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2 The Native American Influence upon Europe Centering round Thought on Land Property Yoko MITSUISHI +/ ,,.**. / 0 131

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17 .*-- (,**, ) R +1*, , , +1.*.2 +1* / , Cf. Playing in the Dark : Whiteness and the Literary Imagination -,33 -** / /* /+ /,/+ / / * 2,+. +/, + +-/ Lopez de Gomora, Histoire generale des Indes con laconquista de la Mexico y de la Nueva-Espana, +//-. Andre Thevet Jean de Lery +//1 Villegaignon +/+* 1+ +* / +3/ Cf. Arneil, p.,.. +, Le P. Labat, Nouveau Voyage aux iles de l Amerique, +1,,. Solis, Histoire de la conquete du Mexique ;, Garcilasso de la Vega, Histoire du Perou ;. Lopez de Gomora William Dampier, Nouveau Voyage autour de Monde, Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios reales deperu ; Thomas Gage, A New Survey of West Indies, +0.2., +/ ; III + b,,20 Du Tertre, Histoire generale des isles de saint Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres dans L Amerique, +0/.,+001) Jacques Gautier d Agoty, Observations sur l histoire naturelle, la physique et la peinture, +1/, /2, Charles-Marie de La Condamine, Relation abregee du voyage fait a l interieur de l Amerique meridionale, +1./ 146

18 K /* +32/,*./ /*1 //* + +30/, R L H / ,** Arneil, Barbara. John Locke and America : The Defence of English Colonialism. Oxford : Clarendon Press, Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark : Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Camridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, +33,. Nerburn, Kent (Ed.) The Wisdom of the Native Americans. Novato, Cal. : New World Library,

19 .*-- (,**, ) Abstract The Native American Influence upon Europe Centering round Thought on Land Property Yoko MITSUISHI This study emphasizes the impact the encounter with Native Americans gave on Europe in the period of the great voyage and from thenceforth. As for the European influence on the Americas, we know how Native Americans were obliged to experience a great change in their life. Since, for example, the fact is well known that the Inca Empire collapsed, we might simply assume that the weaker civilization of Native Americans was overwhelmed by or absorbed into the more powerful European one. Acculturation, however, was not one-way. We should note the fact that the Americas remained to be the center of attention among European countries culturally as well as economically and politically until, at least, the eighteenth century. In this paper, with emphasis on the reverse influence, I will show how Native Americans a#ected and formed part of European thought, especially around the concept of land property. This study is the application of what Toni Morrison did in her book, Playing in the Dark : Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (+33,), to the relation of Native Americans with Europe. In that book, Morrison made it clear how the presence of African people had worked on the formation of American literature, even though critics, in general, assumed that the canonical texts of American literature had nothing to do with those black people living for.** years in the United States. Analyzing the texts by canonical writers, Morrison suggested that even their symbolic use of whiteness might represent their sense of guilt toward black people reflecting upon themselves. Morrison calls the deep and pervasive influence Africanism, including even prejudice, psychic trauma and scientific researches the African presence inspired. In a similar way, the influence the presence of Native American people inspired in Europe what may be called Americanism can be detected in the texts of European writers. 148

20 I will trace the Native American presence in the following six European texts from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth : Utopia (+/+0), Les Essais, Two Treatises on Government (+03*), Discours sur l origine de l inegalite parmi les hommes (+1/.), De l esprit des lois (+1.2), The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (+22.). All of these texts seem to show that European thought was formed more or less under the strong influence of Native American culture. 149

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