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1 Bulletin of the JSME 日本機械学会論文集 Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) Vol.8, No.837, 極細繊維材の吸音率予測手法の開発 黒沢良夫 * Development of sound absorption coefficient prediction technique of ultrafine fiber Yoshio KUROSAWA * * Department of Mechanical and Precision System, Teikyo University - Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 3-855, Japan Received 5 Desember 5 Abstract This report deals with sound absorption coefficient prediction technique of ultrafine fiber. As the sound absorption material used for the interior noise reduction of the automobile, the fiber with a diameter of several μm is considered. When a fiber diameter becomes small, usually a sound absorption coefficient increases. But predictive precision was bad by the conventional performance prediction technique. I developed the technique to predict a sound absorption coefficient from the fiber diameter and the fiber density and the material thickness and the material density. The experiment expression of relations was drawn from the experimental results about the flow resistivity and the thermal characteristic length. And I introduce the technique used Limp frame model to predict a sound absorption coefficient for the ultrafine fiber. There diameters are -4μm. This paper shows comparison of the experimental results and the calculation results, and this technique is useful. Key words : Ultrafine fiber, Sound absorption coefficient, Prediction model, Biot parameter, Automobile. 緒言 自動車の高周波車内音低減に用いる吸音材料として, 繊維径が / 数 μm ~ 数 μm のナノ繊維 ( 図 ) が検討され始めている. 一般的に同じ重量なら繊維径が細いほど吸音性能が良いことが知られている. 図 に厚さ mm, 3 g/ mの繊維径の異なる 4 つの繊維材の垂直入射吸音率の計測結果を示す. 同じ厚さ, 同じ目付であれば繊維径が細いほど吸音率が高いことがわかる. 繊維材の吸音率は周波数によって特性が異なるため, 狙いの周波数域で狙いの吸音性能を持つ製品を製作するのは困難である. また, 繊維が細すぎると弾力が小さくなり潰れてしまい, 製品として用いるためには骨格 ( バインダー ) となる別の繊維が必要になるが, その配合割合により吸音性能も変化してしまう. 周波数ごとの最適な繊維径 配合割合を実験計測的に求めようとすると膨大なサンプル作製や計測数になってしまうため, 計算により吸音率の周波数特性を求めることを本研究の目標とした. 従来, 繊維材の吸音性能である垂直入射吸音率 ( 以下, 吸音率はすべて垂直入射吸音率を示す ) は音響管を用いた複素の特性インピーダンスと伝搬定数の計測結果から求められていた ( 西村他,988)( 黒沢, 山口,7). 加藤は, 音響管の計測を必要としない, 繊維径 繊維密度 サンプル厚さ サンプル密度から吸音率を計算する手法 (Kato モデル ) を提案した ( 加藤,7)( 加藤,8). 論文中では等価繊維径 5.7 μm まで検証されているが, 本手法がナノ繊維でも適用可能か検証を行った. 検証に用いたのはPP( ポリプロピレン ) 平均繊維径 :.57 μm, 目付け :3 g/ m, 厚さ : mm,pp 平均繊維径 :4.458 μm, 目付け :3 g/ m, 厚さ : mm の 種類である. 図 3 の左側のグラフがの仕様, 右側のグラフがの仕様の Kato モデルの計算結果と B&K 社製の音響管による吸音率計測結果の比較を示す. 検証結果, 上記 のナノ繊維では予測精度が悪く, 繊維径が μm ~4 μm のナノ繊維では適用できないことが確認された. そのため, 本研究ではナノ繊維でも吸音率が予測可能な No.5-5 [DOI:99/transjsme.5-5], J-STAGE Advance Publication date : May, * 正員, 帝京大学理工学部 ( 栃木県宇都宮市豊郷台 -) of corresponding author: ykurosawa@mps.teikyo-u.ac.jp

2 Kurosawa, Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), Vol.8, No.837 () 計算手法を検討した. Fig. Ultrafine fibers μm μm 4μm 3μm. Fig. Sound absorption coefficient of fibers (3g/m, thickness:mm) Nomal incidence absorption coefficient. exp cal Nomal incidence absorption coefficient. exp cal Fig.3 Comparison of experimental results and calculation results. 計算手法ナノ繊維の吸音率の計算は,R. Panneton により提案された Limp frame モデル (Panneton,7) が有効であることを加藤らが確認している ( 加藤他,3). これは, 骨格が柔らかい繊維材に対して適用され, 振動する骨格内を流れる空気のエネルギーロスを導くモデルである. 以下に複素体積弾性率, 複素密度の計算式を示す.

3 Kurosawa, Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), Vol.8, No.837 () K ~ ~ M M ~ P 8 jb B j () () ~ j 4 -j M,, s (3) K : 繊維中の空気の換算体積弾性率, : 空気の比熱比 (=.4), P : 標準大気圧 (=3 hpa), : 空気の損失係数 (=.8-5 Ns/ m ), : 熱的特性長 (Thermal characteristic length), B : 空気の Prandtl 数 (=8), : 周波数, : 空気の密度 (=. kg/m 3 ), ~ : 繊維中の空気の換算密度, : 迷路度 (Tortuosity),: 多孔度 (Porosity), : 流れ抵抗 (Flow resistivity), : 粘性特性長 (Viscous characteristic length), : サンプル密度, : 繊維密 度である. 今回, 前述したの仕様について, 吸音率の実験結果と Miki モデル (Miki,99),Rigid frame モデル (Allard and Atalla, 9),Limp frame モデルの計算結果の比較を行った ( 図 4). なお, ナノ繊維では骨格の弾性率の影響はなく Biot モデルを用いる必要はないことは確認済みである. どのモデルも上記材料パラメータは音響管の計測結果から ESI 社の Biot パラメータ逆推定ソフトウェア Form-X を用いて算出した結果を代入して計算した. 実験結果と比較するとどちらの仕様も Limp frame モデルが最も良い予測精度を示していた. ただし, 迷路度, 熱的特性長, 粘性特性長, 流れ抵抗を求めるには専用の計測装置, または前述の音響管計測結果からの逆推定が必要 (Courtois et al.,5) となり, サンプル作製が必要となってしまう. s. Exp Miki Rigid Limp Fig.4 Comparison of experimental results and calculation results Exp Miki Rigid Limp 本研究では, これらの材料パラメータ ( 計測結果や音響管計測結果から逆推定した値 ) と繊維径 繊維密度 サンプル厚さ サンプル密度について実験関係式を求めることを考えた. 図 5 に流れ抵抗の計測結果とサンプル密度の関係を示す. 流れ抵抗はカトーテック株式会社製の通気性試験機を用いて計測した. 今回は PP からなる繊維径の異なる 3 つのサンプルを作製し, 厚さを変えることでそれぞれの繊維径で 9 種類のサンプル密度にして流れ抵抗を計測した. 図中 μm は平均繊維径.57 μm, μm は平均繊維径. μm,4 μm は平均繊維径 μm である. 本図より, 繊維径ごとにサンプル密度と流れ抵抗の近似 b 曲線を求めると累乗の関数の形 a が最も一番相関係数が大きくなった. それぞれ繊維径 μm で σ=7.45ρ.397, μm で σ=9.388ρ.79,4 μm で σ=3.857ρ.574 である.a と b が各繊維径で成り立つように近似曲線を求めると累乗の関数の形が最も相関係数が大きくなったので, 流れ抵抗を式 (4) の関係式とした. 3

4 Kurosawa, Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), Vol.8, No.837 () ( D ) 87 D: 平均繊維径である..5E+5 μm 57.9( D ) (4).E+5 μm 4μm Flow resistivity (Ns/m4).5E+5.E+5 5.E+4.E Dencity (kg/m3) Fig.5 Flow resistivity 迷路度は繊維材ではほぼ. に近い値になることが多く (Allard and Atalla, 9), 繊維径によらず一定値. とした. 熱的特性長は繊維間の接触面積を考慮すると以下の関係式が成り立つ ( 加藤,8). : 接触面積比 ( 繊維間の接触面積 / 繊維の全表面積 ) である. 図 に接触面積比と熱的特性長の関係を示す. 熱的特性長は音響管の計測結果から Biot パラメータ同定ソフト Form-X を用いて算出した結果である. 繊維径が μm と, μm と 4 μm との傾向が異なる理由については, 繊維径が細くなることにより繊維のまわりの空気との接触面積が繊維径に反比例して大きくなるため, 熱的特性長の理論値との関係において μm から μm の間に変曲点があると推察できる. 詳細にどの繊維径で極値を取るのかは今後の課題である接触面積比も繊維径ごとに近似曲線を求めると線形関係 a b が最も相関係数が大きくなった. それぞれ μm で.5 89, μm で.4. 8,4 μm で である.a と b が各繊維径で成り立つように近似曲線を求めると対数関数の形が最も相関係数が大きくなったので, 式 () の関係式とした. 8 log(d ). log(λ ) 497 log(d ) () 3 D s D s Contact area retio χ. μm μm 4μm Thermal characteristic length (theoretical value) Λ (μm) Fig. Contact area ratio (5) (7) 4

5 Kurosawa, Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), Vol.8, No.837 () 粘性特性長は繊維材で一般的に成り立つ以下の関係式を用いた (Allard and Atalla, 9). (8) 以上を Limp frame モデルに適用し, 吸音率を計算し計測結果と比較した結果を図 7~9 に示す. mあたりの重さは 3 g で, 厚さは上から mm, 5 mm, mm である. 図中実線は φ3.5 の音響管 ( 中管 ) の計測結果, 破線はφ9 の音響管 ( 細管 ) の計測結果, プロットは計算結果である. なお, 図 7~9 で吸音率を計測したサンプルは, 式 (4) と式 () の導入に使用したサンプルとは別のサンプルである. ナノ繊維の繊維径ごとに色を変えて示した. 若干高周波域で計算精度の悪い結果もあるが, 細管の音響管計測における計測誤差等を考慮すれば十分な予測精度といえる.. μm t(φ3.5exp) μm t(φ9exp) μm t(cal) μm t(φ3.5exp) μm t(φ9exp) μm t(cal) 4μm t(φ3.5exp) 4μm t(φ9exp) 4μm t(cal) Nanofiber 3g/m t Fig.7 Comparison of experimental results and calculation results (thickness: mm) Nanofiber3g/m 5t μm 5t(φ3.5exp) μm 5t(φ9exp) μm 5t(cal) μm 5t(φ3.5exp) μm 5t(φ9exp) μm 5t(cal) 4μm 5t(φ3.5exp) 4μm 5t(φ9exp) 4μm 5t(cal). Fig.8 Comparison of experimental results and calculation results (thickness:5 mm) 5

6 Kurosawa, Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), Vol.8, No.837 () Nanofiber3g/m t μm t(φ3.5exp) μm t(φ9exp) μm t(cal) μm t(φ3.5exp) μm t(φ9exp) μm t(cal) 4μm t(φ3.5exp) 4μm t(φ9exp) 4μm t(cal). Fig.9 Comparison of experimental results and calculation results (thickness: mm) 3. 結言繊維径が μm ~ 4 μm のナノ繊維について, 繊維径 繊維密度 サンプル厚さ サンプル密度から吸音率を予測する手法を開発した. 流れ抵抗と熱的特性長について計測結果から実験関係式を導き,Limp frame モデルに適用することで, 音響管を用いた吸音率計測結果と比較しておおむね良い一致を示した. これにより, サンプル作製前に吸音率の予測が可能になり, 狙いの吸音率の製品の作成も可能となった. 今後は, バインダーを含むナノ繊維について本計算式が成り立つか確認し, 背後空気層や不織布を積層した場合の吸音率の計算手法の開発や, さらなる予測精度の向上などを検討している. 文 献 Allard, J. F. and Atalla, N., Propagation of Sound in Porous Media, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(9). Courtois, T., Falk, T. and Bertolini, C., An acoustical inverse measurement system to determine intrinsic parameters of porous samples, SAPEM 5, Lyon, France (5), pp.9-5. 加藤大輔, 多孔質材料内伝搬音の予測モデル- 繊維不織布の物質密度と繊維径による定量化 -, 日本音響学会誌, Vol.3 (7), pp 加藤大輔, 多孔質材料内伝搬音の予測モデル-KATO モデルにおける適用範囲の拡張 -, 日本音響学会誌, Vol. (8), pp 加藤高久, 赤坂修一, 松本英俊, 浅井茂雄, ナノファイバー積層体の音響特性パラメータと吸音率の関係, 制振工学研究会 3 技術交流会資料集, SDT33 (3), pp.-4. 黒沢良夫, 山口誉夫, 自動車の防音材の吸音 遮音性能の簡易予測ツールの開発, 制振工学研究会 7 技術交流会資料集, SDT7 (7), pp.7-. Miki, Y., Acoustical properties of porous materials -Modifications of Delany-Bazley models-, Journal of Acoustic Society of Japan.(E), Vol., No. (99), pp.9-4. 西村正治, 深津智, 泉山和雄, 長谷川素由, 伝達マトリックス法の基づく実験的音響管路解析の研究 ( 第 報, 管路要素の伝達マトリックスの計測手法 ), 日本機械学会論文集 C 編, Vol.54, No.54 (988), pp Panneton, R., Comments on the limp frame uivalent fluid model for porous media, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, Vol., Issue (7),EL7. References Allard, J. F. and Atalla, N., Propagation of Sound in Porous Media, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(9).

7 Kurosawa, Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), Vol.8, No.837 () Courtois, T., Falk, T. and Bertolini, C., An acoustical inverse measurement system to determine intrinsic parameters of porous samples, SAPEM 5, Lyon, France (5), pp.9-5. Kato, D., Predictive model of sound propagation in porous materials: Quantification of fiber nonwoven fabric by material density and fiber diameter, Journal of Acoustic Society of Japan, Vol.3 (7), pp.5-45(in Japanese). Kato, D., Predictive model of sound propagation in porous materials: Extension of applicability in KATO model, Journal of Acoustic Society of Japan, Vol. (8), pp (in Japanese). Kato, T., Akasaka, S., Matsumoto, H. and Asai, K., Relationship of nanofiber laminates between acoustic characteristic parameter and sound absorption coefficient, 3 Society of Damping Technology Symposium, SDT33 (3), pp.-4(in Japanese). Kurosawa, Y. and Yamaguchi, T., Development of prediction tool for sound absorption and sound insulation for automotive sound proof properties, 7 Society of Damping Technology Symposium, SDT7 (7), pp.7-(in Japanese). Miki, Y., Acoustical properties of porous materials -Modifications of Delany-Bazley models-, Journal of Acoustic Society of Japan.(E), Vol., No. (99), pp.9-4. Nishimura, M., Fukatsu, S., Izumiya, K. and Hasegawa, M., Experimental acoustic duct analysis based on transfer matrix method ( st report: A new method for measuring transfer matrices of duct elements), Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series C, Vol.54, No.54 (988), pp (in Japanese). Panneton, R., Comments on the limp frame uivalent fluid model for porous media, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, Vol., Issue (7), EL7. 7

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