(重工基本)Q00102_023_PP

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1 Overview of the Risk Assessment for Residential Air-Conditioners JRAIA:Japan Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Industry associations Residential AC Risk Assessment SWG Chief investigator Kenji Takaichi Members Madoka Ueno Shigeharu Taira Kouichi Yamaguchi Ryuichi Takatou Toshiyuki Fuji Hiroshi Makino 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved.

2 1. Agenda 1 Mildly flammable refrigerant risk assessment and the tolerance level for residential air-conditioners 2 Study of mildly flammable refrigerant flammability 3 Risk assessment result by fault tree analysis 4 Risk assessment of Multi-split type air conditioner for residential type 5 Conclusion 1

3 Probability 2. Tolerance level of safety ISO Guide 51 A zone B zone C zone NITE:Home appliances tolerance level is required per 1million in market Tolerance level Amount of residential AC in Japan is 100 million Use Service etc NITE:National Institute of Technology and Evaluation 2

4 3. Hazards of R32 and R1234yf Hazards of R32 & R1234yf Pressure(50 ) R410A 3.07MPa R32,yf 3.14MPa toxicity R410A None R32,yf None yf:r1234yf Flammability R410A No R32,yf Mildly Change Point Ignition Source R410A None R32,yf Open flame Diesel explosion R410A Yes R32,yf Yes Contact flame R410A Generation hydrofluoric acid R32,yf Generation hydrofluoric acid Flammability and ignition source are studied in changing to R32 and R1234yf Diesel explosion and contact flame study are performed universities and AIST don t change 3

5 4. FTA indoor space assumption Indoor space, the conditions of a simulation Wall mounted air-conditioner Flammable area Floor mounted air-conditioner 4

6 5. Flammable volume and time integration Flammable Volume and Time Integration The rate of flammable volume being in certain space and certain time range R32 R1234yf R Logistics Installation Mistakes Refrigerant charge Indoor unit operation Indoor unit stop Outdoor unit Connecting pipe Service/relief Disposal Using similar situations and values 5

7 6. Study of ignition:aist Ignition test of the magnetic contactor Extinction Diameter of Opening Fig.5 The magnetic contractor (CLK65) Fig.6 Apparatus for extinction diameter measurement. Fig.7 d* vs. h for R-32 and HFC-254fb. Under 3mm of clearances in case cover mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances Reference Study on Minimum Ignition Energy of Mildly Flammable Refrigerant 2011 Diameter of opening(d) and distances(h) Estimating mildly flammable refrigerant flame can extinction Reference THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM on NEW REFRIGERANTS and ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

8 7. Study of flammabilityⅠ:tuss Evaluation of physical hazard Study of flammability with heating system, mildly flammable refrigerant leaked by room air-conditioner Reference THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM on NEW REFRIGERANTS and ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012 Room Air-conditioner Refrigerant Dumper Heating system No flame propagation across the whole space was observed 7

9 Study of flammabilityⅡ:tuss Evaluation of lighter The refrigerant concentration at a height of 0.3 m was within ignitable range by a spark from a piezo lighter. Pneumatic cylinder Reference THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM on NEW REFRIGERANTS and ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012 Solenoid valve air Result Refrigerant mixture Lighter Push rod Flame R1234yf Flammable Ignition was observed when the button was pushed But flame propagation from the outlet of the lighter to the surrounding n-butane/mildly flammable refrigerant mixture 8

10 9. Risk assessment reexamination of ignition source From study of R32 mildly flammable refrigerant in a room air-conditioner leaked in the space, but no flame propagation across the whole space Ignition was observed at the outlet of piezo lighter, but no flame propagation of lighter to n-butane/mildly flammable refrigerant mixture Under 3mm of clearances in case cover, mildly flammable refrigerant no flame propagation through clearances Ignition source Flame (Welding torch, Oil lighter, Candle) R410 R32 R290 (Propane) Ignition No ignition Rarely ignition Ignition Electric spark No ignition Ignition Rarely ignition Ignition Static electricity No ignition Ignition No ignition Occasionally Ignition 9

11 10. FTA of indoor unit using (Reexamination) FTA ignition probability =(Existence of Ignition source) (Existence of flammable volume) 10

12 11. FTA of life cycle stage(reexamination) Disposal 室内での着火 Ignition 廃棄での着火 of disposal HFC32 2.0E-14~3.7E-10 HC E-09~1.1E-04 作業者の喫煙以外による着火 Ignition at HFC32 4.6E-17~8.6E-13 可燃範囲内に HC E-12~2.4E-08 着火源が存在する 室内での着火 サービスでの着火 at Ignition of serving HFC32 2.0E-14~3.7E-10 HFC32 4.6E-17~8.6E-13 HC E-09~1.1E-04 HC E-12~2.4E-08 室内での着火 2.0E-14~3.7E E-09~1.1E-04 室内機からの可燃冷媒漏洩 HFC32 2.9E-09~4.3E-08 HFC32 1.6E-07~2.0E-04 HFC HFC32 1.4E-07~2.1E-06 HFC32 1.6E-07~2.0E-04 HFC HC E-05~1.2E-03 HC E-07~2.0E-04 HC Indor HC E-02~6.2E-01 HC E-07~2.0E-04 HC 可燃範囲内にIgnition HFC32 4.6E-17~8.6E-13 of indoor 室内機からの HFC32 2.0E-14~3.7E-10 HFC32 2.0E-14~3.7E-10 HC E-12~2.4E-08 可燃範囲内に運転中 HC290 室内機からの 5.9E-09~1.1E-04 着火源が存在する可燃冷媒漏洩 HC E-09~1.1E-04 停止中着火源が存在する可燃冷媒漏洩 HFC32 2.9E-09~4.3E-08 HFC32 1.6E-07~2.0E-04 急速冷媒漏洩 HFC 室内機からの HFC32 1.4E-07~2.1E-06 HFC32 1.6E-07~2.0E-04 急速冷媒漏洩 HFC 室内機からの HC E-05~1.2E-03 HC E-07~2.0E-04 発生頻度 /yhc 冷媒漏洩発生確率 HC E-02~6.2E-01 HC E-07~2.0E-04 発生頻度 /y HC290 冷媒漏洩発生確率 0.9 据付け時の着火可燃範囲内に室内機からの HFC32 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 可燃範囲内に HFC 室内機からの運転中 HFC32 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 HFC 着火源が存在する Ignition at 停止中 R E-05 ~ 3.9.E-05 可燃冷媒漏洩 HC E-07~5.0E-04 着火源が存在する Indor Ignition HC 可燃冷媒漏洩 HC E-07~5.0E-04 HC Driving of install R E-07 ~ 1.3.E-06 HFC32 HFC324.6E-17~8.6E E-09~4.3E-08 HFC32 1.6E-07~2.0E-04 HFC HFC32 HFC32 1.4E-07~2.1E E-14~3.7E-10 HFC32 1.6E-07~2.0E-04 HFC HC E-05~1.2E-03 急速冷媒漏洩 HC E-07~2.0E-04 室内機からの HC HC E-02~6.2E-01 急速冷媒漏洩 HC E-12~2.4E-08 パナソニック ( 株 ) HC E-09~1.1E-04 HC E-07~2.0E-04 室内機からの HC 発生頻度 /y 冷媒漏洩発生確率発生頻度 /y 冷媒への着火冷媒漏洩発生確率 HFC32 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 可燃になる HFC32 時間 体積当たりの 0.4 HFC32 可燃になる 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 時間 体積当たりの HFC R32 8.0E-02 HFC32 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 作業者の着火源が存在する喫煙による着火 HFC HFC32 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 HFC R E-04 ~ 4.9.E-04 R E-06 ~ 1.6.E-05 HC E-07~5.0E-04 空間体積と持続時間 HC 着火源の存在確率 HC290 空間体積と持続時間 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 着火源の存在確率 HC 急速冷媒漏洩室内機からの min m3 min/m3 急速冷媒漏洩室内機からの min m3 min/m3 可燃範囲内に室内機からの発生頻度 /y 冷媒漏洩発生確率可燃範囲内に室内機からの発生頻度 /y 運転中停止中冷媒漏洩発生確率着火源が存在する可燃冷媒漏洩可燃冷媒漏洩 4.8E-04 R E-06 ~ 1.0E-05 HFC32 HC E-07~5.0E-04 可燃になる HFC32 HFC32 時間 体積当たりの HFC32 HC E HFC32 HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 HFC32 HC E-07~5.0E-04 可燃になる HFC32 時間 体積当たりの HFC32 2.4E-02 HC E E-09~4.3E E-07~2.0E R32 2.0E-06 ~ 1.4E-07~2.1E E E-07~2.0E HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 HC E-05~1.2E-03 空間体積と持続時間 HC E-07~2.0E-04 HC290 着火源の存在確率 0.1 HC E+01 HC290 HC E-02~6.2E E-06~8.6E-05 空間体積と持続時間 HC E-07~2.0E-04 HC HC290 着火源の存在確率 7.2E+03 HC E-06~8.6E-05 R E-04 ~ R32 5.6E-06 ~ min m3 min/m3 min m3 min/m3 可燃になる空間体積と持続時間 min m3 R E-02 可燃になる空間体積と持続時間急速冷媒漏洩発生頻度 min m3/y R E-04 R E-10 ~ 6.2E-09 R E-09 ~ 8.8E-08 R32 5.6E-06 R32 1.4E-15 ~ 2.1E-14 R32 6.7E-10 ~ 1.0E-08 R E+02 R E-06 R32 1.4E+00 R32 4.0E-06 室内機 Ignition at 室内での着火 微燃性冷媒安全検討 WG P1/2 ( ミニスプリットリスクアセスメントSWG) 機器据付け時 ( 未対策ケース ) 着火源が存在する Install 接続配管 ( 壁面内 ) 冷媒漏洩発生確率 Indoor エアコン据付頻度 2.1 着火源が存在する 可燃空間の時間 体積 2.2 Outdoor 室外機 HFC32 HC290 運転中 可燃範囲内に着火源が存在する 据付者の喫煙喫煙しながら据付者が可燃範囲内率据付ける確率指示を無視に着火源が存時間 体積当たりの可燃になる時間 体積当たりの 在する確率着火源の存在確率空間体積と持続時間着火源の存在確率 HFC32 5.0E-04 室内機からの HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 急速冷媒漏洩 min/m3 min m3 HFC32 室内機からの 2.4E-02 min/m3 HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 R E-01 R E-01 R E-02 R E+00 HC E+01 冷媒漏洩発生確率 HC E-06~8.6E-05 発生頻度 /y R32 6.0E-01 R E-01 R E-02 R E+00 HC290冷媒漏洩発生確率 7.2E+03 HC E-06~8.6E-05 工事不良着火源がによる漏洩 ) 存在する HFC32 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 HFC 可燃冷媒が漏洩 HFC32 4.0E-07~5.0E-04 HFC 冷媒漏洩 確率 ( 発生確率 2.4 HFC32 5.0E-04 HC E-07~5.0E-04 HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 HC HFC32 HC290 R E E-07~5.0E E-03 ~ 8.4E-03 HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 HC R E-03 HC290 R32 1.4E E-03 HC E-06~8.6E-05 R32 1.7E-03 HC E+03 HC E-06~8.6E-05 ~ 8.4E-03 R E-07 ~ 1.9E-06 R E-07 ~ 6.7E-06 R E-02 R32 4.3E-13 ~ 6.5E-12 R32 5.1E-08 ~ 7.7E-07 R32 1.3E-02 時間 体積あたりの存在確率 2.11 冷媒漏洩発生 serving 時間 体積当たりの着火源の存在確率 min/m3 バルブ誤動作による漏洩 2.7 可燃になる空間体積と持続時間 min m3 冷媒が漏洩する確率時間 体積当たりの着火源の存在確率 min/m3 R E+02 R E-10 ~ 2.7E-09 R E-03 R E-03 R E-03 R32 2.4E-03 R32 1.8E-10 ~ 2.7E-09 R32 4.4E-03 R32 4.3E-03 R32 4.4E-03 R E-01 ~ 5.0E-01 R32 1.0E-01 ~ 5.0E-01 可燃空間の時間 体積 2.5 時間 体積あたりの存在確率 2.11 工事不良 ( 接続ミス 忘れ ) による漏洩 2.8 HFC32 5.0E-04 HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 HFC32 2.4E-02 HFC32 5.7E-06~8.6E-05 HC E+01 R E-02 HC E-06~8.6E-05 R32 9.0E-03 R E-03 HC290 R32 4.4E E+03 R E-03 HC E-06~8.6E-05 R32 4.4E-03 R E-06 ~ 8.6E-05 R E-03 R32 5.7E-06 ~ 8.6E-05 R32 7.9E-03 冷媒充填時の接続不良による漏洩 2.9 Ignition of outdoor バルブ誤動作による漏洩 2.7 冷媒漏洩発生確率 R290 R32 工事不良 ( 接続ミス 忘れ ) による漏洩 E E-02 冷媒充填時の接続不良による漏洩 2.9 サービスマン側へ Indor Indor HFC32 2.0E-14~3.7E-10 室内機からの HC E-09~1.1E-04 可燃冷媒漏洩 HFC32 2.0E-14~3.7E-10 HC E-09~1.1E-04 停止中 可燃空間の時間 体積 2.10 時間 体積あたりの存在確率 2.11 工事不良 ( 接続ミス 忘れ ) による漏洩 2.12 接続配管が壁面内に存在する確率 2.13 接続配管が着火源と同一壁面に存在 2.14 FTA of Install to Disposal R E+03 R E-02 R E-04 R E-01 R E-01 R32 1.0E+02 R32 1.4E-02 R32 4.0E-04 R32 1.0E-01 R32 1.0E-01 11

13 12. Results of risk assessment Wall mount type air conditioner Risk: Ignition Probability R32 R1234yf (ref. R290) Logistic ~ Installation ~ Use (Indoor) ~ (Outdoor) ~ Service ~ Disposal ~ Probability of indoor use is lower than tolerance level Tolerance level 10-9 in service, installation and others is satisfied in all stages. The ignition probability of R32 and R1234yf is nearly same. (Attention : R1234yf is extended flammable range in high humidity condition. 12

14 13. Multi-split type air conditioner Difference of ordinary and multi-split type air conditioner Flammable volume Flammable volume Issue : 4kg refrigerant amount and floor standing unite not satisfy to tolerance level 13

15 14. Multi-split type air conditioner New simulation condition for floor mounted unite of multi-split type air conditioner 14

16 15. Multi-split type air conditioner Test results of refrigerant leakage inside room(approx. 7.5m 2 room ) Using the indoor unit fan to diffuse the refrigerant In the case of 4 kg refrigerant leakage, LFL was not reached. 15

17 16. Multi-split type air conditioner Ratio of occurrence patterns and their ignition probabilities in indoor use General Not general Pattern Diffusion with I.U. fan Diffusion possible Diffusion not possible [Method 2] Breaker OFF countermeasur e In order to avoid breaker OFF, add caution label to unit Same as above Power Breaker ON Breaker ON Power outage Breaker OFF Operation / Stop Operating (indoor fan ON) Stop indoor fan ON Stop Parts fault Occurrence ratio Ignition risk probability No 48.80% No 50.91% Yes 0.04% No 0.002% No 0.25% Sum. ignition risk probability: The ignition risk is when patterns 1 to 5 are combined 16

18 17. Multi-split type air conditioner Amount of multi-split AC in Japan Use Criteria10-9 Service etc.10-8 Risk: Ignition Probability Type Representative model R32 Logistics (for each warehouse) Middle-size warehouse Installation 3.24 m 2 veranda Use (indoor) 7 m 2 room Use (outdoor) 3.24 m 2 veranda Service 3.24 m 2 veranda Disposal 3.24 m 2 veranda In using the value of 10-9 estimate safety Probabilities of installation and servicing is acceptable 17

19 18. Conclusion Single wall mount AC Risk Assessment Calculate the ignition probability values by FTA through life cycle and reexamination by study results of universities and AIST Result of single wall mounted air conditioner with R32 and R1234yf Using : Service & Install : Those values are acceptable Using of R1234yf, be attention to the humidity and the HEX design Multi-split type AC Risk Assessment Result of Multi-split type air conditioner With countermeasure of fun diffusion make value of Using : and service and install : Those vales are acceptable Universities : Tokyo university, Tokyo university of science Suwa AIST : The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 18

20 Thank you very much mildly flammable R32 yf 19

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