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1 DNS & Mail ( ) InternetWeek 98 ( ) 1998 Motonori Nakamura, Japan Network Information Center 1
2 DNS(Domain Name System) DNS MTA DNS SPAM DNS Wildcard MX CNAME (Canonical NAME) RR CIDR DNS 3. NULL PPP Firewall 4. SPAM 5. Q&A(SMTP) 2
3 1. ν ν ν MUA (M ail User Agent) M TA (M ail Transfer Agent) DNS (Domain Name System) MUA SM TP M TA DNS SM TP M TA MUA M B POP/IMAP/... mailbox MUA MUA MTA MTA DNS mailbox MUA POP IMAP MUA (Mail User Agent) / UNIX ucbmail, RMAIL, mush, MH (mh-e), mew,... Windows OutLook, Netscape Mail, Eudora,... MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) Store and Forward 3
4 MTA 3 Store and Forward MTA Programs sendmail qmail SMAIL (GNU) MMDF (Multi-channel Memo Distribution, CSNET) exim VMail LSMTP PP (X.400) MTA sendmail qmail SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol RFC821(S) TCP 25 MTA SMTP DNS SMTP SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol RFC821 (S) RFC (S) TCP 25 telnet 25 SMTP MTA SMTP 4
5 SMTP SMTP 220 r.domain SMTP Server ready ( ( ) HELO s.domain ( ) 250 r.domain Hello s.domain MAIL FROM:<sender@s.domain> ( ) 250 sender ok RCPT TO:<recipient@r.domain> ( ) 250 recipient ok DATA 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself. ( ) 250 Message accepted for delivery QUIT 221 r.domain closing connection HELO ok ok DATA QUIT SMTP SMTP MTA MUA MTA 5
6 IP host /etc/hosts NIS (YP) DNS (Domain Name System) web ftp host SMTP IP /etc/hosts NIS DNS IP DNS (Domain Name System) IP IP DNS IP MX IP 1 6
7 MTA : ( ): MTA : 7
8 motonori@wide.ad.jp %-Hack Route Address UUCP %-Hack ν RFC1123(S) user % sender relay host relay host 1 user % host % relay1 sender relay1 @ %-Hack SPAM 8
9 %-Hack RFC Route Address RFC822 Route Address ν RFC822(S) Route Address ν host sender relay host relay host host MTA sender relay1 relay2 host UUCP UUCP addressing! ν host! user ν relay! host! user UUCP addressing ν host! domain host! domain (Internet )» sender domain host host! domain» sender host domain (UUCP ) Full Name <user@domain> user@domain (Full Name) user(user Name)@domain(Company Name) ( ) RFC822 9
10 Fully Qualified Domain Name / Fully Qualified Mail Address user@mailhost.wide.ad.jp user@mailhost Not Qualified Mail Address user Generic Address user@wide.ad.jp "Fully Qualified Domain Name" / user@mailhost wide.ad.jp jp FQDN ftp web Fully Qualified Mail Fully Qualify Generic Address 10
11 ν (header) (body) SMTP RFC822(S): Standard for the format of arpa internet text messages ν 2 From: announce@nic.ad.jp To: motonori@wide.ad.jp Subject: InternetWeek 98 ( ) InternetWeek 98 MUA (Sender) 1 (Recipient) 1 1 From 1 (envelope) / / RFC821(S): Simple Mail Transfer Protocol UUCP rmail SMTP 11
12 2 MTA (header) / / / : : SMTP "Mail From" "Recieved To" MUA MTA MUA 12
13 MUA MUA MTA MTA SMTP ( ) Errors-To: ( ) From:, Reply-To:, (To:, Cc:) 2 Mailer Daemon Postmaster MTA Errors-To SMTP Errors-To SMTP From Reply-To Cc 13
14 MUA : UNIX POP IMAP UNIX POP IMAP 1) ( ) 2) ( ) 3 1 3) ( ) MTA DNS 3 DNS DNS 2 DNS 3 DNS MTA MB DNS Internet SMTP DNS UUCP (JUNET ) ( ) mailconf sendmail.cf 14
15 MTA DNS UUCP JUNET mailconf sendmail.cf DNS DNS A (Address) RR (Resource Record) IP MX (Mail exchanger) RR CNAME (Canonical NAME) RR DNS 3 A A Address ARR RR Resource Record ARR A MX CNAME DNS A Address nslookup A (1) nslookup % nslookup sh.wide.ad.jp. Server: localhost Address: DNS Name: sh.wide.ad.jp IP Address:
16 IP mail.x.co.jp IN A IN A ( ) DNS (?) DNS IP IP % nslookup jp-gate.wide.ad.jp Server: localhost nslookup Address: IP 1 Name: jp-gate.wide.ad.jp. IP Addresses: , , , IP nslookup A (2) Generic : MX (Mail exchanger) RR user@x.co.jp MX A IP x.co.jp x Generic MX 16
17 wide.ad.jp Generic -q=mx % nslookup -q=mx wide.ad.jp. nslookup mail Server: localhost exchanger=sh.wide.ad.jp Address: wide.ad.jp preference = 10, mail exchanger = sh.wide.ad.jp MX mail exchanger : (additional information) sh.wide.ad.jp internet address = MX ν MX A MX IP 2 Generic MX IP 2 IP MX IP MX A nslookup MX MX 17
18 (MX ) ν x.co.jp preference=10 10,, mx=mail1.x.co.jp preference=50 50,, mx=mail2.x.co.jp ν ( ) ν mail2 mail1 mail1 mail2 sender mail1 2 sender mail1 mail2 mail1 mail2 1 2 mail1 mail2 DNS MX preference MX 2 mail1 mail2 preference preference (MX ) sender MX mail1 mail1 sender mail2 mail2 mail1 mail1 mail2 store and forward 1 mail2 5 1 MTA mail1 sender mail2 mail1 18
19 Lower MX ( ) MX RR sendmail -bt $=w qmail IP IP MX RR RR Lower MX mail2 mail1 mail2 mail2 mail1 MX 2 mail1 2 mail2 mail2 SMTP MX first MX MX lower MX MX MTA sendmail sendmail.cf qmail IP IP MX IP qmail 2 2 MX 3 2 MX MTA MTA preference MX 19
20 x.co.jp preference=10, mx=mail1.x.co.jp. preference=10, mx=mail2.x.co.jp. : preference MX ( ) = 1 Sendmail (CF) ACCEPT_ADDRS qmail /var/qmail/control/locals sendmail (CF) ACCEPT_ADDER qmail locals MX 20
21 ( ) DNS 2 DNS MX RR MX MTA DNS 3 MTA DNS DNS DNS /etc/resolv.conf UNIX DNS DNS resolv.conf 1 Solaris /etc/hosts NIS 21
22 /etc/resolv.conf nameserver (localhost ) nameserver nameserver (MAXNS in resolv.h): (75s) domain sub.x.co.jp search sub1.x.co.jp sub2.x.co.jp x.co.jp resolv.conf nameserver IP FQDN domain search host1 host1.x.co.jp Solaris /etc/nsswitch.conf DEC /etc/svc.conf hosts: files dns ServiceSwitchFile (sendmail.cf) : /etc/service.switch hosts dns files nis Solaris /etc/nsswitch.conf "hosts: files dns" sendmail resolver bind 8 DEC /etc/svc.conf sendmail /etc/service.switch "hosts dns files nis" DNS files /etc/hosts DNS MX 22
23 MX MTA sendmail.mx libresolv.a MX sendmail.cf MX_SENDMAIL=yes (CF) ( Wildcard MX ) MX MTA sendmail Sun 2 sendmail.mx OS sendmail sendmail sendmail.cf mailconf CF STATIC_ROUTE_FILE DNS sendmail -bv sendmail -bt /parse MX sendmail -bt /mx sendmail -v sendmail bv -bt /parse MX sendmail -v 23
24 DNS resolv.conf DNS (MX) ( ) DNS resolv.conf DNS 24
25 2. DNS 1 DNS DNS (Domain Name System) Φ IP /etc/hosts DNS Wildcard MX CIDR /etc/hosts ftp DNS Φ ( ) ( ) jp uk com org ac ad co or root ( ) kyoto-u w ide nic janog ad.jp dom ain jp dom ain jp ac kyoto-u wide root jp jp jp ad jp 25
26 : Delegation( ) TOP domain, 2nd(3rd)-level domain: NIC ( ) root root jp ad ac kyoto-u wide DNS Delegation jp ad wide resolver : 1 / 1 26
27 27
28 root zone x.co.jp zone sub1 co.jp zone x sub2 co jp zone wide.ad.jp zone kyoto jp ad wide tokyo delegation ( ) ad.jp zone net NS nic v6 net zone nic.ad.jp zone v6.wide.ad.jp zone root root root JPNIC root jp jp ad co JPNIC NS x.co.jp co 1 x x wide v6 wide v6 v6 wide x.co.jp x wide wide 28
29 ( ) / ( ) (Primary) / (Secondary) Authorized / Unauthorized / 1 1 primary primary ( ) ( ) ( ) : : ( ) bind 8 ( ) 29
30 A B 1 A B 1 30
31 Authorized Server ( ) Unauthorized Server ( ) ( ) ad Unauthorized ns3 ns1 ns2 Authorized Servers wide.ad.jp (resolv.conf) ( ) ns1 ns2 ns3 3 ns1 wide.ad.jp wide.ad.jp ns1 ns2 ad ns1 ns2 Authorized Servers ns3 ns1 ns3 31
32 authoraized unauthoraized unauthoraized : Unauthoritative Answer : ( ) 1 1 DNS URL jp 2 4 root cache 5 ad 1 6 root wide Φ root server root root server (m.root-servers.net) 2 root jp zone Unauthorized Secondary 3 root root zone (root server) 3 jp zone (ns.nic.ad.jp) ad.jp zone (ns.nic.ad.jp) wide.ad.jp zone (ns.wide.ad.jp) 32
33 jp root jp 4 jp ad 5 ad wide wide www root jp ad wide root jp root root m root DNS Servers Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server bind bind Windows NT (?) BIND bind x URL Windoes NT OS UNIX bind 33
34 /etc/named.boot (bind 4) /etc/named.conf (bind 8) named-bootconf.pl named.boot named.conf bind 8 BIND '; ' /etc/named.boot /etc/named.conf bind 8 named-bootconf.pl bind 4 bind 8 bind 8 BIND ; named.boot sample of named.boot (bind 4) ; directory /etc/namedb ; ( ) cache. root.cache ; localhost primary localhost localhost primary in-addr.arpa 127.rev ; primary wide.ad.jp wide primary in-addr.arpa rev ; secondary v6.wide.ad.jp sec/v6 34
35 bind 8 named.conf type hint type hint; }; file "wide"; }; IP sample of named.conf (bind 8) options { zone " in-addr.arpa" { directory "/etc/namedb"; type master; }; file 127.rev"; }; zone "." { zone "wide.ad.jp" { file "root.cache"; type master; zone "localhost" { type master; file "localhost"; localhost in-addr.arpa IP local wide wide IP named.conf }; zone " in-addr.arpa" { type master; file rev"; }; zone "v6.wide.ad.jp" { type slave; file "sec/v6"; masters { ; }; }; root cache ftp://ftp.rs.internic.net/domain/named.root 13 (1997/8) m.root-servers.net Firewall root server Forwarders URL
36 Firewall Firewall Firewall fowarders sample of root.cache ; formerly NS.INTERNIC.NET IN NS A IP sample of root.cache IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET A ; ; formerly NS1.ISI.EDU NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET A : : ; housed in Japan, operated by WIDE NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET A forwarders : socks firewall slave forwarders ( ) slave (options forward-only or later) : forwarders forward forwarders socks firewall socks4 IP bind 4 slave bind 8 options forward-only 36
37 ããããã¹ãŠãã㊠forwarders ã«æå®ããããšããã«èãã«è¡ããšããåäœã«ãªããŸã firewall ã®å Žåã§ããš åãåããã¯ããç¹å®ã®ãµãŒãã«ããè¡ã£ãŠã¯ãããªããšããèšå® ãããããšããããšæããŸãã ãã®ãšãã«ãã® slave ãšããã®ãæå®ããŸã ãããæå®ããªããš ãã forwarders ã§ã¯ãªããŠããŒã ãµãŒãã®æ å ±ãç¥ã£ãŠãããšã㫠㯠ãã¡ãã«èãã«è¡ãããšããŠããŸããŸãã®ã§ ãã®ãžãã泚æããªããšãããŸãã ãã®ãžãã ã©ãããç¶æ³ã®ãšãã« ã©ãããèšå®ãããªããšãããªãããšããã®ã¯ ã ãã¥ã¡ã³ããã¿ãŠé ãããããããšæããŸã ãã£ãã·ã¥ã®æå¹å©çšãšããã®ã¯ ããŒã¿ãç¹å®ã®ãµãŒãã«éããŠç¡é§ãªãã©ãã£ãã¯ã æãã åç·ã现ããšããªã©ã«æå¹ ãšããããšã§ã sample of localhost ; IN sample of 127.rev localhost. SOA ns.wide.ad.jp. postmaster.wide.ad.jp. ( 1 ; Serial number ; Refresh every 2 days 3600 ; Retry every hour ; Expire every 20 days ); Minimum 2 days ; IN ; in-addr.arpa. SOA ns.wide.ad.jp. postmaster.wide.ad.jp. ( 1 ; Serial number ; Refresh every 2 days 3600 ; Retry every hour ; Expire every 20 days ); Minimum 2 days ; IN NS localhost. ; IN A ; IN NS localhost. IN IN IN PTR A PTR loopback-net localhost. ; ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®åå ; ããããã¹ã¯ 21 ããŒã ãµãŒãã®äžã®èšå®ã®è©±ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãã ãã®ãããªããŒã¿ã ããããæžããŠã ãããšã«ãªããŸã localhost ã«é¢ããŠã¯ ããŸãä»ã®ãµãŒããšã®é£æºãšããã®ãçºçã㟠ããã®ã§ ãã®ãããªåœ¢ã«ãªããšããäŸãšããŠèŠãŠããã ãã§ãããšæããŸã 37 22
38 sample of wide wide ) IN NS ns.tokyo $ORIGIN wide.ad.jp. wide.ad.jp named.conf sh IN A IN A www IN CNAME endo IN SOA localhost NS MX A sample of wide (cont.) ; $ORIGIN IN SOA ns.wide.ad.jp. two.wide.ad.jp. ( ; Serial 3600 ; Refresh 900 ; Retry ; Expire 3600 ; Minimum IN NS ns1.v6 IN A ns IN MX 10 sh.wide.ad.jp. IN MX 20 jp-gate.wide.ad.jp. ns IN A ns.tokyo IN A sample of wide (cont d) jp-gate IN A endo IN A IN MX 10 endo IN CNAME localhost. v6 IN NS ns1.v6 IN NS ns2.v6 ns2.v6 IN A sample of IP in-adder.arpa ; Expire IP IP 61 IN PTR ns.wide.ad.jp. IP sample of (cont.) ; $ORIGIN IN SOA ns.wide.ad.jp. two.wide.ad.jp. ( ) IN NS ; Serial 3600 ; Refresh 900 ; Retry 3600 ; Minimum ns.wide.ad.jp. ns.tokyo.wide.ad.jp. IN NS 63 IN PTR ns.tokyo.wide.ad.jp. 188 IN PTR ns2.v6.wide.ad.jp. 38
39 1 key [ttl] IN r-id value1 value2... < > < > ttl ttl (SOA, NS, A, MX,...) (r-id ) IN r-id(resource-id) Φ ttl (Time To Live) - Φ IN (class-id) - Internet Domain Φ r-id (resource-id) Φ value SOA NA A MX value key key $ORIGIN <domain> named.{boot,conf} $INCLUDE <filename> [<domain>] FQDN. key wide IN IN 39
40 SOA (Start Of Authority) RR SOA Start Of Authority > ( ; Refresh (2d) ; Minimum TTL (2d) motonori@wide.ad.jp motonori.wide.ad.jp SOA (Start Of Authority) IN SOA <Pri-NS > < 1 ; Serial 3600 ; Retry ; Expire (20d) ) SOA Serial Sec-NS Refresh ( ) Sec-NS Serial Retry ( ) Refresh Expire ( ) nslookup... *** ns.provider.ad.jp can't find x.co.jp.: Server failed Minimum TTL (time to live) ( ) ( NS ) Serial Serial Refresh Retry Refresh Retry Expire Expire 40
41 1 Serial 20 TTL Minimum TTL 2d IP MX 1 30 Serial Secondary Primary Serial 32. (?) 1.01 = ("." "000" ) ( ):RFC1912(I) (7fffffff) 2 Serial Serial Serial 41
42 Serial Serial 7fffffff 2 1 Serial Serial named SIGHUP # ndc reload bind 8 BIND_NOTIFY Secondary (Serial ) Secondary bind 8 SIGHUP bind 8 BIND_NOTIFY SIGHUP Secondary FORCED_RELOAD SIGHUP named named-xfer # mv mydomain.zone mydomain.zone.bak # ndc restart bind 8 42
43 NS (Name Server) RR NS (Name Server) RR NS A MX CNAME Φ Pri-NS Sec-NS delegation υ Authorized Server NS NS RR υ Unauthorized Server Φ NS A RR glue record ( zone ) $ORIGIN ad.jp. wide IN NS ns.wide.ad.jp. ; ad.jp.zone delegation ns.wide IN A ; glue record NS NS Authorized Server NS Unauthorized Server NS Authorized NS IP IP wide ns.wide.ad.jp. "ns.wide'. ad.jp ORIGIN IP A glue record( ) delegation NS IP A lame ( ) NS lame NS NS lame ( ) NS Φ Authorized Unauthoritative answer Delegation Primary/Secondary NS Φ Authorized NS 43
44 A (Address) RR A RR IP $ORIGIN wide.ad.jp. sh IN A A RFC Φ (A-Z, a-z) Φ (0-9) Φ (-) Φ ( _ ) (_) RFC bind resolver υ υ RFC1035(S), RFC1123(S) (4.9.4 )bind resolver _ (res_hnok) MX MX (Mail exchanger) RR MX MX Φ MX RR MX Φ. Φ MX A ( ) Φ A sh.wide.ad.jp.wide.ad.jp MX (Mail exchanger) RR $ORIGIN IN MX 10 sh.wide.ad.jp. 1st-MX 44
45 MX DNS MX RR Primary MX / Primary Mail Server First MX / First Mail Server Secondary MX / Secondary Mail Server Lower MX ( wide.ad.jp. user@wide.ad.jp MX MX RR CNAME MX RR CNAME Lower MX MX RR * named MX Lower MX MX MX MX 45
46 Wildcard MX *.x.co.jp. IN MX 10 mail.x.co.jp. Firewall ( ) : : ; root Wildcard MX GW nohost.x.co.jp host.nosubdom.x.co.jp MX MX * Firewall MX MX specific ns.x.co.jp. IN A *.x.co.jp. IN MX 10 mail.x.co.jp. ns.x.co.jp. IN MX 10 mail.x.co.jp. ( ) MX specific MX ns.x.co.jp. MX Wildcard MX user@mail.x.co.jp.x.co.jp sendmail.cf ResolverOptions HasWildcardMX MX RR. 46
47 MX Firewall 1 1 MTA sendmail mail.x.co.jp.x.co.jp sendmail MX ResolverOptions HasWildcardMX CNAME (Canonical NAME) RR $ORIGIN archie wide.ad.jp. IN CNAME sun3.tokyo.wide.ad.jp.. CNAME key key CNAME NS, MX CNAME CNAME archie wide IP MX NS CNAME bind 8 CNAME CNAME RR CNAME RR alias1 alias2 RFC1034(S) IN CNAME alias2 IN CNAME real-name (should not) (should) sendmail 10 (MAXCNAMEDEPTH) named 8 (MAXCNAMES) CNAME 47
48 CNAME (RFC1123(S)) ( )sendmail sendmail.cf MX A IETF CNAME DontExpandCnames (8.7 ) sendmail sendmail.cf CNAME RFC sendmail sendmail CNAME CNAME DNS (1) CNAME CNAME : ( ) (2) MX preference preference MX A Additional Information (DNS ) (3) A MX MX (Additional Info. A ) A 2 (MX A) MX : DNS CNAME MX MX A DNS MX additional inmormation MX A MX MX IP 48
49 MX A MX A Secondary MX IP A ( ): / DNS : DNS A MX DNS MX RR A RR MX /etc/resolv.conf domain sub.x.co.jp search sub.x.co.jp x.co.jp co.jp 3 (MAXDFLSRCH) 2 (LOCALDOMAINPARTS) JP domain RFC1535(I) : bind resolver MX resolve.conf FQDN search sub1.x.co.jp sub2.x.co.jp x.co.jp LOCALDOMAIN 6 (MAXDNSRCH) nic.ad.jp nic.ad.jp.sub.x.co.jp nic.ad.jp.x.co.jp 49
50 nic.ad.jp.co.jp RFC1535(I) nic.ad.jp PTR (domain name PoinTeR) RR IP $ORIGIN in-addr.arpa. 73 IN PTR sh.wide.ad.jp. PTR PTR SPAM IP IP : nslookup IP % nslookup -q=ptr in-addr.arpa. (4.8.3 ) nslookup % nslookup
51 netstat -i -r Φ RFC1101(?): DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types Φ netstat -i, -r in-addr.arpa. kuins.kyoto-u.ac.jp in-addr.arpa. IN PTR kuins.kyoto-u.ac.jp. IN A IN PTR in-addr.arpa. IN PTR BASE-ADDRESS.MCAST.NET. HINFO, TXT, WKS HINFO 2! NULL, MB, MG, MR, MINFO (experimental) RFC1035(S) AFSDB, ISDN, RP, RT, X25 PX RFC1183(E) RFC1664(E) localhost/127.in-addr.arpa zone root server $ORIGIN my.domain.jp. localhost IN CNAME localhost localhost.my.domain.jp 51
52 CIDR class less /25 A /26 - B (8 ) CNAME : RFC2317(BCP) Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation NS IP RFC CNAME 1 Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation (cont.) Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation (cont d) Φ Φ $ORIGIN in-addr.arpa. $ORIGIN 0/ in-addr.arpa. ; <<0-127>> /25 0/25 NS IN SOA... IN NS ns.a.domain.jp. 1 IN CNAME 1.0/ in-addr.arpa. 1 IN PTR host1.a.domain.jp. 2 IN CNAME 2.0/ in-addr.arpa. 2 IN PTR host2.a.domain.jp. : : 126 IN CNAME 126.0/ in-addr.arpa. 126 IN PTR host126.a.domain.jp CNAME delegation CIDER Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation (cont d) Φ Φ in-addr.arpa. CNAME 1.0/ in-addr.arpa. PTR host1.a.domain.jp. 52
53 glue? Φ 2 Φ bind4.8.3? A B Φ server A: primary of x.co.jp Φ server B: primary of sub.x.co.jp Φ x.co.jp NS (server C) Φ server C glue server A server B zone transfer (cont.) Φ bad referral NS SOA Φ NS points to a CNAME Φ MX points to a CNAME Φ dangling CNAME pointer CNAME Φ Lame server on 'x.co.jp' Authorized Unauthoritative answer (cont d) Φ Response from unexpected source?? Φ zone "xxx" (class 1) SOA serial# (nn) is < ours (mm) SOA serial! RFC1912(I): Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors 53
54 DNS Dynamic Update Incremental Zone Transfer (IXFR) Security Extention SIG RR, NXT RR bind 8 54
55 Contents λ λ λ λ λ λ NULL PPP Firewall cf (root ) user@mail.x.co.jp user@mail.x.co.jp user@x.co.jp generic ( )UUCP generic generic generic 55
56 generic sendmail (CF ) ACCEPT_ADDRS='x.co.jp' - (!) FROM_ADDRESS='x.co.jp' - - root, daemon, postmaster,... - ACCEPT_ADDRS='sub1.co.jp sub2.x.co.jp' qmail localnames sub1.co.jp sub2.x.co.jp 56
57 NULL Client MS NULL Client NULL Client [] (MS) CF NULL NULL Client λ NULL λ NULL CF_TYPE=R8V7-null SPOOL_HOST=mail.x.co.jp NullClient SPAM CF SPAM λ (lower MX A RR ) [IP ] PPP PPP UNIX IP IP DNS IP ( user@domain ) 57
58 POP (popclient ) PPP DIRECT_DELIVER_DOAINS=none ) ( DEFAULT_RELAY=mail.provider.ne.jp( ) mail.provider.ne.jp NULL Client POP po.provider.ne.jp FROM_ADDRESS=po.provider.ne.jp SMTP_MAILER_FLAG_ADD e FLAG CON_EXP True SMTP CON_EXP=True SMTP_MAILER_FLAG_ADD=e expencive ( ) (mqueue) 30 sendmail -q sendmail -bd 58
59 PPP userdb, usertable check_compat O DialDelay=15s senddmail userdb sertable (SPAM )check_compat sendmail -q IP sendmail DialDelay=15s 1st-MX - 2nd-MX DNS MX (preference ) 1st-MX( ) 2 ( )2nd-MX 1st-MX 1st-MX (2nd-MX ) 59
60 - 1st-MX aliases - ACCEPT_ADDRS= SECONDARY_*= 1st-MX 1st-MX 2nd-MX aliases 1st-MX 1st-MX 2nd-MX aliases ACCEPT_ADDERS wide wide.ad.jp ACCEPT_ADDERS aliases 1st-MX 1st-MX CF SECONDARY 1st-MX aliases - NIS - rdist newaliases - aliases aliases sendmail (R8) aliases OA/etc/aliases, nis: mail.aliases aliases aliases Firewall Wildcard MX $ORIGIN x.co.jp. * IN MX 10 ext-mail.x.co.jp. Wildcard MX GW Firewall DNS 60
61 Wildcard MX proxy DNS root forwarders socks DNS forwarders 61
62 Firewall (1) DNS 1 a. zone split-brain DNS IP a. split-brain DNS zone zone authorization delegation zone delegation zone 62
63 a. Internet (NS) Internet ( ) DNS Firewall( ) DNS a. b. DNS a. DNS DNS DNS DNS a b 1 NS split-brain DNS ( zone ) NS ( ) 14 63
64 Firewall (2) 2 - DNS - DNS a b Firewall Firewall a NS Internet DNS DNS b NS Internet Firewall 2 NS NS DNS MX SPAM 16 64
65 DIRECT_DELIVER_DOMAINS=x.co.jp DEFAULT_RELAY=external.x.co.jp sendmail external.x.co.jp DIRECT_DELIVER_DOMAINS x.co.jp x.co.jp DEFAULT_RELAY STATIC_ROUTE_FILE=x.static x.static : GW [ ] # (internal.x.co.jp) DOM x.co.jp DNS x.co.jp internal.x.co.jp cn x.static (DOM) x.co.jp (GW) ( internal.x.co.jp ) IP internal.x.co.jp IP ser@external.x.co.jp NS, MS 1... a. NS first MX 65
66 inner-host IN MX 10 inner-host IN MX 20 gw 1st-MX b. GW A RR inner-host IN A IN MX 10 gw a. MX MX first MX Firewall IP (GW) inner-host MX inner-host Firewall Firewall GW inner-host Firewall Firewall 75 Firewall. inner-host GW MX 66
67 c. inner.domain.jp inner.domain.jp.local sendmail.cf STATIC_ROUTE_FILE MAP (CF) inner.domain.jp inner.domain.jp.local DNS sendmail.cf.local STATIC_ROUTE_FILE MAP d. 1 / IP named named listen-on, query-source, transfer-source (bind8.1.2) sendmail sendmail O DaemonPortOptions=Address= virtual host. query bind 8 IP configuration listen-on query-source transfer-source IP configuration configuration sendmail (mq) sendmail DaemonPortOptions Address=
68 virtual host IP sendmail virtual host a, b - - bind8 allow-query IP query b A RR 1st-MX TRY_NULL_MX_LIST=True (CF) O TryNullMXList=True (sendmail.cf) local configuration error GW MX MX MX inner-host 68
69 MTA MX MX inner-host sendmail TryNullMXList MX first MTA 69
70 GW DIRECT_DELIVER_DOMAINS=none DEFAULT_RELAY=internal.x.co.jp DIRECT_DELIVER_DOMAINS=x.co.jp DEFAULT_RELAY=internal.x.co.jp qmail control/smtproutes NULL Client DIRECT_DELIVER_DOMAINS DEFAULT_RELAY Firewall Firewall qmail qmail control smtproutes 70
71 1 a) USERTABLE_MAPS='domain1=hash:/etc/map1 domain2=hash:/etc/map2' b) (1) - 1 IP - sendmail O DaemonPortOptions=Address= chroot accept adders USERTABLE_MAPS domain1 map domain1 domain2 a) ) IP etc chroot etc c) (2) - sendmail.cf local mailer - /etc/passwd - POP OS c sendmail local mailer(binmail mail.local ) sendmail local 71
72 mailer POP POP sendmail chroot local mailer (MX) sendmail sendmail SMTP UUCP ML FallBackMX - DNS - MX mqueue 72
73 - sendmail FallBackMX DNS SMTP FallBackMX mqueue OS ( ) MaxMessageSize - - ESMTP MAIL FROM M= - - sendmail MaxMessageSize M= ESMTP ESMTP ESMTP 73
74 SPAM sendmail.cf CT root news postmaster MAILER-DAEMON uucp cron S0 : R $* $: $1 $ $>3 $&f R motonori $ <@> $: trash <> R motonori $ $=T<@$*> $: trash T R $* $ $* $: $1 : motonori sendmail trash 74
75 SMTP UUCP (3.1Wpatch) sendmail 3.1W patch S0 : R $*<@x.co.jp>$* $# smtp $@ x.co.jp $: $1<@x.co.jp>$2 ( ) $# uucp $@ uucp-x $: $1<@x.co.jp>$2 : SMTP UUCP SMTP UUCP (3.1Wpatch) ML SMTP local %= Mlocal, %=0 Msmtp, %=10 (local mailer ) sendmail ML CF localdeliver user@host user+opt@host opt@user.host.forward.forward+opt.forward+default.forward+ml ML@user.host Samples/virt-domain+.def cf user+opt@host opt@user.host 75
76 DNS WildcardMX sendmail sendmail sendmail EightBitMode=pass8 MIME 8bit SendMimeErrors RFC DSN (Delivery Status Notification) ConnectionCacheSize SMTP run queue PostMasterCopy postmaster DoubleBounceAddress MX Firewall DNS 76
77 SPAM SPAM SPAM SPAM ν ν SPAM MX %-Hack %-Hack MX MX ( ) 77
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81 (header) / (envelope) / UNIX From Return-Path: 81
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83 HELO MAIL FROM RCPT TO FROM TO SMTP SMTP SMTP SMTP SMTP SMTP SMTP SMTP SMTP From:? From:? From:? 83
84 FROM FROM FROM FROM SPAM 84
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86 FROM TO FROM TO OK OK OK OK FROM TO TO FROM ISP AM POP FROM TO FROM TO OK FROM TO OK TO 86
87 f (h, s, r) = OK, NG h - SMTP s - SMTP r - SMTP SMTP SMTP OK sendmail OK From FROM ISP From ISP From ML ISP FROM POP 87
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92 ALLOW_RELAY_FROM ALLOW_RELAY_TO ALLOW_RELAY_FROM f (*, from_domain, ) = OK/NG from_domain ALLOW_RELAY_TO f (,, to_domain) = OK/NG lower MX ALLOW_RELAY_TO IP to_domain OK MX lower MX MX ALLOW_RELAY_FROM FROM from_domain OK IP FROM ISP SPAM (3.1W ) Sendmail IP CIDR W C{Network} /27 C{Network} _MASKED_ADDRESS_MATCH_ maskedaddr map IP sendmail CIDER C sendmail. 92
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94 qmail-smtpd RELAYCLIENT tcp_wrapper tcpserver (ucspi-tcp) tcpserver IDENT tcprules qmail tcp_wrapper tcpserver tcpserver IDENT SMP OK IDENT tcprules WWW SPAM maps URL 94
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96 (Mail Bombing) (Spam) Unsolicited Commercial (UCE) Unsolicited Bulk (UBE)! SPAM SPAM NetNews Web SPAM SPAM SPAM SPAM 96
97 SPAM SPAM SPAM DNS SPAM DNS ( ) ->MAPS RBL SPAM 97
98 (?) ML MTA SPAM SPAM MAPS RBL ORBS DUL SPAM MAPS RBL MAPS RBL MAPS MailAbuseProtectionSystem RealtimeBlackholeList DNS rbl.maps.vix.com A IP DNS rbl.maps.vix.com BGP DNS IP DNS IP rbl.maps.vix.com DNS sendmail MTA Open Relay 98
99 ORBS ORBS Open Relay Blocking System Open Relay Blocking System MAPS RBL orbs.dorkslayers.com A ORBS Open Relay Open Relay sendmail ORBS DNS ORBS DUL DUL ORCA Dial-up User List - MAPS RBL dul.orac.bc.ca A - MAPS RBL SPAM SHUB MAPS ORBS IP 99
100 SPAM 100
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104 MTA MTA MTA MTA Firewall Q:POP SMTP A POP < > 104
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