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1 Web Text Chat Dialogue Corpus Construction and Analysis of Dialogue Breakdown Ryuichiro Higashinaka, Kotaro Funakoshi, Masahiro Araki, Hiroshi Tsukahara, Yuka Kobayashi and Masahiro Mizukami In general, there are two types of dialogue systems: the task-oriented dialogue system and the non-task-oriented or chat dialogue system. In recent years, chat dialogue systems have received much attention mainly because of the advances in automatic knowledge acquisition from the web. Nevertheless, few studies are dedicated to the error analysis of chat dialogue systems. This is in contrast with the many error-analysisrelated studies on task-oriented dialogue systems. An error in a chat dialogue system can lead to the dialogue breakdown, where users are no longer willing to continue the conversation. Therefore, error analysis is crucial in such systems. However, it is difficult to analyze errors in chat dialogue systems because of the complex internal structures of the systems. In the present study, we analyze and categorize the errors NTT, NTT Media Intelligence Laboratories, Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd., Kyoto Institute of Technology, Denso IT Laboratory, Inc., Toshiba Corporation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
2 Vol. 23 No. 1 January 2016 in a text chat dialogue system on the basis of the surface form of the conversations. We construct a chat dialogue corpus between a chat system and users and analyze the dialogue breakdowns included in the corpus. Key Words: Dialogue System, Non-Task-Oriented Dialogue, Chat, Breakdown, Error Analysis 1 Twitter ( 2014) 1 (Wallace 2004; Banchs and Li 2012; Wilcock and Jokinen 2013) (Bickmore and Cassell 2001) (Bang, Noh, Kim, and Lee 2015) ( 2011) (Matsuyama, Akiba, Saito, and Kobayashi 2013) 60
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16 Vol. 23 No. 1 January (Bernsen, Dybkjær, and Dybkjær 1996; Dybkjær, Bernsen, and Dybkjær 1996) Grice (Grice 1975) Grice 74
17 8 (Bernsen et al. 1996; Dybkjær et al. 1996) Grice Grice 1 Grice S: 75
18 Vol. 23 No. 1 January 2016 S: S: Grice U: S: U: S: U: S: U: S: U: S: 76
19 5.1.3 S: Positive/Negative S: U: S: S: U: S: S: S: 77
20 Vol. 23 No. 1 January 2016 S: U: S: 5.2 κ (Levinson 2000) Grice Grice 78
21 6 Clark (Clark 1996) Clark 4 (upward causality) (downward evidence) (Bohus and Rudnicky 2005) (Möller, Engelbrecht, and Oulasvirta 2007) Paek Clark 4 (Paek 2003) Grice (Grice 1975) Grice Dybkjær et al. (Dybkjær et al. 1996) Bernsen et al. (Bernsen et al. 1996) Grice Grice Grice (Möller 2005) Aberdeen and Ferro (Aberdeen and Ferro 2003) Green (Green, Eklundh, Wrede, and Li 2006) Dzikovska 79
22 Vol. 23 No. 1 January 2016 (tutoring system) (Dzikovska, Callaway, Farrow, Moore, Steinhauser, and Campbell 2009) (Ward, Rivera, Ward, and Novick 2005) (Dybkjær et al. 1996) Grice Dybkjær Clark Walker (Walker, Langkilde, Wright, Gorin, and Litman 2000) Herm (Herm, Schmitt, and Liscombe 2008) (Schmitt, Schatz, and Minker 2011) Chai (Chai, Zhang, and Baldwin 2006) Xiang 80
23 (Xiang, Zhang, Zhou, Wang, and Qin 2014) Higashinaka (Higashinaka, Meguro, Imamura, Sugiyama, Makino, and Matsuo 2014b)
24 Vol. 23 No. 1 January API (Higashinaka, Imamura, Meguro, Miyazaki, Kobayashi, Sugiyama, Hirano, Makino, and Matsuo 2014a) URL ( 2015) 82
25 Project Next NLP NTT API 2 5 Aberdeen, J. and Ferro, L. (2003). Dialogue Patterns and Misunderstandings. In Proceedings of ISCA Workshop on Error Handling in Spoken Dialogue Systems, pp Banchs, R. E. and Li, H. (2012). IRIS: A Chat-oriented Dialogue System Based on the Vector Space Model. In Proceedings of the ACL 2012 System Demonstrations, pp Bang, J., Noh, H., Kim, Y., and Lee, G. G. (2015). Example-based Chat-oriented Dialogue System with Personalized Long-term Memory. In Proceedings of BigComp, pp Bernsen, N. O., Dybkjær, H., and Dybkjær, L. (1996). Principles for the design of cooperative spoken human-machine dialogue. In Proceedings of ICSLP, Vol. 2, pp Bickmore, T. W. and Cassell, J. (2001). Relational Agents: A Model and Implementation of Buliding User Trust. In Proceedings of CHI, pp Bohus, D. and Rudnicky, A. I. (2005). Sorry, I Didn t Catch That! An Investigation of Nonunderstanding Errors and Recovery Strategies. In Proceedings of SIGDIAL, pp Chai, J. Y., Zhang, C., and Baldwin, T. (2006). Towards Conversational QA: Automatic Identification of Problematic Situations and User Intent. In Proceedings of COLING/ACL, pp Clark, H. H. (1996). Using Language. Cambridge University Press. Dybkjær, L., Bernsen, N. O., and Dybkjær, H. (1996). Grice Incorporated: Cooperativity in Spoken Dialogue. In Proceedings of COLING, Vol. 1, pp Dzikovska, M. O., Callaway, C. B., Farrow, E., Moore, J. D., Steinhauser, N., and Campbell, 83
26 Vol. 23 No. 1 January 2016 G. (2009). Dealing with Interpretation Errors in Tutorial Dialogue. In Proceedings of SIGDIAL, pp Green, A., Eklundh, K. S., Wrede, B., and Li, S. (2006). Integrating Miscommunication Analysis in Natural Language Interface Design for a Service Robot. In Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ, pp Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Cole, P. and Morgan, J. (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, pp New York: Academic Press. Herm, O., Schmitt, A., and Liscombe, J. (2008). When Calls Go Wrong: How to Detect Problematic Calls Based on Log-files and Emotions? In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH, pp (2015) ), SIG-SLUD-75-B502, pp Higashinaka, R., Imamura, K., Meguro, T., Miyazaki, C., Kobayashi, N., Sugiyama, H., Hirano, T., Makino, T., and Matsuo, Y. (2014a). Towards an Open-domain Conversational System Fully Based on Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of COLING, pp Higashinaka, R., Meguro, T., Imamura, K., Sugiyama, H., Makino, T., and Matsuo, Y. (2014b). Evaluating Coherence in Open Domain Conversational Systems. In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH, pp (2014). Twitter., 29 (1), pp (2011).., 111, pp Landis, J. R. and Koch, G. G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics, 33, pp Levinson, S. C. (2000). Presumptive Meaning: The Theory of Generalzied Conversational Implicature. MIT Matsuyama, Y., Akiba, I., Saito, A., and Kobayashi, T. (2013). A Four-Participant Group Facilitation Framework for Conversational Robots. In Proceedings of SIGDIAL, pp Möller, S. (2005). Parameters for Quantifying the Interaction with Spoken Dialogue Telephone Services. In Proceedings of SIGDIAL, pp Möller, S., Engelbrecht, K.-P., and Oulasvirta, A. (2007). Analysis of Communication Failures for Spoken Dialogue Systems. In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH, pp
27 (2014).. NTT DoCoMo, 21 (4), pp Paek, T. (2003). Toward a Taxonomy of Communication Errors. In Proceedings of ISCA Workshop on Error Handling in Spoken Dialogue Systems, pp Schmitt, A., Schatz, B., and Minker, W. (2011). Modeling and Predicting Quality in Spoken Human-computer Interaction. In Proceedings of SIGDIAL, pp (2015). Project Next NLP (2014/3-2015/2). 21. Walker, M., Langkilde, I., Wright, J., Gorin, A., and Litman, D. (2000). Learning to Predict Problematic Situations in a Spoken Dialogue System: Experiments with How May I Help You? In Proceedings of NAACL, pp Wallace, R. S. (2004). The Anatomy of A.L.I.C.E. Tech. rep., A.L.I.C.E Artificial Intelligence Foundation, Inc. Ward, N. G., Rivera, A. G., Ward, K., and Novick, D. G. (2005). Root Causes of Lost Time and User Stress in a Simple Dialog System. In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH, pp Wilcock, G. and Jokinen, K. (2013). Wikitalk Human-robot Interacitons. In Proceedings of ICMI, pp Xiang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, X., and Qin, Y. (2014). Problematic Situation Analysis and Automatic Recognition for Chinese Online Conversational System. In Proceedings of CLP, pp NTT ACM SIGCHI 85
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