Laurance 1999 GCM RAMS Piekle et al Zhang et al Mabuchi et al. 2005a, b Malhi and Wright Kanae et al RAMS CO 2 UNEP WCMC

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1 J. Japan Soc. Hydrol. & Water Resour. Vol. 20, No.4, Jul 2007 pp

2 Laurance 1999 GCM RAMS Piekle et al Zhang et al Mabuchi et al. 2005a, b Malhi and Wright Kanae et al RAMS CO 2 UNEP WCMC 2004 Sellers et al Mabuchi et al GAME/Tropics 2002 CO 2 Zhang et al Malhi and Wright 2004 NDVI 2005 White et al Hirch 1987 Myers National park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department NWPCD ,000 m

3 Kuraji et al Pendleton Santisuk ,000 m dry dipterocarp forestmixed deciduous forestdry evergreen forest 1,000 m hill evergreen forest 4 Santisuk 1988 Ruangpanit

4 2 3 Santisuk 1988 Tectona grandis Bonyalid 1988 Krishnapillay 2000

5 Kog-Ma18 48 N E1,265 1,420 m Mae Moh18 25 N E380 m 1,768 mm ,387 mm Kuraji et al Kiguchi and Matsumoto evaporative demand

6 395 m 19981,262 mm 20022,459 mm mm 20051,700 mm Sakaerat N E35 m m 535 m Thompson and Pinker m m Pinker et al mm d mm d -1 Pinker et al Hopea ferrea Ishida et al Kampong Thom12 44 N E27.2 m88 m

7 Nobuhiro et al Shimizu et al Nobuhiro et al Pinker et al Gamo and Panuthai 2005 Tanaka et al. 2006bTanaka et al m Tanaka Tanaka et al Tanaka et al mm d mm d mm d -1 Toda et al Attarod et al cm 1 mm d -1

8 Yamada et al. 2001, Tanaka et al Tanaka et al m 1 2 m Tanaka et al Kume et al Tanaka et al Kume et al ,000 m cloud immersionwerner and Santisuk 1993 Bruijnzeel ,265 1,420 m Tanaka et al. in press Tanaka et al. 2006a lauro-fagaceous forest Ohsawa 1993 Giambelluca et al. 1996GCM Pang Khum 1,250 m BATS

9 Giambelluca et al GCM GCM Giambelluca et al Lithocarpus elegans mm d mm d -1 Giambelluca et al Giambelluca et al Wilk et al ,100 km 2 Tak16 56 N E 20 m 121 m Toda and Sugita m 0.31 m Toda et al mm d mm d mm d -1 Toda et al Attarod et al mm d mm d -1 Yoshifuji et al. 2006a

10 NDVI Yoshifuji et al. 2006b Yoshifuji et al. 2006a,b 20 Goulden et al Wilson and Baldocchi 2000 Granier et al Saigusa et al Elliott et al mm d mm d -1 AmeriFlux public.ornl.gov/ameriflux/

11 JST/CREST GEWEX/GAME GAME/Tropics B C GEOSS FIO Jakkit Chainet 900 m dry evergreen forest Dipterocarpaceae 35 m Ogawa et al Rundel and Boonpragob 1995 Santisuk 1988 Santisuk 1988 Rundel and Boonpragob ,000 mhill evergreen forest35 m Lauraceae Fagaceae Theaceae Ohsawa 1993, 1995 lauro-fagaceous forest oak-laurel forest 1,000 2,500 m

12 1,000 m Hara et al. 2002NWPCD Ogawa et al. 1961Santisuk 1988 slash-and-burn cultivation shifting cultivationsantisuk 1988 Fox et al. 1995, 2000 Walter Pattanavibool and Deardon 2002 mixed deciduous forest800 m Leguminosae Verbenaceae NWPCD Ruangpanit Rundel and Boonpragob Werner and Santisuk 1993 Stott et al dry dipterocarp forest m Santisuk NWPCD 2000 Rundel and Boonpragob 1995 Santisuk 1988 tropical seasonal forest tropical mixed deciduous forest tropical seasonal forest deciduous dipterocarp forest savanna forestlower montane forest temperate evergreen forest

15 This paper describes an ecological classification of tropical monsoon forests in northern Thailand and reviews published hydro-meteorological studies conducted at each forest type. As a result of summarizing current status of knowledge, we found that basic hydro-meteorological aspects, i.e. seasonal variation in energy partitioning throughout a year with normal climatological condition, at most of the forest types in the region has been already studied. Also, we found a clear contrast in evapotranspiration in the dry season between forest types. The contrast might be one of notable characteristics of hydro-meteorology in tropical monsoon forests in the region. Inter-annual variations in both rainfall and its seasonal distribution might be significantly large in this region, leading to occasional severe droughts and irregular ecological rhythms of trees. Recent findings from several study sites imply that the variations in rainfall result in phenological and physiological responses of the studied forest ecosystems. These responses in turn may affect the exchanges of energy, water vapour, and carbon between forest ecosystems in the region and the atmosphere. Such effects of temporal variations in rainfall on the tropical monsoon forests have been poorly understood thus far. We, therefore, stress the necessity of further efforts to examine the ecological and hydro-meteorological responses of all tropical monsoon forests to the inter-annual variation in rainfall and its seasonal distribution. Key words : tropical monsoon forest, forest types, hydro-meteorology, inter-annual variation in rainfall and its seasonal distribution, northern Thailand

Kyushu Communication Studies 第２号

Kyushu Communication Studies 第２号 Kyushu Communication Studies. 2004. 2:1-11 2004 How College Students Use and Perceive Pictographs in Cell Phone E-mail Messages IGARASHI Noriko (Niigata University of Health and Welfare) ITOI Emi (Bunkyo