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1 1,327 Annotation of Focus for Negation in Japanese Text Suguru Matsuyoshi This paper proposes an annotation scheme for the focus of negation in Japanese text. Negation has a scope, and its focus falls within this scope. The scope of negation is the part of the sentence that is negated. The focus of negation is the part of the scope that is prominently negated. In natural language processing, correct interpretation of negated statements requires precise detection of the focus of negation in the statements. As a foundation for developing a focus detector, we have annotated a part of Rakuten Travel: User Review Data and a part of a newspaper subcorpus of the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese, with our annotation scheme. In this scheme, a negation cue in the text data is linked to the focus by annotation with identifying clues. These clues include focus particles such as wa and shika, and other expressions in the context. We report 1,327 negation cues and the foci in the corpora. Key Words: Negation, Focus of Negation, Corpus Annotation, Modality, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi

2 Vol. 21 No. 2 April MeCab 1 JUMAN 2 CaboCha 3 KNP 4 5 KNP SynCha 6 ( 2007) (1) [ ] (2) [ ] (1) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) ryu-i/syncha/ 250

3 ( 2007; Blanco and Moldovan 2011a) 2 ( 2009) (Huddleston and Pullum 2002; 2010; 2007) ( 2007, 2009) ( 1986; 1999; 2009; 2009) BioScope (Vincze, Szarvas, Farkas, Móra, and Csirik 2008) not without Morante 251

4 Vol. 21 No. 2 April 2014 (Morante, Liekens, and Daelemans 2008) Li BioScope (Li, Zhou, Wang, and Zhu 2010) *SEM Shared task 1 Conan Doyle 8 ( 2011) Blanco PropBank (Babko-Malaya 2005) (Blanco and Moldovan 2011a) (1) not MNEG (2) MNEG (3) A0, A1, A2, TMP, LOC 9 Blanco (Blanco and Moldovan 2011a, 2011b) *SEM 2012 Shared task 1 10 Rosenberg 4 (Rosenberg and Bergler 2012) 1 ( 2010) MNEG

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14 Vol. 21 No. 2 April XML [PN1a 00002] 1 <sentence> <SUW> <tok> 1 ID BCCWJ XML -f 3 CaboCha <sentence> ID XML <wsb:negation> <wsb:focus> <wsb:description> <wsb:clue> 21 <wsb:negation> 1 <sentence> : : 21 wsb 262

15 @wsb:lastupdate : <wsb:focus> <wsb:negation> <wsb:description> <wsb:clue> <wsb:focus> : : <wsb:description> 1 : : ID. <wsb:clue> 2 <sentence> 1 BCCWJ XML XML CaboCha ( 2010) 5 2 (1) 23 : (2) BCCWJ (PN) pl

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20 Vol. 21 No. 2 April BCCWJ 3 ( 2013) BCCWJ (B)

21 Babko-Malaya, O. (2005). PropBank Annotation Guidelines. ACE (Automatic Content Extraction) Program. pdf. Blanco, E. and Moldovan, D. (2011a). Semantic Representation of Negation Using Focus Detection. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp Blanco, E. and Moldovan, D. (2011b). Some Issues on Detecting Negation from Text. In Proceedings of the 24th International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference, pp (1998)... Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G. K. (Eds.) (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. (2006)... (2010)... (2011). Ver.2.4. Technical Report of Department of Information Science, Ochanomizu University. (2009).., 136, pp (2012).. 18, pp Li, J., Zhou, G., Wang, H., and Zhu, Q. (2010). Learning the Scope of Negation via Shallow Semantic Parsing. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010), pp (1998)... (2010)... D,, 93 (6), pp (1999).., 28, pp Morante, R., Liekens, A., and Daelemans, W. (2008). Learning the Scope of Negation in Biomedical Texts. In Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp (1989)

22 Vol. 21 No. 2 April 2014 (2007). 3.. (2009). 5.. (2000)... (2009)... (1986)... (2013).. 19, pp Rosenberg, S. and Bergler, S. (2012). UConcordia: CLaC Negation Focus Detection at *Sem In Proceedings of the 1st Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics: SemEval 12, pp Vincze, V., Szarvas, G., Farkas, R., Móra, G., and Csirik, J. (2008). The BioScope Corpus: Biomedical Texts Annotated for Uncertainty, Negation and their Scopes. In BMC Bioinformatics, pp

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