No ) バゴー山地 チークの熱帯雨緑樹林 10 3 (Tectona grandis) ( 1) (Xylia xylocarpa ) (Mitragyna rotundifolia )
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1 No.9, , ( ) 2008 ミャンマー中部および北部跨境地域の自然と送粉共生系 加藤真京都大学人間 環境学研究科 ~ 5000m ( ) 1) 6cm / ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2) 3) (Meconopsis) 112
2 No ) バゴー山地 チークの熱帯雨緑樹林 10 3 (Tectona grandis) ( 1) (Xylia xylocarpa ) (Mitragyna rotundifolia ) (Lagerstroemia speciosa ) (Adina cordifolia ) (Gmelina arborea ) (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ) Asystasia neesiana 1 (Strobilanthes sp.) ( 2) (Colubrina asiatica) (Sida rombifolia) (Triumfetta bartramia) (Smithia sensitiva) ( 1C) ( )
3 ( ) :F, ;M, ;W, ;ex, Fabaceae Smithia sensitiva Apis florea, 1W; Heriades sp., 1F Mimosa pudica Apis cerana, 4W; Apis florea, 5W; Trigona sp., 1W Vigna sp. Amegilla (Glossamegilla) fimbriata, 2F; Megachile sp.1, 1F; Megachile sp.2, 1F; Trigona sp.1, 1W; Syrphidae sp., 1M. Rhamnaceae Colubrina asiatica Vespa tropica, 3W; Pompilidae sp.1, 1F; Pompilidae sp.2, 1F; Sphecidae sp.1, 1F; Sphecidae sp.2, 1F; Muscidae sp., 1F Tiliaceae Triumfetta bartramia Nomia sp.1, 2F1M; Nomia sp.2, 1F; Trigona sp., 1W Malvaceae Sida rombifolia Trigona sp., 2W Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida Apis cerana, 9W; Apis florea, 1W; Trigona sp.1, 18W; Trigona sp.2, 4W, Trigona sp.3, 1W; Trigona sp.4, 1W; Ceratina, sp.1, 4F; Ceratina sp.2, 1F; Syrphidae sp., 1F; Dacus sp., 1F; Chrysomelidae, 7F; Curculionidae sp., 2ex Lamiaceae Anisomeles ovata Megachile sp.3, 2F; Megachile sp.4, 2F; Megachile sp.5, 2F1M; Lithurgus sp., 1F; Eumenidae sp., 1F; Trigona sp.1, 1W; Lasioglossum sp.2, 1F Isodon sp. Lasioglossum sp., 1F Acanthaceae Asystasia neesiana? Strobilanthes sp. Apis cerana, 3W Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Apis cerana, 3W (1) (Apis) (Trigona) (2) (Amegilla) (Megachile) イラワジ川中流 中央平原とポパ山の乾燥熱帯雨緑樹林 Tectona hamiltoniana 16 ~ 17 ( 3) 114
4 No ( 3D) m Irvingia, Careya, Garcinia, Sterculia, Anogeissus m Pinus khasya の Henslowia, Litsea, Diospyros, Myrsine, Prunus Strobilanthes 2 ( 4) Echinops echinatus, Inula cappa, Vernonia diverges Polygonaceae Persicaria chinensis Apis cerana, 2W Fabaceae Vigna sp. Megachile sp., 1F Strobilanthes auriculata Apis cerana, 3W; Ceratina sp., 2W; Colletes sp., 3F; Vespidae sp., 2W; Syrphidae, 1F Strobilanthes sp.1 Colletes sp., 2F; Vespidae sp., 2W Lamiaceae Elsholtzia sp. Lasioglossum sp., 1F Asteraceae Echinops echinatus Pyrochroidae sp., 4ex Inula cappa Lasioglossum sp., 1F Vernonia diverges Apis cerana, 3W (1) (2) (Colletes) (3) Schoepfia fragrans 1 Glochidion velutinum 5) 6) Loranthaceae Loranthus sp. Aethopyga epiparaja, 1ex Olacaceae Schoepfia fragrans Myrsinaceae Myrsine capitellata Acanthaceae シャン高原 照葉樹林の雲南 シャン回廊 7) ( ) ( ) 115
5 ( ) 3 ( 5D) ( 5F) Castanopsis tribuloides Castanea Castanopsis tribuloides Castanopsis tribuloides Sterculia lanceolata, Phlogacanthus sp., Gomphostemma lacei, Christia obcordata Parochetus communis 1 Bombus (Orientalibombus) funerarius Kutkai Castanopsis Quercus Randia, Lonicera, Viburnum, Arachipteris Elsholtzia Macaranga, Mallotus, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus, Mucuna, Croton, Cinnamomum, Euodia, Archidendron, Aleurites, Glochidion acuminatum Fagaceae Castanea henryi Syrphidae sp., 1ex; Calliphoridae sp., 1ex Fabaceae Parochetus communis Bombus (Orientalibombus) funerarius, 1W Christia obcordata Cajanus cajan [Kyaukme] Apis dorsata, 2W; Apis cerana, 3W; Apis florea, 2W Sterculiaceae Sterculia lanceolata Acanthaceae Phlogacanthus gomezii? Aethopiga? Lamiaceae Gomphostemma lacei? [Kutkai] Elsholtzia sp. [Kutkai] Apis florea, 2W 116
6 No Rhabdosia sp. Lasioglossum sp., 1F Asteraceae Guizotia abyssinica Apis cerana, 2W; Apis florea, 1W (1) 3 (2) Orientalibombus Diversibombus, Megabombus, Senexibombus 8) ポンカン山地 照葉樹林のアッサム カチン回廊 m ( ) ( 6) ( 7) (600m) (885m) 1100 Terminalia myriocarpa Asystasiella ( 12) Castanopsis, Terminalia myriocarpa, T. alata, Chisocheton, Prunus cerasoides, Sapindaceae, Shorea alatus, Combretum Rouvolfia, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Canthium, Grewia, Aporosa, Dillenia, Lagerstroemia, Cordia Leea, Sauropus, Lasianthus, Marattia, Cyathea, Angiopteris Tacca, Strobilanthes, Begonia, Streptolirion, Musa, Chirita (1130m) 117
7 ( ) V ( 8A B) 1 1 Castanopsis 1 ( 8E) ( 8C) ( ) ( 9E) ( 9B) ( 9C) 1 ( ) ( 9A) 14 ( 10) ( 10D E) 19 (1200m) ( 11D) Polyalthia Alnus nepalensis 1 Rhynchanthus johnianus 1 Lactuca 1 Habropoda sp. (Piper sp. Gynura sp.) ( 9D) 20 Castanopsis Elaeocarpus (1880m) Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus, Castanea, Adinandra, Acer, Elaeocarpus Dendrocalamus, Rubiaceae, Pittosporum, Litsea, Lindera, Ficus, Garcinia, Meliosma Psychotria, Lasianthus, Cayratia, Rubus, 118
8 No Ardisia, Glyptopetalum, Tetrastigma, Gnetum, Piper, Dioscorea Ainsliaea, Musa, Dioscorea, Codonacanthus, Arisaema 21 ( 13G) (2531m) ( 11C) 1 Daphne sp. Quercus, Lithocarpus, Elaeocarpus, Acer, Schefflera, Magnolia Rubiaceae, Ardisia, Lindera, Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Litsea, Schima, Magnolia, Ilex, Yushania, Daphne, Euonymus, Ardisia, Illicium, Yushania, Stautonia, Glyptopetalum, Pyrenaria, Pittosporum, bamboo Ainsliaea, Musa, Senecio, Plagiogyria 22 ( 11B) 2700m 185 9) 10) 2850m (2945m) Quercus, Acer, Schefflera, Magnolia Rhododendron arboreum, R. falconeri, R. spp., Vaccinium, Daphne, Ardisia, Lindera, Daphniphyllum, Eurya, Styrax, Ilex, Dendropanax Hydrangea, Skimmia, Rubus, Euonymus, Illicium, Mahonia, Cephalotaxus griffithii, Yushania Adenophora, Tripterospermum, Ainsliaea, Aralia, Leucosceptrum, Polygonatum, Dryopteris, Plagiogyria 23 ( 11A) (4200m) (3618m) Abies, Picea, Quercus, Betula Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Sorbus, Euonymus Hydrangea, Skimmia, Rubus, Yushania Cassiope, Shortia, Coptis, Geum pentapetalum, Dryopteris, Plagiogyria
9 ( ) 9) 2000m Castanopsis, Elaeocarpus, Daphne, Arisaema, Agapetes 900m 2000m ( 12 13) Fagaceae Castanopsis sp. Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus sp. Rosaceae Prunus cerasoides Aethopiga sp., 8ex Loranthaceae Loranthus sp. Aethopiga, Arachnothera Apocynaceae Periploca calophylla Ichneumonidae, 1F; Lawxaniidae, 1ex Acanthaceae Phlogacanthus jenkinsii? Arachnothera? sp., 3ex Asystasiella sp. Bombus (Alpigenobombus) pretiosus, 3W; Anthophora (Melea) sp., 5F, Apis cerana, 2W; Habropoda sp., 2F Asteraceae Lactuca? sp. Habropoda sp., 2F Zingiberaceae Rhynchanthus johnianus? Anthophora (Melea) sp., 1F; Aethopiga sp., 1ex, Arachnothera sp,. 3ex Musaceae Musa nagensium? Arachnothera? Commelinaceae Streptolirion volubile Syrphidae Poaceae Dendrocalamus sp. Aethopiga sp., 1ex (1) (2) Bombus, Habropoda, Anthophora, Apis cerana (3) 謝辞 ( B )
10 No 参考文献 1) (Ren Mei E) (., ) 2) Rao, A. S The vegetation and phytogeography of Assam-Burma, pp , in: Mani, M. S. (ed.). Ecology and Biogeography of India. Junk, The Hague. 3) Kingdon-Ward, F Pilgrimage for Plants. George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd, London (. ) 4) ) Kato, M., A. Takimura, and A. Kawakita An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA 100: ) Kawakita, A., A. Takimura, T. Terachi, T. Sota and M. Kato. 2004b. Cospeciation analysis of an obligate pollination mutualism: Have Glochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and pollinating Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) diversified in parallel? Evolution 58: ) ) Kawakita, A., T. Sota, M. Ito, J. S. Ascher, H. Tanaka, M. Kato and D. W. Roubik. 2004a. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and character evolution in bumble bees (Bombus: Apidae) based on simultaneous analysis of three nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: ) Kress, J. W., R. A. DeFilipps, E. Farr and D. Y. Y. Kyi A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Smithsonian Institution Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: ) 図 6 ポンカン山の登頂ルートと標高に沿った植生変化 121
11 ( ) 図 1 バゴー山地の森林と焼畑 A, バゴー山地に広がる広大なチークの自然林 林道ぞいではチークの大径木の伐採とゾウを使った搬出が行なわれている B, チェシャー付近の川沿いの林 伐採されたタケが筏に組まれて川を下ってゆく この川にはゾウ使いたちがゾウに水浴びをさせにやってくる C, シュエタンウェタン村の焼畑 オカボを収穫し終わった 12 月の畑では キマメの葉が繁り トウガンとケイトウの花が咲いていた 122
12 No 図 2 バゴー山地で見られた花 A, ヤエヤマハマナツメ Colubrina asiatica;b, カジノハラセンソウ Triumfetta bartramia;c,anisomeles ovata;d,strobilanthes sp.;e, トウガン Benincasa hispida;f, Asystasia neesiana;g,vigna sp. 123
13 ( ) 図 3 ポパ山の森林と尖塔タウンカラッのナッ信仰 A, ポパ山中腹よりタウンカラッを遠望 平地にはモロコシやキマメの畑が広がる ;B, タウンカラッのパゴダ群と僧衣をまとった僧侶 ;C, ポパ山上部の森林 ;D, ポパ山のパゴダ内に祀られるナッ神の偶像と その前に供えられたココヤシとバナナ そしてバンレイシ科の黄色い花 ;E, タウンカラッの参道で売られている薬草 (Desmodium sp.) の束 邪気払いのために炊かれるという 124
14 No 図 4 ポパ山で 12 月に咲いていた花 A,Loranthus sp.;b,echinops echinatus;c,strobilanthes auriculata;d, Inula cappa;e,vernonia diverges;f,myrsine capitellata 125
15 ( ) 図 5 ラシオ近郊の水源林で見られた花 A,Christia obcordata;b,phlogacanthus gomezii;c, Gomphostemma lacei?;d, ニガーシード Guizotia abyssinica;e,elsholtzia sp.;f, 二次林で発見されたヒメミツバチの巣 126
16 No 図 7 プータオの市場に並ぶ山と川の幸 A, ジャガイモ ヘチマ ナタマメ 緑豆 ニンニク スダチなどが売られている ;B, 納豆 ;C, 小魚を売る ;D, クログワイ ;E, ヘゴの幹で作った花瓶 ;F, シイ属の一種のドングリ 127
17 ( ) 図 8 ワサンダン村からジヤダン村への道ぞいで出会った光景 A, 氾濫原に広がるナタネ畑 ;B, ナタネとバナナの混作 ;C, 澄んだ渓流に架けられた吊り橋はすべてラタンや竹でできている ;D, 焼畑と休閑地の山の谷間には水田が広がり 収穫の済んだその水田には水牛が群れていた ;E, 休閑地に伐採されずに残されている大径木と その樹上にかけられたオオミツバチの巣 128
18 No 図 9 ワサンダン村からジヤダン村への道ぞいで出会った人々 A, カンタミ ( オウレン ) を背負って山から下りてきた人 ;B, ボーガンをもって出猟する猟師 ;C, 竹で作られた矢の先には 銅の矢尻がつけられており そこに塗られている毒は 今は雪の下にある植物の根 ( おそらくトリカブト ) からとるという ; D, 食事係の少女が山で摘んだ野草 (Piper sp. と Gynura sp.);e, 村の軒先きで売られていたクルミと魚の燻製 129
19 ( ) 図 10 最奥の村 ジヤダン村 A, 村のかなたには雪をかぶった山々が見える ;B, 自然林に囲まれた村のたたずまい ;C, 竹筒で水汲みをする少女 ;D, 水を導いた粉挽き小屋 ;E, もみを臼に入れて水力で精米をする 130
20 No 図 11 ポンカン山の高度に沿った植生 A, 標高 3300 メートル付近の雪をかぶったモミ林 ;B, 標高 2800 メートル付近の蘚苔林 ;C, 標高 2500 メートル付近の照葉樹林 ;D, 標高 1100 メートル付近のラタンの多い山地亜熱帯雨林 131
21 ( ) 図 12 ポンカン山で 12 月に咲いていた花 A,Asystasiella sp.;b,periploca calophylla;c,streptolirion volubile;d,chirita sp.;e,musa nagensium?;f,callicarpa sp. 132
22 No 図 13 ポンカン山で 12 月に咲いていた花 A, 樹上に着生した多くのランや Rhynchanthus johnianus;b-c, Rhynchanthus johnianus;d,daphne sp.;e,impatiens sp.;f,lactuca sp.;g,agapetes sp. 133
23 ( ) Summary Natural History and Pollination Mutualism in Central and Northern Myanmar Makoto Kato Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University From the central plain to northward along the Ayeyarwady River, vegetation shifts from tropical dry deciduous forest, through subtropical rain forest, and to temperate evergreen forest. The northernmost area bordering Yunnan of China is celebrated by the highest biodiversity in temperate Asia, and characterized by a complex of nature and culture unique to the vegetation zone. I visited four sites with contrasting vegetation types in the central and northern Myanmar (Bago Yoma, Mt. Popa, Shan Plateau and Mt. Ponkan-Razi) in the winters of 2001 to 2002, and studied the natural history of indigenous pollination mutualism. In Mt. Ponkan-Razi in the northernmost Myanmar, there was a clear cline of vegetation along altitude. The high biodiversity of the area is formed by Southeast Asian tropical and Himalayan temperate components. The precipitous nature of the mountain ranges has hampered exchange visits by people across the mountains, suppressed human population density, and left the nature untouched. Even in winter, diverse plant species were flowering in these well-preserved forests, and main pollinators of these flowers were honeybees, bumblebees, anthophorine bees or sunbirds. The flora and fauna of the northernmost area of Myanmar have experienced latitudinal and longitudinal exchanges with surrounding biota, thus the area harbors a unique and complicated pollination mutualism. 134
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