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1 Title アメリカニズムと宗教 Author(s) 安酸, 敏眞 Citation 聖学院大学論叢, 16(1): URL d=173 Rights 聖学院学術情報発信システム : SERVE SEigakuin Repository for academic archive

2 Americanism and Religion Toshimasa YASUKATA In this paper, I examine the relationship between the American national identity and religion.i begin by analyzing what constitutes Americanism, namely, the American Spirit, the American Mind, the American Creed, and so forth. The analysis of these terms shows the importance as well as ambivalence of individualism, which has played a vital role in American culture.hence I take up, for critical consideration, Robert N. Bellah and his fellow scholars fascinating sociological studies of the contemporary American culture: Habits of the Heart (1985) and The Good Society (1991).In relationship with this consideration, I also deal with the problem of American civil religion, paying special attention to the Presidents Inaugural Addresses.Then I critically refer to the President George W. Bush s personal conviction and US foreign policy.finally, I discuss the current ideological divide between Europe and America. π E.B. ª Americanism, the American Civil Religion, the American Creed, the American Mind, the American Spirit

The analysis of these terms shows the importance as well as ambivalence of individualism, which has played a vital role in American culture.hence I take up, for critical consideration, Robert N.

3 W º Ω manifest destiny æ ø

4 the Puritan Spirit the New England Mind The Spirit of American Christianity The American Spirit a spirit of its own ƒ the unpossessed frontier

5 «frontiersman self-relianceπegalitarianism direct actionªlocalismºrestlessness» Ωthe break with traditionæfaith in the future working one s way through college À Ã Õ an area of experimentation Œ œ

with traditionæfaith in the future working one s

6 the American spirit the American mind cultural relativism American mind the German connection ÿ

7 Ÿ Americanness

8 fi fl American exceptionalism

9 the American Creed libertyπ egalitarianism individualism ªpopulismºlaissez-faire the absence of feudal structures, monarchies and aristocracies a double-edged sword Â

10 Ê Á moral individualism Ë È Í Î the lonely crowd habits of the heart

11 Ï Ì π ª Ó Ô apple Ò Ú

12 Û Ù ı

13 ˆ the religious center American Civil Religion a city upon a A

14 B common elements of religious orientation C an admixture of nationalism and Protestantism D E F

15 G New Israel D.C. H Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defectthe Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of mensome token of providential agency I that Being who is supreme over all, the Patron of Order, the Fountain of Justice, and the Protector in all ages of the world of virtuous liberty J an overruling Providence K that Infinite Power which rules the destinies of the universe L that Almighty Being whose power regulates the destiny of nations M

defectthe Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of mensome token of providential agency I that Being who is supreme over all, the

16 N W a power larger than ourselves who creates us equal in His image O an angel still rides in the whirlwind and directs this storm P our savior Uncivil Religion? Q Wthe Bush Doctrine unilateralism a born-again Christian

and directs this storm P our savior Uncivil Religion?

17 R America s faith in freedom and democracy S our very freedom came under attack T U V W X

18 Y preemptive action Z Moral truth is the same in every culture, in every time, and in every place

19 [ Power and Weakness \ psychology of power psychology of weakness ]

20 free ride the postmodern paradise the great paradox Is It Still the West?

21 the deepest ambiguities about Europe

22 a sense of humility the sin of pride an awareness of moral ambiguity π

23 ªEdward Burnett Tylor, Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom. 2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1871). º Ω æ ø Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972), 124. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953)Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (New York: Macmillan Company, 1954) Ronald E. Osborn, The Spirit of American Christianity (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1958), 1. ƒibid., 2. Ibid., 3. Ibid., 4. «Ibid., 5.»restless restless people Cf. Dixon Wecter, The Hero in America: A Chronicle of Hero- Worship (New York: Charles Scribner s Sons, 1941). Ibid. Ibid., 6. ÀIbid., 9. ÃIbid., 11. ÕIbid., 13. ŒIbid. œibid., 14. Ibid., 15. Ibid., 16. Ibid., 18. Ibid., 21. Henry Steele

24 Commanger, The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character since the 1880 s (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1950); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1986); Lawrence W. Levine, The Opening of the American Mind: Canons, Culture, and History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996) John Moffatt Mecklin, The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the American Mind (New York: Russell and Russell, 1963) --Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, with a foreword by Saul Bellow (New York; Simon & Schuster Inc., 1987), , ÿ- Ÿ - fialexis de Tocqueville, De la Démocratie en Amérique (Gallimard, 1951). Democracy in America, translated by George Lawrence (Harper & Row, 1966). fl Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, ),. Ibid., 19, 31. ÿibid., 19. Ibid. Ibid., 268. ÂIbid. ÊIbid., 275. ÁIbid., 275. ËIbid. ÈIbid. ÍIbid., 276. ÎIbid., 277. Ï- - Ì Ó - Ôthe unresolved conflict

25 Henry F. May, The Divided Heart: Essays on Protestantism and the Enlightenment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 3. apple Ò Ú Û Ù ı ˆ civil religion Civil Religion in America Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post- Traditionalist World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), Russell Richey & Donald Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, city upon a hill A BBellah, Beyond Belief, 171. CConrad Cherry, God s New Israel: Religious Interpretations of American Destiny, 2d ed. (Chapel

26 Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 11. DPaul McCartney, The Bush Doctrine and American Nationalism, unpublished paper prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA, August 28- September 1, 2002, 9. E F Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial, 2d ed. (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994). G H IDavis Newton Lott, The Presidents Speak: The Inaugural Addresses of the American Presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush, 4th ed., (Los Angeles: Olive Grove Publishing, 2002), 4. JIbid., 15. KIbid., 20. LIbid., 21. MIbid., 31. NIbid., 26. OIbid., 375. PIbid., 378 QWade Clark Roof, Uncivil Religion?. Available: RDeborah Caldwell, George Bush s Theology: Does President Believe He Has Divine Mandate?, February 12, Available: NewsID=1994. SLott, The President Speak, 375. T Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation, September 11, U President s Remarks at National Day of Prayer and Remembrance, September 14, V National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims Of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001, September 13, W Remarks by the President Upon Arrival, September 16, X Islam is Peace Says President: Remarks by the President at Islamic Center of Washington, D.C., September 17, Y Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, September 20, Z President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point: Remarks by the President at 2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy, June 1, [Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 4. \Robert Kagan, Power and Weakness, Policy Review, No. 113 (June-July 2002). ]Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, 3, Ibid. Ibid., 31. Ibid., Ibid., 55. Ibid., 57. Ibid., 53. Ibid., 61.

27 Ibid. Ibid., 73. Ibid. Ibid., 76. Christian Outposts in the Western Wilderness outpost Robert T. Handy, A History of the Churches in the United States and Canada (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), Henry F. May, Ideas, Faiths & Feelings: Essays on American Intellectual & Religious History (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 194. Europe and the American Mind vs. - Lott, The Presidents Speak, Reinhold Niebuhr, The Irony of American History (New York: Charles Scribner s Sons, 1952), Martin E. Marty, The Sin of Pride, Newsweek (March 10, 2003), Cf. John Dart, Bush religious rhetoric riles critics, The Christian Century (March 8, 2003),

00−ìfic„h-flO“Z.ec6

00−ìfic„h-flO“Z.ec6 Rokuzan and a church in Koishikawa Kei KIDA On January 22, 1993. with the permission of the Rokuzan Museum, I took some photographs of Rokuzan s sculptures, drawings and his diary observations. After ward,