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1 3

2 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) IP IP CIDR / dest net /24 default next hop hop /5/29 2

3 IP link layer Ethernet LAN this network cf. IP hostall /5/29 3

4 DHCP DHCP IP DHCP Mac IP netmask, default router etc. 2002/5/29 4

5 DHCPDHCP client DHCP server startup DHCPDISCOVER (broadcast) DHCPOFFER (unicast) DHCPREQUEST (broadcast) DHCPACK (unicast) (lease expire request/ack shutdown DHCPRELEASE (unicast) 2002/5/29 5

6 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) DNS (Domain Name System) 2002/5/29 6

7 application transport network data link network physical data link network physical data link physical network data link physical network data link physical logical end-end transport network data link physical enhance application transport network data link physical 2002/5/29 7

8 application transport network data link network (TCP) physical data link network data link physical physical network data link physical network data link ( best-effort ), physical network data link (UDP) physical application (RTP) transport network data link physical logical end-end transport 2002/5/29 8

9 Multiplexing/demultiplexing Demultiplexing: segment header segment application-layer data Ht M Hn segment P1 M application transport network P3 receiver M M application transport network P4 M P2 application transport network 2002/5/29 9

10 Multiplexing/demultiplexing Multiplexing: 32 bits demultiplexing source port # dest port # multiplexing/demultiplexing: src, dest IP src, dest other header fields application data (message) well-known port TCP/UDP 2002/5/29 10

11 Well-Known Ports purple: [263] % cat /etc/services # # Network services, Internet style # 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/9/93 # BSDI services,v /04/17 20:55:18 jch Exp # tcpmux 1/tcp # TCP port multiplexer (RFC1078) echo 7/tcp echo 7/udp discard 9/tcp sink null discard 9/udp sink null systat 11/tcp users systat 11/udp users daytime 13/tcp daytime 13/udp netstat 15/tcp qotd 17/tcp quote qotd 17/udp quote chargen 19/tcp ttytst source chargen 19/udp ttytst source ftp 21/tcp ssh 22/tcp # Secure shell 2002/5/29 11

12 Multiplexing/demultiplexing: host A source port: x dest. port: 23 server B Web client host C source port:23 dest. port: x telnet Source IP: C Dest IP: B source port: y dest. port: 80 Source IP: C Dest IP: B source port: x dest. port: 80 Web client host A Source IP: A Dest IP: B source port: x dest. port: 80 Web server B Web server 2002/5/29 12

13 UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768] UDP best effort UDP UDP UDP 2002/5/29 13

14 UDP: 32 bits source port # dest port # length checksum UDP DNS SNMP Application UDP data (message) NFS UDP 2002/5/29 14

15 UDP checksum 0 10 checksum NO 1 YES UDP checksum 2002/5/29 15

16 Reliable Transport unreliableip reliable reliable Link 2002/5/29 16

17 TCP: Overview RFCs: 793, 1122, 1323, 2018, 2581 socket door point-to-point: reliable MSS: maximum segment size connection-oriented: TCP window size send & receive buffers application writes data TCP send buffer segment application reads data TCP receive buffer 2002/5/29 17 socket door handshaking

18 Pipelined protocols ack RTT (round trip time) throughput 2002/5/29 18

19 TCP segment structure URG: urgent data (generally not used) ACK: ACK # valid PSH: push data now (generally not used) RST, SYN, FIN: connection estab (setup, teardown commands) Internet checksum (as in UDP) 32 bits source port # dest port # head len sequence number acknowledgement number not used UAP R S F checksum rcvr window size ptr urgent data Options (variable length) application data (variable length) counting by bytes of data (not segments!) # bytes rcvr willing to accept 2002/5/29 19

20 TCP ACK Host A User types C ACK: cumulative ACK ACK host ACKs receipt Q: of echoed C A: RFC Seq=43, ACK=80 Host B Seq=42, ACK=79, data = C Seq=79, ACK=43, data = C simple telnet scenario host ACKs receipt of C, echoes back C time 2002/5/29 20

21 TCP: reliable data transfer event: (simplified) wait for event event: y event: ACK y ACK 2002/5/29 21

22 TCP: reliable data transfer Simplified TCP sender 00 sendbase = initial_sequence number 01 nextseqnum = initial_sequence number loop (forever) { 04 switch(event) 05 event: data received from application above 06 create TCP segment with sequence number nextseqnum 07 start timer for segment nextseqnum 08 pass segment to IP 09 nextseqnum = nextseqnum + length(data) 10 event: timer timeout for segment with sequence number y 11 retransmit segment with sequence number y 12 compue new timeout interval for segment y 13 restart timer for sequence number y 14 event: ACK received, with ACK field value of y 15 if (y > sendbase) { /* cumulative ACK of all data up to y */ 16 cancel all timers for segments with sequence numbers < y 17 sendbase = y 18 } 19 else { /* a duplicate ACK for already ACKed segment */ 20 increment number of duplicate ACKs received for y 21 if (number of duplicate ACKS received for y == 3) { 22 /* TCP fast retransmit */ 23 resend segment with sequence number y 24 restart timer for segment y 25 } 26 } /* end of loop forever */ 2002/5/29 22

23 TCP ACK [RFC 1122, RFC 2581] Event TCP Receiver action delayed ACK. 500ms ACK ACK cumulative ACK delayed ACK duplicate ACK ACK 2002/5/29 23

24 TCP: Host A Host B Host A Host B Seq=92, 8 bytes data Seq=92, 8 bytes data Seq=100, 20 bytes data ACK=100 ACK=120 ACK=100 X timeout Seq=100 timeout Seq=92 timeout loss Seq=92, 8 bytes data Seq=92, 8 bytes data ACK=120 ACK=100 time lost ACK scenario time premature timeout, cumulative ACKs 2002/5/29 24

25 TCP RcvBuffer = size of TCP Receive Buffer RcvWindow RcvWindow = amount of spare room in Buffer ACK RcvWindow receiver buffering 2002/5/29 25

26 RTT Q: Q: RTT SampleRTT: RTT ACK RTT cumulatively ACK SampleRTT premature timeout SampleRTT 2002/5/29 26

27 RTT EstimatedRTT = (1-x)*EstimatedRTT + x*samplertt x = 0.1 EstimtedRTT EstimatedRTT Timeout = EstimatedRTT + 4*Deviation Deviation = (1-x)*Deviation + x* SampleRTT-EstimatedRTT 2002/5/29 27

28 TCP Three way handshake: Control segment RcvWindow Step 1: TCP SYN Step 2: SYNACK Socket clientsocket = new Socket("hostname","port number"); Socket connectionsocket = welcomesocket.accept(); ACK Step 3: 2002/5/29 28

29 TCP client server client closes socket: clientsocket.close(); close FIN Step 1: TCP FIN Step 2: ACK FIN timed wait closed ACK FIN ACK close 2002/5/29 29

30 TCP Step 3: client ACK timed wait Step 4: FIN closing timed wait closed FIN ACK FIN ACK server closing closed 2002/5/29 30

31 TCP 2002/5/29 31

32 active OPEN CLOSED < create TCB ^ snd SYN passive OPEN CLOSE create TCB delete TCB V CLOSE LISTEN delete TCB rcv SYN SEND V snd SYN,ACK / snd SYN < > SYN rcv SYN SYN RCVD < SENT snd ACK rcv ACK of SYN / rcv SYN,ACK x snd ACK V V CLOSE ESTAB snd FIN CLOSE rcv FIN V snd FIN / snd ACK FIN < > CLOSE WAIT WAIT rcv FIN rcv ACK of FIN CLOSE snd ACK V x V snd FIN V FINWAIT-2 CLOSING LAST-ACK rcv ACK of FIN rcv ACK of FIN rcv FIN Timeout=2MSL x V x V snd ACK delete TCB > TIME WAIT > CLOSED TCP Connection State Diagram 2002/5/29 32

33 (congestion) 3 (?) 2002/5/29 33

34 Mbps Mbps 80Mbps Mbps 80Mbps Mbps Mbps 2002/5/29 34

35 Mbps Mbps 50Mbps Mbps 50Mbps Mbps Mbps 2002/5/29 35

36 ... packet-loss sensitive TCPRTT throughput RTT-sensitive IP 2002/5/29 36

37 End-end : end system single bit indicating (original) TCP end system congestion (SNA, DECbit, TCP/IP ECN, ATM) TCP (ECN) 2002/5/29 37

38 TCP end-end control congestion window size Congwin Congwin MSS w 1 RTT throughput = w * MSS RTT Bytes/sec 2002/5/29 38

39 TCP slow start Congwin congestion avoidance Congwin threshold Congwin slow start congestion avoidance Congwin Congwin 2002/5/29 39

40 TCP Slowstart Slowstart algorithm initialize: Congwin = 1 for (each segment ACKed) Congwin++ until (loss event OR CongWin > threshold) RTT Host A Host B one segment two segments four segments CongWin RTT timeout (Tahoe TCP) and/or or three duplicate ACKs (Reno TCP) time 2002/5/29 40

41 TCP Congestion Avoidance Congestion avoidance /* slowstart is over */ /* Congwin > threshold */ Until (loss event) { every w segments ACKed: Congwin++ } threshold = Congwin/2 Congwin = 1 1 perform slowstart 1: TCP Reno skips slowstart (fast recovery) after three duplicate ACKs 2002/5/29 41

42 AIMD TCP Fairness TCP congestion avoidance: AIMD: additive increase, multiplicative decrease RTT window1 Fairness TCP connection 1 window N TCP 1/N TCP connection 2 bottleneck router capacity R 2002/5/29 42

43 Why is TCP fair? 2 throughput additive increase 1 throughput throughput R equal bandwidth share Conne ction 2 thro ughput Connection 1 throughput loss: decrease window by factor of 2 congestion avoidance: additive increase loss: decrease window by factor of 2 congestion avoidance: additive increase R 2002/5/29 43

44 TCP Q: WWW HTML R TCP W: congestion window S: MSS (bits) O: (bits) WS/R > RTT + S/R window ACK WS/R < RTT + S/R window ACK 2002/5/29 44

45 TCP latency Modeling K:= O/WS Case 1: latency = 2RTT + O/R Case 2: latency = 2RTT + O/R + (K-1)[S/R + RTT - WS/R] 2002/5/29 45

46 Slow Start Example: O/S = 15 segments K = 4 windows Q = 2 P = min{k-1,q} = 2 initiate TCP connection request object RTT first window = S/R second window = 2S/R third window = 4S/R Server stalls P=2 times. fourth window = 8S/R object delivered time at client time at server complete transmission 2002/5/29 46

47 DNS: Domain Name System IP 32 purple.ms.u-tokyo.ac.jp Domain Name System: Q: IP (resolve) 2002/5/29 47

48 URL $ ssh as301.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp 2002/5/29 48

49 RFC1035 DOMAIN NAMES IMPLEMENTATION AND SPECIFICATION as amended by RFC1123 Requirements for Internet Hosts Application and Support, Section /5/29 49

50 TLD: Top Level Domain gtld: generic TLD.com,.org,.net.int,.edu,.mil,.gov cctld: country code TLD.us,.jp, etc..uk (.gb ) New TLDs.biz,.info.aero,.coop,.museum,.name,.pro 2002/5/29 50

51 .jp AC, AD, CO, ED, GO, GR, NE, OR tokyo.jp, chiba.jp etc. JP < >.JP ( ) 2002/5/29 51

52 ICANN etc. ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Registry.org,.net,.com: VeriSign, Inc. Registrar JP ICANN accredited registrars JPNIC /5/29 52

53 idn: Internationalized Domain Name (Multilingual Domain Name) Multilingual Internet Names Consortium IETF idn WG implementation IE.jp DNS RealNames (2002.5/e) 2002/5/29 53

54 DNS : single point of failure... authoritative : IP 2002/5/29 54

55 DNS: (root) local name server host authoritative name server A M M 2002/5/29 55

56 root name server host surf.eurecom.fr 2 gaia.cs.umass.edu 5 IP 1. local DNS server, dns.eurecom.fr 2. dns.eurecom.fr root name server 1 local name server dns.eurecom.fr 3. root name server authoritative name server dns.umass.edu 6 requesting host surf.eurecom.fr 3 4 authorititive name server dns.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 2002/5/29 56

57 DNS root name server 2 authoratiative name server local name server dns.eurecom.fr 7 3 authoritative name server 1 8 requesting host surf.eurecom.fr 6 intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 4 5 authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 2002/5/29 57

58 DNS: 2 root name server recursive query: root server iterated query: 2 local name server dns.eurecom.fr 1 8 I don t know this name, but ask this requesting host surf.eurecom.fr server iterated query intermediate name server dns.umass.edu 5 6 authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 2002/5/29 58

59 DNS: (expire) authoritative 2002/5/29 59

60 DNS resource records (RR) Type=A Type=NS RR format: (name, value, type,ttl) name value IP name Type=CNAME name value (cannonical name) value Type=MX authoritative name value serverip 2002/5/29 60

61 DNS DNS : query reply identification: 16 query reply flags: query/reply recursion desired recursion available reply is authoritative 2002/5/29 61

62 RFC TCP RFC793, Transmission Control Protocol, RFC1122, Requirements for Internet Hosts --- Communication Layers, RFC1323, TCP Extensions for High Performance, RFC2018, TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options, RFC2581, TCP Congestion Control, UDP RFC768, User Datagram Protocol, DNS RFC1034, Domain Names --- Concepts and Facilities, RFC1035, Domain Names --- Implementation and Specification, /5/29 62

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