90ｸ apple , 006ｦ007 07apple0703, ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 [41] ｦ ｸ8026ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl, 08apple ｦ0fl ｷ apple0909 0ｹ , 036ｦ0- apple6ｦ apple ｸ90ｸ fl 6 50ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl0309 ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple apple 000ｸ80309 ( ppb) 02fl ｸ fi 0701apple [5]. ｨｦ ｸ apple090ｹ009006ｦ ｹ fl fl 0ｸ ｦ0apple016ｦ0fl ｹ0006ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ apple apple ｹ fl0ｷ apple apple02fl , 0ｸ apple0ｸ apple ｹ ｦ apple07 6ｦ ｹ009006ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03 0ｸ ｹ , 0ｹ apple apple0309apple076 56ｦ00009fl 6ｦ ｦ0 0409apple ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｷ30906, ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｨｴ010603apple00036ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ ｦ ｸ9 apple6ｦ009000ｸ800 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909, apple0ｸ800, fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｸ8 08apple09 07apple , ｦ0 020ｸ fl 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ , apple0ｸ803 6ｦ0006ｦ apple040ｸ90306fl 08apple070ｷ ｸ8, 0708apple fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0 006ｦ ｨB ｸ803 6ｦ0apple ｦ000000ｸ apple076 56ｦ ｦ ｦ00009fl 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｦ0 6 5 apple apple07-6ｦ003, 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , 6 5 ｨｪ , 02086ｦ ｦ003, ｨｬ026ｦ000-ｨｬ 0ｹ1 [2, 4, 23, 33, 42, 43]. 030ｸ80603apple0ｸ806 apple apple6ｦ ｦ , 0409apple ｦ ｸ apple0ｸ90ｹ ｦ009070ｹ0000ｸ ｦ00300apple096ｦ , 026ｦ , 01apple6ｦ , 06apple ｸ ｸ ｦ apple apple000ｸ fl ｹ ｦ06 56ｦ apple ｦ apple00apple0ｸ apple ｸ8 apple ｦ apple04 apple006ｦ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ000090ｹ ｨｴ apple ｸ ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple07-

5 ｦ ｦ ｦ003. ｨｦ 0ｹ applefl03 006ｦ0 020ｸ fl 6 5 0ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA, apple ｦ ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple ｨｪ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ apple apple apple07 6ｦ003 [9, 14, 43]. 056ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ apple- 08 6ｦ00ｸ90306fl 0ｹ ｸ80309 apple6ｦ0060ｹ000036ｦ ｨｨapple090300apple ｦ fl6 502fl000306fl 07 ｨBfl ｸ ppb ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple apple07 6ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0apple apple6ｦ0fl, apple0ｸ ｸ apple0907 (090ｸ90200ｨC6ｦ ) apple flapple ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ0-0ｸ90306fl ｦ06 7applefl ｦ , 08apple ｨｹ apple0009 [30] ｨ ｦ001066ｦ0 ｨｨ026ｦ000016ｦ0 (0700apple036ｦ00009fl,) 08apple ｸ ｦ00009fl ｹ , 05ｨｦ ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple0909 ｨｺ [44]. 05 0ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA apple6ｦ apple07 0ｸ8, apple0ｸ800 0ｸ apple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ8 006ｦ apple086ｦ , 18 ｨｦ 09 D. ｨｨ ｸ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ ｦ00003apple ｸ ｸ ｹ ｹ ｦ ｸ803 apple ｦ0036ｦ fl 07016ｦ0096ｦ , 0ｹ apple006 50ｸ ｦ ｦ0 6 7apple6ｦ000090ｷ36ｦ003 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple ｹ ｷ apple fl ｷ apple04 apple ｦ0 0702fl 0300apple ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ006036ｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ0 6ｦ0030ｸ8-6 56ｦ000030ｸ apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ %. 046ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｹ fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ ｨｪapple6ｦ ｦ apple fl0009fl 0ｸ fl096ｦ0000ｸ ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ006060ｸ ｹ ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｨｺ , apple086ｦ00ｸ apple ｸ apple000009fl, apple flapple ｹ06ｦ ｸ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0, ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｸ apple , apple ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple [8, 9]. 2. ｨｦ apple6ｦ apple apple ｨｦ 0ｸ apple086ｦ ｨｨapple ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl apple090ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ0000ｷ ｨｦ ｸ fl ｷ3096ｦ ｦ ｹ apple6 56ｦ00307apple0909 0ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ ｸ806016ｦ ｹ apple , fl0ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ apple00apple0ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ apple000009fl 07 0ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 (ｨｦ05ｨｦ) 08apple ｦ apple076 50ｸ apple , 0703apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl ｸ8026ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｹ0006ｦ0fl apple ｦ00ｷ309fl ｸ fl apple fl , 0ｹ ｸ apple00apple0ｸ apple070209apple076 56ｦ fl ｦ0-020ｸ apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple apple ｦ apple0ｸ8 02fl apple6ｦ fl [45] fl ｸ9 0800apple ｦ00ｸ fl apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0000ｸ ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8, 08apple ｦ003apple096 56ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple076 50ｸ803 08apple09 07apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple ｦ ｸ apple apple, apple0ｸ806 apple apple09apple apple0ｸ8 08applefl apple6ｦ fl ｹ ｹ fl ｦ0086ｦ ｨC apple6ｦ009apple apple09 0ｹ ｷ ｨｨapple09 07apple fl applefl0300 ｨｦ05ｨｦ, apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ applefl030706, apple6ｦ fl ｦ0apple ｨｬ06 apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ30909, apple6ｦ006060ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ apple apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ ｦ0086ｦ ｦ003 ｨｬ ｨｬ06-02, 0ｹ1apple ｸ9 apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple ｹ ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ1apple fl ｦ0086ｦ ｨC ｨｦ080ｸ803000ｸ apple6ｦ0090ｷ30ｸ apple apple6ｦ0 08apple fl ｸ8036ｦ00009fl ｨｦ ｦ apple090ｹ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03 [46]. ｨｨapple ｦ apple000009fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｸ7000ｸ apple apple apple0ｸ900apple6ｦ0 006ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl , ｨｦ , ｦ ｨｹ apple0907 apple ｸ apple09 07apple ｦ00ｹ06ｦ apple flapple000ｸ apple000009fl 6 5 ｨｪ ｨｦ ｸ8026ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 070ｹ000apple00 006ｦ0fl 016ｦ00209 apple ｦ apple apple apple ｦ000 6ｦ0apple0304 ( apple apple 03apple0ｸ900apple6ｦ0 6ｧ8 17) ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ apple apple apple ｦ apple00 006ｦ fl ｦ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ ｦ0 NO x. ｨｨ07 6ｦ0006ｦ apple090ｹ ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl NO 2 ｨC ｹ ｦ0, 0708apple fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｷ ｦ0. 05 ｨｺ ｦ0000ｷ30906, fl apple000009fl NO 2 : , ｨ apple07, apple07, ｨｪ , 056ｦ ｦ0apple, ｨｹ ｨｴ ｹ ｦ apple000009fl 08apple fl0306fl 006ｦ0 0800apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 (0ｹ apple ｸ8 TROICA) [47ｨC49] ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple0909 0ｸ ｨｺ ｦ0096ｦ002, 0ｹ ｷ309fl ｸ ｷ36ｦ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ0026ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0 07 apple6ｦ ｸ9 [50]. ｨｺ6ｦ0060ｹ000030ｸ8 08apple070603apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ803 03apple ｹ apple0907 0ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ903, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｹ fl ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｦ apple appleapple090307apple0909 ｨｺ ｦ0 056ｦ ; 6ｦ0 006ｦ ｨC 006ｦ0 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple000ｸ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 06040ｸ ｸ9 apple apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ30909 (010505), 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｷ ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ00307apple096ｦ apple6ｦ apple00. ｨｦ 006ｦ0apple , 0ｹ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple0907, 6ｦ0 0703apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ800 ｨC ｨｬ0ｹ ｦ apple ｦ ｸ ｨBfl % ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｹ009000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0 ｨC ｦ ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ apple apple ｸ ｸ8fl ｸ ｸ ｸ800, apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ800 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ009fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ fl03 036ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ [51]. 05 apple6ｦ [52, 53] ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｦ ｸ709040ｸ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple6ｦ006036ｦ apple ｦ fl ｹ ｦ00307apple6ｦ0. 05 apple6ｦ [54] ｦ000000ｸ803 ｨｦ05ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple ｨｺ ｨC ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ00307 ｰ ｱ apple6ｦ apple00 02apple ｸ ｸ ｸ800 06apple ｸ apple ｦ ｸ ( 00016ｦ0 apple00ｨc036ｦ0apple03) 09006ｦ00ｹ fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ. ｰ ｱ 0603apple6ｦ apple00 ｨC ｸ ｦ00ｹ000-

6 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ fl. ｨｦ ｹ000006ｦ apple ｦ0fl 0ｹ ｸ90ｷ309fl ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｹ00906 ｨｦ05ｨｦ, 6ｦ0 036ｦ fl ｦ00ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ ｹ apple , apple076ｦ003026ｦ ｹ ｦ0apple ｹ ｦ00009fl0309. ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ apple ｹ apple090ｹ ｦ0000ｷ apple ｦ0apple09fl apple ｸ fl 03apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ 02fl 016ｦ fl0ｷ36ｦ fl applefl ｦ0apple03 [55, 56] ｦ apple006 7apple ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｷ apple00 0ｷ309apple flapple ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0 04apple ｨｨ6ｦ0 0603apple ｦ fl 03apple , ｸ fl ｷ3096ｦ0026ｦ0. ｨｺ6ｦ ｹ apple apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ0-026ｦ ｦ ｦ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 096ｦ0 060ｹ ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ ｸ86 507, 0ｹ ｦ0 03apple ｦ003090ｹ ｹ apple fl ｸ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ806 03apple0000 ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ ｹ apple fl0ｹ0000ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 09 ｨｬ06 0ｹ1apple ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ803 07apple ｦ ｸ ｷ309fl03 (00ｨｦ06) 08apple fl 03apple ｹ ｦ ｦ0 0800apple ｨC ( 6ｦ000000ｸ800 TOMS 09 SBUV) [57]. 050ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl096ｦ0000ｸ ｹ ｦ ｸ9 09 0ｹ ｦ ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ ｸ8 (010509, ｨｴ apple.). 0502fl 070ｷ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｦ003 08apple ｦ0 apple006 7apple ｦ0fl , ｦ000006ｦ0fl 006ｦ0 00ｨｦ06 apple6ｦ ｨｨ070603apple ｦ fl ｹ apple ｹ ｷ ｦ0 (ｨｪ09) 006ｦ ｸ , 07 ｨBfl06-00fl0ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ000030ｸ fl fl apple6ｦ ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0ｷ ｦ0 [58, 59]. ｨｨ07-016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｸ ｦ00ｹ009036ｦ0fl ｦ0fl 066 5fl ｹ10000apple ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00309 ｨｪ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｦ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 08apple090300apple apple07-096ｦ0086ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｨｪ ｦ0006ｦ0, ｹ06ｦ fl 006ｦ ｦ0fl 6ｦ apple ｹ ｷ ｦ0, apple6ｦ apple0000 0ｹ fl0009fl ｨｪ09 006ｦ0 apple ｦ ｸ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｦ ｸ8fl ｸ8 096ｦ ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl apple ｨｮ03 apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ003, apple ｸ fl00090ｸ9 ｨｪ09, ｦ003, 006ｦ apple0ｸ fl apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ000fl000306fl. ｨｨ070603apple ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｹ , 040ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl, 006ｦ0applefl ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ apple ｹ , ｸ76ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 03apple ｹ ｷ ｦ ｹ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ00206fl 02fl apple fl applefl 6ｦ0 apple ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ0. ｨｪ ｷ309fl fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ006036ｦ , 08apple090ｹ ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ00206fl ｦ00603fl03, ｹ ｦ00307apple096ｦ ｸ803, 09 apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ0 06apple ｸ apple07030ｸ apple ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ0016ｦ ｷ ｸ80603apple0000, 0ｹ [35, 38, 60]. 046ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ apple006 7apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0 6 56ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ30906 ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ000000ｸ803 ｨｪｨｦ02S apple6 50ｸ apple ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 08apple070603apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ009apple (1 ﾁ 1.25 ) 016ｦ0apple030ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ apple apple00026ｦ001066ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ [61]. 050ｸ ｸ8 0ｷ apple0ｸ fl 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｷ fl ｦ ｸ [62]. ｨ ｦ apple ｹ ｦ ｨｦ05ｨｦ fl 06036ｦ0000ｷ30909 ｨ 06060ｸ (05apple00 00flfl fl) [63]. ｨｦ08apple ｸ ｦ apple apple ｹ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｹ ｦ apple ｸ8fl ｸ apple ｹ apple apple07036ｦ003 [64]. 05 apple6ｦ ｦ003 [49, 65ｨC67] ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ30909 ｨ apple ｦ0 0309apple NDACC ｦ0000ｸ8 070ｷ apple ｹ ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl NO ｸ8fl ｦ apple090ｹ ｹ ｦ00307apple6ｦ0 0409apple apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ803 03apple fl apple apple ｦ0apple09fl 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ ｸ800 03apple0000 0ｸ % ｨC1, 6ｦ0 02fl apple apple apple ｦ0apple09fl ｨC 08apple ｸ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ800, 07 ｨC1.1% ｨC ｸ flapple000ｸ apple07036ｦ ｦ0apple apple0000 0ｸ ｦ ｹ ｦ00ｹ009030ｸ ｸ800 03apple0000 0ｸ ｹ06ｦ fl ｸ803. ｨｪ6ｦ001, , apple ｦ0apple ｷ apple ｦ0 6ｦ00ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 03apple NO apple086ｦ NO ｸ8030ｸ86 56ｦ ｦ apple ｹ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｦ ｸ apple086ｦ NO apple apple07036ｦ ｦ0apple ｸ apple090300apple ｦ0 12%, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ [68]. ｨｨapple ｦ0 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ apple apple04010ｷ fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple apple0703apple ｹ ｦ , ｸ apple ｸ8, ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple fl ｹ0000ｸ ｷ3 0ｹ ｸ apple07 006ｦ fl 0107apple ｹ06ｦ ｨｬ06-B apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ30909, 08apple6ｦ ｹ ｸ9 096ｦ ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ [69, 70]. ｨｺ6ｦ006060ｹ009036ｦ0000ｸ ｹ ｷ ｸ8 0107appleapple0002fl0ｷ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ( 6ｦ000000ｸ800 TOMS) ｹ0000ｸ ｷ ( treering-wsl.html), 02fl 03apple0003 apple : ｨｰ ｷ36ｦ0apple09fl, apple000ｸ806 ｨｬapple6ｦ ｨｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 01070ｹ ｷ appleapple0002fl0ｷ30909(ｨC0.87, ｨC ｨC fl 03apple0003 apple ) ｹ ｦ00ｸ ｹ ｦ fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｸ ｸ8 6 56ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ30909 apple6ｦ ｹ apple ｹ , 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , apple apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple apple0907 0ｸ ｨｦ 08apple ｦ0 apple flapple000ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple 00 [71ｨC73] ｦ ｸ9, 0ｹ ｦ0fl 6 50ｸ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ apple09fl 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｹ fl ｦ008000ｸ apple ｦ06 502fl- 0ｸ90306fl apple000009fl 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ ｰ ｦ0 ｱ, apple0ｸ ｹ06ｦ ｦ ｹ apple ｦ apple [73, 74].

7 ｦ ｦ0apple000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｨｪ ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ0 (05ｨｺｨｦ) [75, 76]. 050ｸ8 0002fl0ｸ90306fl ｦ : 06 08apple ｦ0-6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl ｦ003090ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ ｦ (04apple ｦ004090ｸ8) 09 08apple ｦ0 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl ｹ apple07-0ｷ ｸ ｸ ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ ｦ00603fl03 08apple fl 006ｦ0 apple6ｦ009000ｸ fl0ｷ30ｸ8: 036ｦ0apple ｸ apple6ｦ apple00 (10ｨC ) ｸ ｦ ｦ001 fl ｸ8apple6ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ06ｦ006030ｸ apple flapple000ｸ ｸ ｦ ｨｬ apple6ｦ ｦ fl ｦ0000ｷ apple apple076 56ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｹ ｨｺ apple ｦ apple ｦ00ｷ309fl apple apple6ｦ0 09 6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ fl 05ｨｺｨｦ. 050ｸ ｸ8 070ｷ fl0009fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｹ apple fl 05ｨｺｨｦ [77]. ｨｨapple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ8 6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ , 08apple ｸ ｸ applefl 6ｦ ｦ ｸ apple apple apple0ｸ8 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ003 20ｨC , 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ apple ｦ flapple applefl ｦ ｦ0apple000ｸ ｨｦ 006ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ [78ｨC80]. ｨｨapple apple006ｦ ｦ ｸ apple ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ ｸ ｦ003 (60ｨC ), 096ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl apple ｸ ｦ0-020ｸ fl ｹ fl 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 006ｦ ｦ ｹ fl apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨ ｦ apple6ｦ0, 08apple fl0ｸ ｹ06ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ0000ｸ9 [81, 82]. ｨｪ6ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｹ ｹ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ ｸ8fl apple apple090ｹ ｦ ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ apple ｹ0-000ｸ ｦ ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ003 55ｨC ｸ7000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ apple ｸ ｦ003090ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0030ｸ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ , 08apple ｸ apple6ｦ003016ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ apple CRISTA-MAHRSI, ｦ fl ｦ fl 6 500apple ｦ ｸ803 08apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｸ700 0ｹ000030ｸ8apple ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｹ apple0ｸ8 ｨC 6ｦ ｦ0apple000ｸ apple07 6ｦ apple07 6ｦ0, apple070800apple ｦ ｦ0apple ｸ8 [83]. ｨｨapple ｸ806 6ｦ apple fl0003, 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , 096ｦ ｸ ｹ apple fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ fl ｦ0apple6ｦ0 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ apple0309apple076 56ｦ00009fl flapple000ｸ apple000ｸ ｦ ｨ apple ｦ ｨｺ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0apple ｸ ｸ apple07apple6ｦ apple 02fl apple ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｨｺｨｦ. ｨｺ6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ806 6ｦ apple ｦ apple , apple0ｸ fl ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ8, 036ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple apple07fl ｹ ｦ [84ｨC86]. 016ｦ ｸ apple000009fl 05ｨｺｨｦ 006ｦ apple ｹ ｸ9 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 006ｦ ｦ003. ｨｬ06036ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl 0107appleapple0002fl0ｷ309fl fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ003 20ｨC apple090ｷ36ｦ ｦ0fl ｨC 6 50ｸ apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl apple ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 08apple090300apple apple6ｦ0096ｦ apple6ｦ apple00. ｨｨapple apple ｦ apple04 0ｹ10000apple6 7090ｹ0000ｸ803 08apple ( ｦ apple6ｦ006036ｦ ｨC100 apple6ｦ009) ｷ apple6ｦ0-0ｷ309fl ｦ0 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ003 40ｨC ｦ fl 006ｦ0 20ｨC30% [87, 88] ｹ apple TROICA 0ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ apple ｦ fl 05ｨｺｨｦ 6 5 6ｦ apple00 (0ｨC ) ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｸ fl 08026ｦ apple030ｸ8 apple6ｦ fl ｹ ｹ fl apple6ｦ ｦ0086ｦ ｨC [48] ｦ apple ｦ0 096ｦ ｦ apple ｦ ｹ fl apple000ｹ apple090ｹ ｦ apple ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl0009fl [89]. ｨ apple000009fl 05ｨｺｨｦ apple apple000009fl apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl NO apple6ｦ fl ｹ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0. ｨ ｦ ｦ apple030ｸ8 6ｦ ｹ06ｦ apple apple000ｸ fl 05ｨｺｨｦ 08apple apple ｹ apple6ｦ000090ｷ flapple applefl, 0ｷ ｦ ｷ , 0603apple ｸ ｹ apple ｹ ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ ｸ8 [48]. ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ ｸ apple apple apple07036ｦ apple apple07080ｸ8 6 50ｸ8fl ｸ8 6 56ｦ0 0800apple0907 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ30906 (010505) ｷ apple6ｦ0-0ｷ ｦ0, apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8, apple ｦ008apple6ｦ fl apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple apple00, 6 7apple apple040ｸ90ｸ fl apple fl ｦ00ｹ [90ｨC92]. ｨｴ apple0907 0ｸ8 0703apple6ｦ0086ｦ00ｸ fl ｨｴ ｨC ｦ00009fl, apple076ｦ003026ｦ ｹ ｦ00009fl ｹ ｦ00307apple096ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ0. 046ｦ002090ｹ ｹ apple ｹ ｦ apple apple0708 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0-0ｹ ｸ800 apple ｦ ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl ｦ apple ｦ0apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0 ( ｦ0, apple6ｦ0-0304apple0ｸ ), 036ｦ ｦ008000ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl apple6ｦ009000ｸ ｦ0- apple6ｦ apple apple ｦ apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ , 0800apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ fl0ｸ90306fl ｸ , 08apple090ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ009000ｸ803 apple ｦ ｸ ｸ8 070ｷ apple6ｦ009apple fl ｦ apple ｦ000000ｸ apple ｦ apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｸ803 (SAGE-3, AURA) 006ｦ0 020ｸ [73, 80, 93ｨC95]. ｨｨ07016ｦ0-096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ0fl ｹ apple ｹ apple apple ｦ ｹ ｹ009000ｸ ｹ apple ｦ ｦ0apple ｹ flapple ｷ ｨC % ｨC % 070ｹ ｨC ｦ ｹ10003apple ｹ apple ( 18ｨC ) ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ009apple fl ｦ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple apple apple fl ｦ0apple ｨC 116 ﾀ ｨ 006ｦ0-0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ009apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｸ ｦ apple076 56ｦ apple036ｦ0 6 50ｸ

8 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｨｺ6ｦ0060ｹ ｸ ｸ ｸ800 0ｹ ｨｦ apple6ｦ ｦ002030ｸ , 096ｦ ｦ0 016ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ apple07030ｸ ｸ ｸ8 apple07066ｦ [ /6 707 ] ｸ apple ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ800 08apple07030ｸ ｸ ｸ8 apple07060ｸ apple070207apple ﾁ 10 ｨC ｨｪapple apple0ｹ ﾁ 10 ｨC ｨｪ0003apple6ｦ apple0ｹ ﾁ 10 ｨC apple070207apple03* 0.55 ﾁ 10 ｨC ( ) * ｨｨapple ｹ06ｦ , 04016ｦ0096ｦ000000ｸ , apple apple fl apple006ｦ apple (1987) apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｦ ｦ00009fl ｸ , apple6ｦ009apple04046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ apple000ｸ ｸ (1990). 066ｦ ｦ ｰ ｦ0 ｱ apple0003fl ｦ apple ｦ0apple036ｦ ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｦ apple090ｹ ｦ0000ｷ ｸ8fl ｸ fl apple apple ｸ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8; ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ apple0000 0ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｸ ｦ fl6 502fl- 0ｸ90306fl ｦ0016ｦ0 ｨC apple ｸ86 56ｦ fl0ｸ apple ｦ apple ｸ fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl096ｦ0000ｸ apple ｸ fl ｸ ｸ8 03apple ｦ004090ｸ8 [35, 38, 60]. 3. ｨｮ apple076 56ｦ ｨｪapple6ｦ apple ｹ ｦ0fl CHIMERE 0ｸ8026ｦ0 apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ ｹ000040ｸ apple [29]. 0502fl ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ000000ｸ apple , ｹ ｸ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl ｨｺ, apple07. 01apple , apple ｦ0030ｸ8 apple6ｦ0060ｹ ｦ06 502fl ｦ0 020ｸ fl apple086ｦ00009fl NO ｦ apple ｦ0 (GOME) ｦ ｸ86 56ｦ ｹ apple ｦ0 006ｦ apple appleapple090307apple apple6ｦ0-000ｸ ｦ fl 02fl 070ｷ fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ apple apple0ｸ8. ｨｨapple ｸ fl ｦ fl 0ｹ NO ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ NO ｦ0 [96]. ｨｦ00 apple ｦ apple ｦ00009fl 01 6ｦ008apple0907apple apple036ｦ00ｷ apple fl0206fl 02fl ｦ fl 0ｹ NO ｦ0 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple ｦ000000ｸ803 GOME apple086ｦ apple apple00 NO ｦ000000ｸ80309 SCIAMACHY 006ｦ apple ｦ ｸ9, ｸ90ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｸ apple070804, 05apple apple ｨ ｦ ｹ ｦ apple0907apple apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ0030ｸ8 apple6ｦ0060ｹ ｦ000000ｸ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ NO 2 09 ｨｦ ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0-026ｦ fl 070ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl ｹ0000ｸ apple07apple6 76ｦ ｹ , 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , 03apple apple ｸ8 08apple / apple apple : 1,1,1-03apple apple0ｹ1036ｦ0006ｦ0, apple070207apple036ｦ0 09 apple. 05 0ｹ apple006ｦ0010ｷ309fl apple fl0ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 apple apple6ｦ00ｸ ｹ ｸ apple [97]. ｨｪ ｹ0000ｸ ｸ ｦ0 07 apple6ｦ009040ｸ90306fl ｦ ｦ0-6 7applefl ｦ0, apple086ｦ00ｸ apple 09 08apple ｦ0, fl ｸ apple6ｦ00304apple ｹ ｨｬ ｸ ｨｨ ｸ800 0ｹ apple ｸ ｸ800000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 0ｸ96 76ｦ0 ｨｺ ｦ0-096ｦ00209, 0ｹ / apple apple07 0ｸ ｸ ｦ apple ｹ ｸ8 0002fl0ｸ90306fl ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0 016ｦ0- apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 (036ｦ0 02.) fl ｦ0036ｦ ｸ800 08apple070ｷ ｸ ｦ apple076 56ｦ fl, 0ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ908000ｸ appleapple090307apple0906 [97, 98] ｨｦ ｦ ｨｰ ｦ0006ｦ apple006ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0fl 03apple6ｦ apple ｹ ｦ0fl apple apple0ｸ apple6ｦ apple0ｸ8 0200ｨ ｨｦ04 [99] fl 0ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8 6ｦ fl0ｷ ｸ8 6ｦ000000ｸ apple ｹ ｸ apple09036ｦ ｨｦ006ｦ0 0307apple apple apple6ｦ00608apple ｦ0, 6ｦ ｸ apple000ｸ , apple000900apple6 5046ｦ0apple000ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl 06 6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｹ06ｦ0-0ｸ90306fl 02fl apple6ｦ ｦ , ｹ10307, , 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple006ｦ0fl 02fl apple000ｸ , ｹ ｦ apple- 000ｸ fl ｦ000006ｦ0fl ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｦ fl ｦ fl 02fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ ｨｺ ｦ0apple apple apple ｹ apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ003090ｹ ｦ0fl , fl0ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl apple6ｦ006060ｹ009030ｸ8-6 56ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ apple ｦ apple00 [100, 101]. ｨｨapple ｸ ｦ00009fl fl0009fl ｸ ｦ00003apple ｸ ｦ apple ｦ apple ｸ ｹ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ apple apple07036ｦ003. ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ fl apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 ( 07 6% ｦ ) 0ｸ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ ｦ000090ｹ ｸ8 apple07066ｦ00309, apple0003fl 016ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ , apple006 50ｸ8046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ % ｸ ｦ0fl ｹ ｦ ｦ0apple ｨBfl0600fl000306fl apple6ｦ009apple ｦ ｷ309apple flapple apple ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ flapple000ｸ apple apple ｸ ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0-5

9 ｦ apple ｸ806 08apple070ｷ ｸ8apple6ｦ ｨｨapple ｹ ｷ , ｦ000000ｸ ｸ7000ｸ9 0ｹ , ｦ0096ｦ00209, 0ｹ apple I ｦ apple ｦ fl ｦ apple fl030006fl apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8 0603apple6ｦ apple0ｸ8. 056ｦ ｦ apple086ｦ apple6ｦ0 09 apple07036ｦ ｦ apple apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ apple apple , apple09 0ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ008 6ｦ fl, apple086ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ80603apple ｦ fl 07 04apple fl ｦ0. ｨ 000ｸ ｦ00309, 6 500apple07fl ｦ00003apple apple ｦ apple086ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ00304apple apple6ｦ apple apple ｹ06ｦ ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl 02apple ｦ ｸ [102, 103] ｦ ｦ0 000ｸ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple apple apple6ｦ apple ｸ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｦ ｦ flapple ｸ8apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ , 0207apple0309apple040ｸ90ｸ fl 08apple ｦ apple apple ｦ fl apple076 56ｦ00009fl 036ｦ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｦ0-026ｦ ｦ0fl apple ｦ003090ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ00009fl 6 707apple apple00 036ｦ0, 040ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl apple006ｦ ｸ806 08apple ｦ0 08apple090300apple ｦ0apple ｹ apple ｦ0 apple6ｦ006060ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ0026ｦ apple apple6ｦ fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple apple apple6ｦ apple ｦ apple07-6 7apple6ｦ002090ｹ ｸ [2]. ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple fl ｦ00ｸ903 50ｨC70% ｦ0 020ｸ9-6ｦ000030ｸ ｦ fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ06 502fl ｷ30ｸ8 08apple070ｷ fl apple ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ86 56ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ apple000ｸ flapple000ｸ ｦ0016ｦ apple apple6ｦ009apple ｦ ｦ ｹ ｸ8 06apple ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0096ｦ002, 0ｹ ｦ ｹ ｦ apple ｸ8 006ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｹ ｷ fl0ｷ ｦ ｦ004090ｸ8 08apple apple0309apple076 56ｦ000090ｸ9 apple flapple apple ｦ ｦ0-08apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ apple apple ｦ ｸ ｸ803 0ｹ , ｹ ｦ apple ｸ8 [104]. ｨｨapple ｦ0096ｦ0006ｦ fl 6 5 6ｦ apple00 ｨ ｦ (07060ｷ fl0ｷ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0020ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ fl0ｸ90ｸ70903), apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ000fl0ｸ90ｸ fl apple apple046 76ｦ ｦ ｦ004090ｸ8 [105, 106] ｸ ｸ ｦ apple ｸ apple apple ｹ06ｦ ｷ fl- 0ｷ apple0907 6ｦ ｹ apple apple apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ fl 6ｦ000000ｸ applefl apple070807apple0ｷ ｦ ｦ ｹ ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0090ｸ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｸ ｨｬ06036ｦ ｦ , 0ｹ apple006ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ apple000ｸ fl ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl ｸ ｸ800 apple ｸ fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0020ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ apple apple0ｸ8 ( apple ｹ ｦ ｹ ｷ fl0ｷ30909). ｨｨapple apple09apple076 56ｦ0006ｦ0 08apple09000ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl apple apple ｦ apple ｦ0, apple0ｸ ｸ ｷ309apple ｦ003090ｹ ｦ apple ｹ ｸ8 09, ｦ ｹ009000ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl apple , apple ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｷ fl- 0ｷ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0020ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ apple apple0ｸ8, 036ｦ ｸ ｦ0-0ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ0 apple fl [107]. ｨｪapple apple006ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0fl 03apple6ｦ apple ｹ ｦ0fl apple ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0026ｦ fl ｦ00009fl ｹ0000ｸ803 08apple ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ06 5 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 [108ｨC110]. ｨｨapple ｦ06 76ｦ , 0ｹ ｦ008 6ｦ0fl 086ｦ0apple6ｦ , 07 apple6ｦ ｦ0fl 0ｹ10000apple6 7090ｹ0000ｸ803 08apple ｸ apple ｦ , apple09apple NO ｸ8 ｨｦ ｦ apple076 56ｦ ｦ000000ｸ apple ｸ ｦ003, ｹ ｸ ｦ GOES. ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ ｸ ｦ fl apple apple6ｦ apple apple0003fl 09006ｦ00ｹ ｸ803 08apple ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ ｨｨ ｸ800 0ｹ ｸ8 6 50ｸ8fl ｸ apple09 6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ HALOE/UARS. ｨ 6ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ ｨｨapple ｸ ｸ80400 apple ｦ0030ｸ applefl , 0ｹ apple ｦ00009fl03 6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ fl ｸ fl 066 5fl096ｦ0000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl apple ｸ ｦ apple03 ( apple ｦ0fl 026ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple09fl TROICA, 066ｦ ｸ8-026ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple ｰ ｦ0 ｱ ), 0ｹ ｸ apple076 56ｦ ｹ fl0009fl 006ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ ｦ0 6ｦ apple ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ apple ｹ apple070ｷ apple0ｸ806 08apple07-6 7apple ｦ fl apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909 apple6ｦ apple6 50ｸ apple apple apple ｦ0apple ｦ0040ｹ ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ ｸ76ｦ ｰ036ｦ006016ｦ ｱ ｦ ｦ000090ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30906, 096ｦ000fl030ｸ apple ｦ06 56ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ8, 006ｦ apple ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ apple ｸ ｦ ｦ ｨｬ01apple apple ｹ ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ0040ｹ0000ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ apple0003fl apple6ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ8. ｨｪ6ｦ ｸ8026ｦ apple ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ apple ｦ0 08apple ｦ0, 016ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｷ , apple6ｦ0fl 0ｸ8026ｦ0 0ｸ8 0ｹ06ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ8 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 0502ｨｦ [111]. 02 0ｹ ｦ00ｹ00903, 0ｹ apple 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｷ ｸ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｸ9 apple6ｦ ｸ800 08apple09 07apple0ｸ8, apple6ｦ009000ｸ apple6ｦ009000ｸ ｦ000 6ｦ0apple030ｸ ｦ00209 apple ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ000000ｸ apple fl0306fl 07 0ｸ700apple apple6ｦ fl 08apple09 07apple ｹ apple6ｦ0086ｦ fl 006ｦ0 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ000000ｸ ｹ06ｦ000030ｸ803 apple ｦ ｨ ｦ003apple04 00fl apple ｷ300-

10 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｦ0apple ｸ ｹ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 006ｦ apple appleapple090307apple ｨｺ ｨｦ0ｹ , ｦ apple ｸ apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 fl6 502fl000306fl ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ9-0ｸ ｹ000030ｸ8apple ｦ0. ｨｨapple ｦ0 6ｦ apple ｦ apple apple ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ fl0ｸ apple ｹ000000ｸ ｸ800, ｸ9 6ｦ apple ｦ , apple ｦ0030ｸ8. 05 apple apple ｦ0036ｦ ｦ fl 6 5 apple6ｦ ｦ003, apple0ｸ apple ｷ apple076 56ｦ , apple ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ apple apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8 1. Elansky N.F., Atmospheric Ozone // Russian national report. Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences 1999ｨC XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Sapporo, Japan, June 30ｨCJuly 11, 2003) ｨｺ. 29ｨC Elansky N.F., Arabov A.Ya., Senik I.A. et al. The Study of the Surface Ozone Variations of Different Time Scales at Some Regions of Russia // EUROTRAC-2, TOR-2 Tropospheric Ozone Research, Final Report. ISS, Germany P. 63ｨC ｦ ｨｺ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ ｨC // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ 40. 6ｧ ｨC Arshinov M.Yu., Belan B.D., Sklyadneva T.K. et al. Long-term variability of the ozone over West Siberia // TOR-2 Final Report. Munich, GSF P. 41ｨC ｨ 6 5fl ｷ , ｨ.03., apple ｨ. 09 apple. ｨｨ ｸ800 6ｦ ｦ apple ｦ ｸ90200ｨC6ｦ apple fl03 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ T ｧ ｨC ｨ.02., 00026ｦ , ｨ apple. ｨｦ ｸ ｦ apple apple ｨｮ ｹ apple ｦ0 006ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03 ( ) 6 5 apple6ｦ ｦ0 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ8 1. C. 59ｨC ｸ ｦ06 7applefl apple00 0ｸ apple07-6ｦ ｸ8 096ｦ : ｹ apple , ｦ0apple ｦ0 ｨｪ.02., 00026ｦ , ｨ apple. ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple ｦ ｦ apple ｦ apple0ｸ8 006ｦ ｦ ｸ80309 apple6ｦ ｦ00309 ｨｺ // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ T ｧ8 6. C. 811ｨC ｨｨ00apple ｦ0fl apple6 56ｦ00307apple09fl ｰｨｪｨｺｨｦ ｱ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ06 56ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 006ｦ0 ｨｺ / ｨｨ07 apple ｦ : ｨ 0602 ｨｺ0204, Elansky N.F. Observations of the atmospheric composition over Russia using a mobile laboratory: the TROICA experiments // Intern. Global Atmosp. Chem. Newsletter ｧ8 37. P. 31ｨC Belan B.D., Fofonov A.V., Tolmachev G.N. Seasonal dynamics of the tropospheric ozone vertical distribution over west Siberia // Proc. Quad. Ozone Symposium. Kos, Greece apple apple , ｦ , 056ｦ06 50ｸ apple ｦ0fl 070ｷ ｦ fl0009fl ｦ ｦ0 0407apple apple07030ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ0. ｨｮ. 1. ｨｺ6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ ｦ apple // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ.19. 6ｧ ｨC Elansky N.F., Belikov I.B., Elokhov A.S. et al. The new mobile carriage-laboratory for observations chemical composition of the atmosphere // Ozone. Proc. of the XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1ｨC8 June 2004, Kos, Greece / Ed. Christos S. Zerefos. Athens: University of Athens, ｨｺ. 231ｨC apple , ｦ , 056ｦ06 50ｸ apple ｦ0fl 06036ｦ0000ｷ309fl apple ｦ0 08apple090300apple ｨｪ ｦ0 // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｨｦ ｷ ｦ , ｨｮ09 09apple076 56ｦ , apple apple apple6ｦ0 02fl apple ｦ ｦ ｦ apple00 // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Obvintseva L.A., Belikov I.B., Elansky N.F. et al. Semiconductor ozonemeter for measurements of ozone concentration and fluctuations inatmosphere // Nonequilibrium Processes. Plasma, Aerosols, and Atmospheric Phenomena V. 2. ｨｺ. 328ｨC Tarasova O.A., Elansky N.F., Kuznetsov G.I. et al. Impact of Air Transport on Seasonal Variations and Trends of Surface Ozone at Kislovodsk High Mountain Station // J. Atmos. Chem V 45. ｨｺ. 245ｨC ｨｪ6ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ0 ｨｦ.02., ｷ ｨ., 00026ｦ apple. ｨｦ ｸ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ0 006ｦ ｸ apple ｦ0040ｹ ｦ0000ｷ30909 // ｦ apple ｦ apple fl ｧ ｨC Senik I.A., Elansky N.F., Pankratova N.V. et al. North- Caucasian Surface O 3 Variations at heights of 2070 and 870 m. asl. Ozone. Proc. of the XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 1ｨC8 June 2004, Kos, Greece // Ed. Christos S. Zerefos. Athens: University of Athens, P. 911ｨC Demin V.I., Elansky N.F., Senik I.A. Changes of ozone concentration at the Kislovodsk mountain observatory during the foehns caused by the air crossing of the great Caucasian ridge // Physics of Auroral Phenomena. Proc. XXIX Annual Seminar, Apatity ｨｺ. 289ｨC ｨｰ6ｦ ｦ0 04.ｨｨ., ｨ 6 56ｦ ｦ0 02.ｨｺ., ｷ ｦ0 ｨ ｸ ｦ apple07fl apple090ｹ ｦ000000ｸ ｸ apple ｦ0040ｹ ｦ0000ｷ30909 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 09 6ｦ apple0ｸ T ｧ8 4. C.485ｨC ｨ., ｦ ｨ., 00026ｦ ｨｦ 066 5fl apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ fl 0800apple ｦ00009fl // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｨ., ｦ ｨ., 00026ｦ apple0ｸ800 apple ｦ0030ｸ apple ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 006ｦ apple apple09 apple6ｦ009000ｸ803 04apple fl03 6ｦ00003apple ｦ06 7applefl fl 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 // ｨｴ ｹ ｦ0fl fl ｨｪ ｧ ｨC152. 5*

11 ｦ ｨ., 02.ｨ ｦ , 00026ｦ apple0ｸ800 apple ｦ0030ｸ apple ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 006ｦ apple (1999ｨC ) // apple fl apple fl ｧ ｨC Tarasova O.A., Karpetchko A.Yu. Accounting for local meteorological effects in the ozone time-series of Lovozero (Kola Peninsula) // Atmos. Chem. Phys ｧ8 3. ｨｺ. 941ｨC Tarasova O., Kuznetsov G., Zakharov I. Spectral windowing application to study the surface ozone variability over Europe // J. Geophys. Res D19302, doi: /2004JD Tarasova O.A., Kuznetsov G.I., Nam M.Yu. The Impact of the Transport Patterns Changes on the Surface Ozone Variability in Europe. Proc. XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium. / Ed. Christos S. Zerefos V. 1. P. 173ｨC Tarasova O.A, Elansky N. F., Ivanova A.R. et al. Preliminary results of LOTOS model application for Russia. Proc. SPIE. Tenth Joint International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics/Atmospheric Physics. P. I: Radiation Propagation in the Atmosphere and Ocean / Eds: G.G. Matvienko, G.M. Krekov V ｨｺ. 99ｨC Konovalov I.B., Beekmann M., Vautard R. et al. Composition and evaluation of modeled and GOME mefsurement derived tropospheroc NO 2 columns over Western and Eastern Europe // Atmos. Chem. Phys ｧ8 5. ｨｺ. 169ｨC ｦ , , ｨｨ6ｦ00001apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ ｦ003 6ｦ00003apple ｸ ｸ8 apple ｦ0 076ｦ0 6ｦ0apple apple6ｦ00003 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｧ ｨC ｨ.03., 03apple ｦ00600apple , 00026ｦ , 09 apple. ｨｨapple apple ｦ0fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0006ｦ apple07 6ｦ0 006ｦ ｦ appleapple090307apple ｨｺ apple ｦ0036ｦ003 0ｹ apple TROICA // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Hurst D.F., Romashkin P.A., Elkins J.W. et al. Emissions of ozone-depleting substances in Russia during 2001 // J. Geoph. Res V D14303, doi: /2004JD004633, 2004, P. D14303 (1 of 9) apple , ｦ , 01apple6ｦ ｨｦ apple fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 09 6ｦ00ｹ1apple fl 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple0909 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple09 // apple6ｦ00209fl 09 08apple09apple07 000ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ ｧ ｨC apple ｦ , ｦ , ｨ apple ｦ0fl 070ｷ ｦ fl0009fl ｦ ｦ0 0407apple apple07030ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ0. ｨｮ apple ｦ ｦ0fl 0603apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 08apple // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｨ 6 5fl ｷ , 01apple040ｹ ｷ , ｨｮ00apple ｨ ｹ apple apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ apple6ｦ apple fl apple ｸ fl ｸ ｸ8 03apple ｦ ｸ8 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｨ 6 5fl ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｨ 6 5fl ｷ ｨｦ ｸ apple ｹ apple ｨｮ ｦ0 08apple ｦ apple // apple fl apple fl. 2004a. 6ｧ ｨC ｨ 6 5fl ｷ , 01apple040ｹ ｷ , ｨｮ00apple apple ｸ fl ｦ apple apple00 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｨ 6 5fl ｷ , 01apple040ｹ ｷ ｨｦ ｸ806 01apple : fl (01 0ｸ ｸ ｦ00009fl ｷ30909) // ｨｺ fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00: (02006ｦ ｹ ) / ｨｨ07 apple ｦ0apple ｦ0, ｦ ｦ0. 02.: ｨC ｨｴ0300apple006ｦ0, ｨC ｦ , ｸ apple. ｨｦ ｹ ｦ06 7applefl fl ｦ // ｦ apple apple6ｦ00209fl ｧ ｨC ｸ , 00026ｦ ｦ ｦ0 096ｦ0-6 7applefl fl 08apple ｦ0 08apple09 08apple apple ｦ0 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Lokoshchenko M.A., Elansky N.F., Belikov I.B. et al. Some features of air pollution in Moscow Megapolis // Proceed. of the ICUC-6, Geteborg, Sweden ｨｺ. 104ｨC apple , ｦ , 056ｦ06 50ｸ , 09 apple ｦ0fl 070ｷ ｦ fl0009fl ｦ ｦ0 0407apple apple07030ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ0. ｨｮ ｦ0026ｦ apple apple ｦ0 // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Tarasova O.A., Brenninkmeijer C. A. M., Assonov S.S. et al. Atmospheric CH 4 along the Trans-Siberian Railroad (TROICA) and River Ob: Source Identification using Stable Isotope Analysis // J. Atmos. Envir V. 40. P. 5617ｨC ｨｰ6ｦ0026ｦ003fl , ｨｺ07036ｦ ｦ0 01.ｨ., ｨｨapple096 56ｦ ｨ. 05apple6ｦ ｸ806 6ｦ0006ｦ apple09 07apple fl 006ｦ ｸ apple ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 // ｨｪapple04 0ｸ8 04ｨ 09 05ｨ 02 ( ｦ ｨｦ) B0ｸ (553). C. 187ｨC ｨｨapple096 56ｦ ｨ., ｨｰ6ｦ0026ｦ003fl , ｦ ｦ apple. ｨｬ020003apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ apple apple. ｨ apple000009fl apple6ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ0 ｨｬ06 apple6ｦ0-096ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ1apple fl // ｨｪapple04 0ｸ8 04ｨ 09 05ｨ 02 ( ｦ ｨｦ) ｸ (555) ｨC Elansky N.F. Atmospheric Ozone // Russian national report. Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences 1999ｨC XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Sapporo, Japan, June 30 ｨC July 11, 2003) ｨｺ. 29ｨC Postylyakov O.V., Belikov I.B., Elansky N.F. et al. Observations of the ozone and nitrogen dioxide profiles in the TROICA-4 experiment // Adv. Space Res V. 37. P. 2231ｨC Gruzdev A.N., Elokhov A.S. Ground-based spectrometric measurements of vertical distribution and column abundance of NO 2 at Zvenigorod, Russia // Proc. SPIE V. 5832, doi: / ｨｺ. 292ｨC Sitnov S.A. QBO effects manifesting in ozone, temperature, and wind profiles // Annales Geophys V ｧ8 5. P. 1495ｨC1512.

12 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｨｦ 08apple07fl ｹ ｹ ｦ00307apple09-6ｦ ｦ ｷ ｹ ｸ apple086ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple0909 ｨｺ apple6ｦ00ｷ30909 // ｨ fl ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｦ0 0ｸ86 7apple , 01apple040ｹ ｷ ｸ ｸ applefl 6ｦ ｹ ｦ0-020ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｹ ｦ00309 apple6ｦ // ｨ ｦ00009fl ｨ ｦ ｧ8 4. C. 42ｨC Kadygrov N.E., Kruchenitsky G.M., Marichev V.N. Radiophysics analytical methods applied to earth climatic monitoring system // Optical Engineering July V ｧ8 7. ｨｺ. 1ｨC ｦ0apple ｨ.00., ｨｰ6ｦ0026ｦ003fl , 0102fl ｦ0 00.ｨｨ. 09 apple. ｨｦ 0ｸ apple086ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple ｨｺ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ apple000009fl03 006ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｷ30906 // apple fl apple fl ｧ ｨC apple0ｸ ｨ., 07026ｦ , 056ｦ apple. ｨｦ0ｷ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ ｦ003090ｹ ｹ ｦ apple ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ apple ｹ apple07036ｦ apple ｦ0apple09fl // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC apple0ｸ ｨ., 07026ｦ , 056ｦ apple. 056ｦ fl ｸ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 006ｦ apple000ｸ ｦ0apple // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC apple6ｦ0036ｦ0apple076 56ｦ , ｷ ｨ. ｨ ｦ fl apple ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0 09 ｨｬ ｹ ｸ ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ apple ｹ ｦ // ｦ apple ｦ apple fl ｧ ｨC apple ｸ803 6ｦ apple000ｸ apple ｦ ｸ ｨ // 05ｨｨ.: 0709 apple ｦ003, Nerushev A.F., Tereb N.V. The Impact of Tropical Cyclones on the Earth ｯs Ozone Layer. Proc. of the Quadrennial Ozone Symp., Greece, Kos ｨｺ ｦ0apple090ｹ , 076ｦ ｦ0 ｨ.00., 01apple040ｹ ｷ fl ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ0 0207apple0309apple076 56ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8 006ｦ0 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple000ｸ9 // apple fl apple fl ｧ ｨC Visheratin K.N. Spatial Characteristics of Total Ozone Annual Oscillation in the Tropics. Proc. of the Quadrennial Ozone Symp., Greece, Kos. 2004a. ｨｺ. 458ｨC Nerushev A.F., Tereb N.V., Kozina T.V. The Effect of Atmospheric Action Centers on the Earth ｯs Ozone Layer. Proc. of the Quadrennial Ozone Symp., Greece, Kos ｨｺ. 778ｨC Visheratin K.N., Semenov V.K. Spectral Structure of Total Ozone Variations over Issyk Kul. Proc. of the Quadrennial Ozone Symp., Greece, Kos ｨｺ. 460ｨC ｦ ｨ., ｨｨ00apple ｨｨ ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 09 08apple ｦ apple ｸ803 03apple ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 // apple fl apple fl ｧ ｨC Gruzdev A.N., Elokhov A.S., Brasseur G.P. Trends in stratospheric column NO 2 at Zvenigorod, Russia. Proc. XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, 1ｨC8 June Kos, Greece ｨｺ. 963ｨC Gruzdev A.N., Elokhov A.S. Spectrometric measurements of NO 2 in the near-surface layer at Zvenigorod, Russia Proc. XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, 1ｨC8 June 2004, Kos, Greece ｨｺ. 965ｨC apple ｨｰ09apple ｦ0fl 0603apple apple6ｦ0 03apple ｹ ｦ ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple086ｦ NO 2 // ｨｪ ｧ ｨC apple , 03apple6ｦ00606fiapple 07.ｨｨ ｷ ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ0 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｦ0 07 0ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｨ , ｦ0apple ｨｺ apple04010ｷ309fl ｦ0 07 0ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 006ｦ apple0703apple ｹ ｦ000000ｸ803 // ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Zuev V.V. Reconstruction and prediction of long-period variations of ozonosphere using ozonometric and dendrochronological data // Inter. J. Rem. Sensing. August V ｧ8 16. P. 3631ｨC Rex M., Salawitch R., Deckelmann H. et. al. Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change // Geophys. Res Lett V. 33. L23808, doi: /2006GL Streibel M., Rex M., von der Gathen et al. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match // Atmos. 05hem. ｨｺhys ｧ8 6. P. 2783ｨC Sugita T., Nakajima H. et all. Ozone profiles in the high-latitude stratosphere and lower mesosphere measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS)-II: Comparison with other satellite sensors and ozonesondes // J. Geophys. Res V ｧ8 D11, D11S02, /2005JD00643, 74. Von Hobe M., Ulanovsky A., Volk C. M. et al. Severe ozone depletion in the cold Arctic winter 2004ｨC05 // GRL. V. 33. L doi: /2006GL026945, ｨ , ｨ , 0304apple026ｦ apple ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ1apple fl ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0apple ｦ0000ｷ30909 // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ T ｧ ｨC ｨ , ｨ., 036ｦ ｨｦ ｦ fl 09 03apple0000 0ｸ8 0603apple6ｦ apple ｦ0 006ｦ0 ｨｪ ｦ0 0800apple ｨC // ｨｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ T ｧ ｨC Esepkina N.A., Kruglov S.K., Leonov V.N. et al. Performance of the microwave radiometer with acousto-optical spectrum analyzer for ozone measurements //Proc. SPIE V P. 236ｨC , 01apple ｦ0 00.ｨｨ., ｨｺ07096ｦ ｨ ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple00 006ｦ apple076 50ｸ ｦ003 // ｨ ｨｺ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ ｧ8 8ｨC ｨC770.

13 ｦ , 01apple ｦ0 00.ｨｨ., ｨｺ07096ｦ , 09 apple. ｨ ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ0 006ｦ // 01apple6ｦ ｸ fl ｧ ｨC apple ｦ0 00.ｨｨ., , ｨｺ0ｸ apple. ｨ ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ0 006ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple076 50ｸ ｦ003 // ｨ ｨｺ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ ｧ8 10ｨC ｨC Rozanov S.B., Solomonov S.V., Kropotkina E.P. et al. Ground-based remote sensing of the atmospheric ozone over Moscow at millimeter waves // Proc. SPIE V Z-1ｨC63621Z , 01apple ｦ0 00.ｨｨ., ｨｺ07096ｦ apple fl apple ｦ ｦ0 000ｸ803 6ｦ apple000ｸ803 08apple070ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple ｦ0 006ｦ // 01apple6ｦ ｸ fl ｧ8 7. C. 14ｨC , , ｨ ｦ ｨｺ ｦ apple ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ00608apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｹ apple0ｸ apple ｦ0036ｦ apple ｸ apple apple6ｦ00608apple ｦ apple ｦ0 // ｨ ｨｺ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC apple6ｦ , , ｨｺ0ｸ apple apple ｸ800 08apple fl 096ｦ ｦ0020ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ8 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Kulikov Yu.Yu., Ryskin V.G., Krasil ｯnikov A.A. Microwave Sounding Measurements of the Ozone Layer in the Polar and Midlatitude Stratosphere in the Winter Seasons of 1998ｨC2001 // Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics V. 39. Suppl. 1. P. S56ｨCS Mukhin D.N., Feigin A.M., Molkov Y.I. et al. Bayesian approach to retrieval of vertical ozone profile from radiometry data // Adv. Space Res V ｧ P. 2292ｨC , ｨｺ0ｸ , 01apple6ｦ , apple ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｸ apple ｨC ｨ // ｨｺ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC , 01apple6ｦ , apple. ｨｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0086ｦ apple00 ｨｺ apple ｨC / // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Postylyakov O.V. Linearized vector radiative transfer model MCC ++ for spherical atmosphere // J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer V ｧ8 1ｨC3. ｨｺ. 297ｨC317. doi: /j.jqsrt apple , ｨ 066ｦ , ｨｰ040104apple076 56ｦ apple ｸ ｦ00009fl apple ｦ00ｹ1apple fl ｦ ｦ apple ｦ apple0ｸ apple ｸ apple02fl000ｸ ｦ0apple ｨｨ ｸ90200ｨC fl apple // ｨｪ ｧ ｨC apple , apple ｦ flfl 0ｷ ｹ ｦ apple00 006ｦ apple apple ｦ000000ｸ // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC apple , apple ｦ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｦ0 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple ｦ000000ｸ apple076 56ｦ00009fl // ｨ fl ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Lukyanov A., Nakane H., Yushkov V. Lagrangian Estimation of Ozone Loss in the core and Edge Region of the Arctic Polar Vortex 1995/1996: Model Results and Observations // J. Atmos. Chem V 44. P.191ｨC ｨｬ026ｦ A.ｨｴ., fl , apple. ｨｦ0ｷ ｦ ｹ apple ｦ ｦ000036ｦ0apple ｹ apple6ｦ apple apple ｦ ｦ000000ｸ803 08applefl030ｸ apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ0060ｹ // ｨ fl ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ T ｧ8 6. C. 695ｨC ｦ , 046ｦ0016ｦ , apple. ｨｦ0ｷ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ009apple fl ｦ ｸ apple086ｦ ｦ0apple ｹ flapple ｷ / ｦ0 // apple fl apple fl ｧ8 10. C. 56ｨC Konovalov I.B., Beekmann M., Richter A. et al. Inverse modelling of the spatial distribution of NO x emissions on a continental scale using satellite data // Atmos. Chem. Phys ｧ8 6. ｨｺ. 1747ｨC Weissflog L., Kruger G., Elansky N. et al The phytotoxic effect of C1/C2-halocarbons and trichloroacetic acid on the steppe plant Artemisia lerchiana // J. Chemosph ｧ8 65. P. 975ｨC ｦ ｦ ｦ002030ｸ801090ｸ ｦ0036ｦ0? // 046ｦ004016ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｧ ｨC apple076 56ｦ0 ｨｪ.02., ｨｺ07096ｦ , ｨ , 016ｦ0- apple ｨ fl ｦ00009fl 03apple ｦ0 (0200ｨ ｨｦ04) // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｸ80402fl ｨｨ., 076ｦ ｨｹ., ｦ ｹ apple086ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ apple apple07-036ｦ003 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC ｸ80402fl ｨｨ., 076ｦ ｨｹ., ｨ ｨｨ.02., applefl6 50ｷ ｨｨ ｦ ｹ apple086ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ000000ｸ ｹ ｦ ｸ fl apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ30909 // apple fl apple fl ｧ ｨC ｸ80402fl ｨｨ., 076ｦ ｨｹ., ｨ ｨｨ apple. ｨｨapple ｹ ｷ fl apple086ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ apple I ｦ0 // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Andersen S.B., Austin J., Isaksen I. et al. Comparison of recent modeled and observed trends in total column ozone // J. Geophys. Res V ｧ8 D1, /2002JD Kulikov M.Yu. Theoretical investigation of the influence of a quasi 2-day wave on nonlinear photochemical oscillations in the mesopause region // J. Geophys. Res V ｧ8 D2, D /2005JD , ｨｺ006ｦ0010ｷ ｸ ｸ apple ｹ ｹ apple ｦ apple

14 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ // ｨ ｨｺ ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0006ｦ T ｧ ｨC Kulikov M.Yu., Feigin A.M. Reactive-diffusion waves in the mesospheric photochemical system // Adv. Space Res V ｧ8 11. ｨｺ. 1992ｨC , 076ｦ apple09 02.ｨｨ fl apple ｦ ｦ ｷ ｦ ｦ003090ｹ ｦ apple apple0ｸ8 // ｨ ｨｺ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ ｧ ｨC Krivolutsky A.A. History of cosmic ray influence on ozone layer ｨC key steps // Adv. Space Res V ｧ8 9. P. 2127ｨC Krivolutsky A.A., Kuminov A.A., Vyushkova T.Yu. Change in the Earth ｯs ozonosphere due to ionization of high-latitude atmosphere by solar protons in October, 2003 // Cosmic Res V ｧ8 6. ｨｺ. 626ｨC Krivolutsky A.A., Klyuchnikova A.A., Zakharov G.R. et al. Dynamical response of the middle atmosphere to solar proton event of July 2000: Three-dimensional model simulations // Adv. Space Res V ｧ8 8. ｨｺ. 1602ｨC ｦ apple ｦ apple0ｸ8: ｦ0 ｨｺ // 046ｦ004016ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｧ ｨC26. Russian Studies of the Atmospheric Ozone in 2003ｨC2006 N. F. Elansky A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, Russia [email protected] Received March 12, 2008; in final form, May 27, 2008 Abstract ｪThis review contains the most important results obtained in the studies of atmospheric ozone in 2003ｨC2006. It is part of the Russian national report on meteorology and atmospheric sciences that was prepared for the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS). This report was considered and approved at the XXIV General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).