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1 星 惑星系の形成過程入門 中本泰史 ( 東工大 ) 1. 形成過程の概観 2. 分子雲の重力収縮 3. 原始惑星系円盤 4. 固体微粒子の進化 5. 微惑星から惑星へ 6. 惑星系の形成 7. 特論 : 隕石の起源と惑星形成 2012 年 9 月 日惑星科学フロンティアセミナー : 北海道むかわ町 1

2 1mm 隕石

3 隕石 鉄隕石 5% 石鉄隕石 1% 石質隕石 エイコンドライト 8% コンドライト 86% 普通コンドライト 90% 炭素質コンドライト 4% エンスタタイトコンドライト 2% 他 4%

4 普通コンドライト H L LL

5 コンドリュール 1mm Flash Heating による形成 - T タウリ型星期時期 ~ 1-3 Myr after CAI 期間 ~ 2 Myr - 溶融 & 固化前駆体 < 650 K 温度上昇 > 10 4 K/hr 最高温度 ~ K 液体状態継続時間 ~ 数分冷却 ~ K/hr - サイズ mm - 大量に存在 (up to 80%)

6 Dauphas & Chaussidon

7 Dauphas & Chaussidon

8 M ass (M ) ef. an ererng m- we he rd ston ns. ernd ts. he erhe to d- ate the en ital rd ted ed are in ch (or e- AU at iselt, (see Supplementary Information) that embraces a large range of possibilities and demonstrates the robustness of the results. In all simulations, wemaintain the fundamental assumption that Jupiter tacked at 1.5 AU. 太陽系の形成に特化したモデル : Figure 2 showshow the migration of the giant planets affects the small bodies. Thedisk interior to Jupiter hasa mass3.7 timesthat of the Earth (3:7M + ), equally distributed between planetary embryos(large) a b Sem im ajor axis (AU) The Grand Tack Scenario (Morbidelli et al 2012) Jupiter Saturn Neptune Uranus Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Time (kyr) Figure 1 The radial migration and mass growth imposed on the giant planets in the reference simulation. a, M ass growth; b, semimajor axis. A fully-formed Jupiter startsat 3.5 AU, a location expected to behighly favourable for giant planet formation owing to the presence of the so-called snow line 21. Saturn s 30 M + core isinitially at, 4.5 AU and grows to 60 M + as Jupiter Walsh et al migrates inward, over 10 5 years. Inward type-i migration of planetary cores is inhibited in disks with a realistic cooling timescale ; thus Saturn s core remainsat 4.5 AU during thisphase. Similarly, thecoresof Uranusand Neptune begin at, 6 and 8 AU and grow from 5 M +, without migrating. Once Saturn reaches 60 M its inward migration begins 25, and ismuch faster than that of ガス惑星 / 氷惑星 地球型惑星 小惑星... 8

9 井田 : 局所形成 モデル Walsh et al (Kerr 2011)

10 コンドリュール形成モデル 衝撃波加熱 雷加熱 X-Wind モデル...

11 3. 衝撃波加熱仮説 : コンドリュール形成 衝撃波加熱 1. 衝撃波の発生 2. 衝撃波内部での加熱機構 3. ダスト粒子内部の現象

12 1. 衝撃波発生 2. 衝撃波内部 3. ダスト粒子内部

13 1. 衝撃波発生 2. 衝撃波内部 3. ダスト粒子内部

14 衝撃波加熱機構

15 簡単な見積もり m gr C gr dt gr dt = 1 pa2 2 r V 3 gas - 4pa 2 4 st gr 最高温度到達時 : dt gr = 0 dt T max = 1 1/ 4 é ê 2s r ù gasv 3 ú ë û æ n =1700 gas ç è cm -3 ö ø 1/ 4 æ V ö ç è 10 km s -1 ø 3 / 4 K

16 Basic Equations for Dust Particles: dv m gr gr dt = -pa 2 C D gr 2 rv 2 rel m gr C gr dt gr dt = -L rad - L evap +G drag +G rad,gas +G rad,dust r gr æ ç è da gr dt ö ø evap = -J evap radius a gr : 0.01 mm 1 cm emissivity : size dependent evaporation rate : pure forsterite post-shock pre-shock

17 Basic Equations for Gas x rv ( ) = 0 x rv2 + p ( ) = 0 é æ 1 x 2 rv 2 ö ù ê ç + E + P vú ë è ø û = G H 2 form - L Lya - L H 2 diss - L H 2 O(V) - L H 2 O(R) - L CO(V) - L CO(R) - L OH(R) - L grain dy i dt 32 å = n H j=1 32 å 2 k jk y j y k + n H k=1 32 å l=1 32 å m=1 32 å n=1 k lmn y l y m y n Chemical Reactions:32 species, 167 reactions

18 V s = 10 km s -1, n pre =10 14 cm -3, a 0 = 0.1 mm Gas Temperature Dust Temperature Gas Number Density Iida, Nakamoto, Susa, & Nakagawa (2001) Icarus 153, 430

19 衝撃波後面の構造 Iida et al. 2001, Icarus

20 Chondrule Forming Shock Waves: Peak Temperature Iida, Nakamoto, Susa, & Nakagawa (2001) Icarus

21 1. 衝撃波発生 2. 衝撃波内部 3. ダスト粒子内部

22 複合コンドリュ ル 二個以上のコンドリュールが付着 コンドリュール全体の数 % 存在 二つのコンドリュールが溶融状態を経験中に衝突 原始太陽系星雲中のダストの直接衝突は低頻度 (Sekiya and Nakamura 1996, Wasson et al. 1995, Gooding and Keil 1981)

23 分裂ー衝突モデル 複合コンドリュール形成の 1 モデル (Miura, Yasuda, and Nakamoto 2007) 衝突頻度 ~0.36 >> 存在割合 複合コンドリュールの数コンドリュールの数 ~0.05

24 分裂片同士の衝突 Miura, Yasuda, & Nakamoto (2008)

25 衝突付着条件 Ashgriz and Poo 1990 伸張分離 X 合体 振動分離 Weim 分裂片同士はほとんど付着

26 パラメータ 1 液滴の衝突実験 ( 水 ) (Ashgriz and Poo 1990) 相対速度 : u x 0.5 ds X dl We We = rv2 表面張力 g / R = 動圧

27 相対速度 (cm/s) 1 計算結果 (ns1-nl1) x 伸張分離 0.4 合体 0.2 破壊

28

29 相対速度 (cm/s) 1 計算結果 (ns1-nl1) x 伸張分離 0.4 合体 0.2 破壊

30

31 1. 衝撃波発生 2. 衝撃波内部 3. ダスト粒子内部

32 衝撃波の起源は何か? 降着衝撃波 分子雲コアからの降着流による衝撃波 自己重力円盤内密度波 自己重力不安定なガス円盤内の密度波 微惑星前面のバウショック 木星により大きなランダム運動を獲得した 微惑星前面に発生するバウショック 星風による円盤上層衝撃波 X 線フレアによる星風とそれによる衝撃波

33 重力不安定による衝撃波の生成 Boss & Durisen 2005, ApJ コンドリュール形成に適当な衝撃波 2AU 20AU

34 ショック源は何か コンドリュール前駆体を融かせるほど強い 数百万年にわたって起こる 微惑星まわりのバウショック Hood (1998), Weidenschilling et al. (1998), Ciesla et al. (2004)

35 木星による高速微惑星形成と微惑星前面のバウショック形成

36 ρ g [10-10 g cm -3 ] 結果 y = 110 km 直線上での ガス密度分布 y = 110 km y [km] x [km] Planetesimal Bow Shocks

37 解離入り計算 ρ=10-8 g/cm 3, v=12km/s の場合 [K] 解離 再結合 なし 解離 再結合 あり 温度低下密度上昇 ( 解離 ) 微惑星 微惑星 温度上昇 ( 再結合 ) [K]

38 ρ=10-8 g/cm 3, v=12km/s の場合 速度場 ( 解離あり ) [K] 微惑星

39 stream line 1 stream line 2 stream line 3 stream line 4 stream line 5 stream line 6 流線

40 バウショックに突入した粒子の熱履歴 パラメータ x imp = km a = 0.1, 1, 10 mm 粒子に働く力 ガス摩擦 粒子の加熱と冷却 ガス摩擦加熱 放射冷却 ダスト x imp 微惑星

41 T d [K] y [km] x [km] 結果 軌跡に沿った粒子の温度 ρ 0 =10-8 g cm -3 V 0 = 8 km s

42 log 10 (ρ g [g cm -3 ]) 結果 コンドリュール形成可能領域 V g - ρ g 空間でのコンドリュール形成可能領域 -6-7 融けない 融ける V g [km]

43 太陽系初期の進化 ( 中本私見 2012) 原始太陽 原始惑星系円盤形成 誕生 微惑星形成 0 CAI 形成分化天体形成木星形成 1 コンドリュール形成 3 彗星形成 [AU] r 10 [Myr] t 地球型惑星形成 円盤ガス散逸

44 課題 1. コンドリュール形成そのものを理解できるか 2. 惑星系形成の文脈中に, ただしく位置づけられるか

45 参考文献 Akaki, T., and T. Nakamura, 2004, The Formation Process of Adhering and Consorting Compound Chondrules Inferred Their Petrology and Major-Element Composition, Workshop on Chondrites and the Protoplanetary Disk, abstract no.9021 Ashgriz, N., and J. Poo, 1990, Coalescence and separation in binary collisions of liquid drops, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 221, Boss, A., and R. Durisen, 2005, Chondrule-forming Shock Fronts in the Solar Nebula: A Possible Unified Scenario for Planet and Chondrite Formation, The Astrophysical Journal, Vol 621, L137-L140. Ciesla, F., L. Hood, and S. Weidenschilling, 2004, Evaluating planetesimal bow shocks as sites for chondrule formation, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 39, Dauphas, N., and M. Chaussidon, 2011, A Perspective from Extinct Radionuclides on a Young Stellar Object: The Sun and Its Accretion Disk, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 39, Gooding, J., and K. Keil, 1981, Relative abundances of chondrule primary textural types in ordinary chondrites and their bearing on conditions of chondrule formation, Meteoritics, vol. 16, Hood, L., 1998, Thermal processing of chondrule and CAI precursors in planetesimal bow shocks, Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 33,

46 参考文献 Iida, A., et al, 2001, A Shock Heating Model for Chondrule Formation in a Protoplanetary Disk, Icarus, Vol 153, Kerr, R., 2011, Planetary Two-Step Reshaped Solar System, Saved Earth?, Science, Vol 332, Miura, H., S. Yasuda, and T. Nakamoto, 2007, Fragment-Collision Model for Compound Chondrule Formation: Estimation of Collision Frequency, Workshop on the Chronology of Meteorites and the Early Solar System, No. 1374, Miura, H., S. Yasuda, and T. Nakamoto, 2008, Fragment-Collision Model for Compound Chondrule Formation: Size Ratio of Secondary to Primary, 39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, LPI Contribution No , p.1215 Morbidelli, A., et al, 2012, Building Terrestrial Planets, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 40, Sekiya, M., T. Nakamura, 1996, Condition for the formation of the compound chondrules in the solar nebula, Twentieth Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, No 9, 208 Walsh, K., et al, 2011, A low mass for Mars from Jupiter s early gas-driven migration, Nature, Vol 475, Wasson, J., et al, 1995, Compound chondrules, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 59, Weidenschilling, S., F. Marzari, and L. Hood, 1998, The Origin of Chondrules at Jovian Resonances, Science, Vol. 279, 681

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