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1 #1 id:motemen August 27, 2008

2 id:motemen

3 1-3

4

5

6

7 : n < a 1, a 2,..., a n > a 1 a 2 a n < a 1, a 2,..., a n >

8

9 : Google: insertion sort site:youtube.com 1

10 : procedure Insertion-Sort(A) for j 2 to length[a] do key A[j] i j 1 while i > 0 and A[i] > key do A[i + 1] A[i] i i 1 A[i + 1] key 1 length[a] JS Ruby A.length ( )

11

12 : 1 n n + 1

13 : 1 n n + 1

14 3

15 3 : for A[1..j 1]

16 3 A[1..j 1] A[1] : for A[1..j 1]

17 3 A[1..j 1] A[1] A[j] OK (while ) : for A[1..j 1]

18 3 A[1..j 1] A[1] A[j] OK (while ) A[1..j 1] A : for A[1..j 1]

19 3 A[1..j 1] A[1] A[j] OK (while ) A[1..j 1] A : for A[1..j 1]

20 T (n)

21 Insertion-Sort (n = length[a]) for j 2 to length[a] n do key A[j] n 1 i j 1 n 1 while i > 0 and A[i] > key n j=2 t j do A[i + 1] A[i] n j=2 (t j 1) i i 1 n j=2 (t j 1) A[i + 1] key n 1 t j ( ) 1

22 Insertion-Sort

23 Insertion-Sort ( ) while 1 : t j = 1 T (n) = an + b

24 Insertion-Sort ( ) while 1 : t j = 1 T (n) = an + b ( ) while i = 0 : t j = j T (n) = an 2 + bn + c

25 ( )

26 ( ) T (n) = an 2 + bn + c T (n) = an + b

27 ( ) T (n) = an 2 + bn + c = Θ(n 2 ) T (n) = an + b = Θ(n)

28 ( ) T (n) = an 2 + bn + c = Θ(n 2 ) T (n) = an + b = Θ(n) Θ

29

30 2 : 2 Google: merge sort site:youtube.com (divide-and-conquer) (incremental approach)

31

32 3

33 1

34 2 1

35 2 1 2 : Θ(n)

36 2 1 2 : Θ(n) ( )

37 ( ) procedure Merge(A, p, q, r) n 1 q p + 1 n 2 r q for i 1 to n 1 do L[i] A[p + i 1] for j 1 to n 2 do R[j] A[q + j] L[n 1 + 1] R[n 2 + 1] i 1 j 1 for k p to r do if L[i] R[j] then A[k] L[i] i i + 1 else A[k] R[j] j j + 1

38 Merge A[p..k 1] L R k p L[i] R[j] L R A

39 Merge-Sort(A, p, r) Merge A[p..r]

40 Merge-Sort(A, p, r) Merge A[p..r] p r (0 1 )

41 Merge-Sort(A, p, r) Merge A[p..r] p r (0 1 ) : n/2 A[p..q] n/2 A[q + 1..r]

42 ( ) A p r procedure Merge-Sort(A, p, r) if p < r then q (p + r)/2 Merge-Sort(A, p, q) Merge-Sort(A, q + 1, r) Merge(A, p, q, r)

43 T (n) n ( ) T (n) = Θ(1) a 1/b T (n) = at (n/b) + D(n) + C(n) D(n): C(n):

44 n/2 D(n) = Θ(1) 2 1/2 a = b = 2, 2T (n/2) Merge Θ(n) C(n) = Θ(n) T (n) = { Θ(1) if n = 1 2T (n/2) + Θ(1) + Θ(n) if n > 1

45 T(n)

46 T(n) T (n) = 2T (n/2) + cn

47 cn T(n/2) T(n/2)

48 cn T(n/2) T(n/2) T (n/2) = 2T (n/4) + cn/2

49 cn cn/2 cn/2 T(n/4) T(n/4) T(n/4) T(n/4)

50 cn cn/2 cn/2 T(n/4) T(n/4) T(n/4) T(n/4) T (n/4) = 2T (n/8) + cn/4,...

51 cn cn/2 cn/2 T(n/4) T(n/4) T(n/4) T(n/4) c c c c

52 cn cn/2 cn/2 cn/2 2 = cn cn/4 cn/4 cn/4 cn/4 cn/4 4 = cn c c c c c n = cn

53 cn cn/2 cn/2 cn/2 2 = cn cn/4 cn/4 cn/4 cn/4 cn/4 4 = cn c c c c c n = cn cn, log 2 n T (n) = cn log 2 n

54 log 2 n 2 log 2 n = n n

55 log 2 n 2 log 2 n = n n n log = 8 log = 16 log = 32

56 log 2 n 2 log 2 n = n n n log = 8 log = 16 log = 32

57

58 T (n) n

59 T (n) n

60 T (n) n Θ, O, Ω,...

61 Θ- f(n) = Θ(g(n)) n n 0 0 c 1 g(n) f(n) c 2 g(n) c 1, c 2 n 0 ( ) Θ(n 2 ) Θ(n 2 ) =

62 O- f(n) = O(g(n)) n n 0 0 f(n) cg(n) c n 0 ( ) O(n 2 )

63 Ω- f(n) = Ω(g(n)) n n 0 0 cg(n) f(n) c n 0 ( )

64 o- ω- f(n) = o(g(n)) c > 0 n 0 > 0 n n 0 0 f(n) cg(n) ω

65

66 log(x) vs x vs x 2 vs x 3 vs 2 x 0..5 log(x) x x*x x*x*x 2**x

67 1.2e+06 log(x) vs x vs x 2 vs x 3 vs 2 x e+06 log(x) x x*x x*x*x 2**x

68 1.2e+06 log(x) vs x vs x 2 vs x 3 vs 2 x e+06 log(x) x x*x x*x*x 2**x

69 O(n!) >> O(k n ) >> ( ) >> O(n k ) >... O(n 3 ) > O(n 2 ) > O(n log n) > O(n) > O(log n) > O(1)

70

x, y x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 xy (x y) (x + y) xy (x y) (x y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2) = 15 (x y)

x, y x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 xy (x y) (x + y) xy (x y) (x y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2) = 15 (x y) x, y x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 1 1977 x 3 y xy 3 x 2 y + xy 2 x 3 + y 3 = 15 xy (x y) (x + y) xy (x y) (x y) ( x 2 + xy + y 2) = 15 (x y) ( x 2 y + xy 2 x 2 2xy y 2) = 15 (x y) (x + y) (xy

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