序 文 日本国政府は カンボディア王国政府の要請に基づき 同国のシアヌークヴィル コンバイ ンドサイクル発電開発計画調査を行うことを決定し 国際協力事業団がこの調査を実施いた しました 当事業団は 平成 12 年 2 月から平成 13 年 11 月までの間 6 回にわたり株式会社ニュージェ ックの塩

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2 序 文 日本国政府は カンボディア王国政府の要請に基づき 同国のシアヌークヴィル コンバイ ンドサイクル発電開発計画調査を行うことを決定し 国際協力事業団がこの調査を実施いた しました 当事業団は 平成 12 年 2 月から平成 13 年 11 月までの間 6 回にわたり株式会社ニュージェ ックの塩見敏雄氏を団長とし 同社の団員から構成される調査団を現地に派遣しました 調査団は カンボディア王国政府関係者と協議を行うとともに 現地調査を実施し 帰国後 の国内作業を経て ここに本報告書の完成の運びとなりました この報告書が カンボディア王国の電源開発計画の推進に寄与するとともに 両国の友好親 善の一層の発展に役立つことを願うものです 終わりに 調査のご協力とご支援をいただいた関係各社に対し 心から感謝申し上げます 平成 14 年 1 月 国際協力事業団 総裁川上隆朗

3 国際協力事業団 総裁川上隆朗殿 平成 14 年 1 月 伝達状 謹啓時下益々ご清栄のこととお慶び申し上げます さて ここにカンボディア国シアヌークヴィル コンバインドサイクル発電開発調査の最終報告書を提出させていただきます 本報告書は 貴事業団との契約に基づき平成 12 年 2 月より平成 13 年 11 月の間に実施された シアヌークヴィル市に設置計画の 180 MW 規模の火力発電所に関するフィージビリティ調査結果をまとめたものであります 本調査結果として 報告書では 180 MW のガスタービンコンバインドサイクル方式の発電所を 2006 年 2008 年の 2 期に分けて それぞれ 90 MW ずつ完工することを推奨しております しかし 本発電所建設実現のためには 天然ガスが本プラントで使用できることが最も重要な要素となっております 現在カンボディア国内では天然ガスが利用できませんが 鋭意開発中でありますので これの早期利用実現が切に望まれます 本報告書の作成に当たり 貴事業団 経済産業省並びに外務省の関係各位より賜りました ご指導 ご支援に厚くお礼を申し上げますと共に 現地調査にご協力 ご支援頂いたカンボ ディア国鉱工業エネルギー省並びにカンボディア電力公社の各位に深い感謝の意を表します 最後に 本報告書がカンボディア国の電源開発計画推進の一助となることを切に念じております 謹白 団長塩見敏雄カンボディア国シアヌークヴィル コンバインドサイクル発電開発計画調査

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6 180 MW Sihanoukville Combined Cycle Power Plant Site

7 Abbreviations and Definitions ADB : Asian Development Bank CIF : Cost, Insurance and Freight CMAC : Cambodian Mine Action Center CNPA : Cambodia National Petroleum Authority DSCR : Debt Service Coverage Ratio EAC : Electricity Authority of Cambodia EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EDC : Electricite du Cambodge (one of the counterpart) EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return EVN : Electricity of Vietnam GDP : Gross Domestic Product GT : Gas Turbine HHV : Higher Heating Value HRSG : Heat Recovery Steam Generator IBRD : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (The World Bank) IPP : Independent Power Producer IRR : Internal Rate of Return ISO : International Standard Organization JBIC : Japan Bank for International Cooperation LHV : Lower Heating Value LNG : Liquefied Natural Gas LPC : Levelised Production Cost LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas MEF : Ministry of Economy and Finance MIME : Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy MOE : Ministry of Environment NPV : Net Present Value PSC : Production Sharing Contract ROE : Return on Equity ST : Steam Turbine Stage 1 : The works of the first 90 MW capacity plant Stage 2 : The works of the second 90 MW capacity plant Stage 3 : The works of the third 90 MW capacity plant VAC : Ventilation, Air-Conditioning Units BCF : Billion Cubic Feet (10 9 ft 3 = 28,320,000 m 3 ) : US cent kcal : Kilo-calorie (1 kcal = kj) kwh : Kilo-watt-hour GWh : Giga-watt-hour (10 6 kwh) M. : Million MW : Mega-watt (10 3 kw) MMBTU : Million Btu (1 Btu = kcal = kj) TCF : Trillion Cubic Feet (10 12 ft 3 = 1,000 BCF)

8 Takeo i -

9 (EIA) ii -

10 (HRSG) MW 180 MW iii -

11 Kampot Attachments - iv -

12 List of Tables Table Data on Population Census Table Number and Density of Population by Each Region (Year 1998) Table Actual and Forecast on GDP and Other Indices Table Actual and Forecasted on GDP Composition and Growth Rates by Each Category Table Energy Generation and Generation Availability of EDC System Table Forecasted Peak Demand (MW) - by IBRD Table Forecasted Energy Generation (GWh) - by IBRD Table Electricity Consumption per Capita Table (1) Table (2) Table (1) Table (2) Forecasted Peak Demand Taking Account of Grid Connection (MW) - Base Case Forecasted Peak Demand Taking Account of Grid Connection (MW) - Low Case Forecasted Energy Generation Taking Account of Grid Connection (GWh) - Base Case Forecasted Energy Generation Taking Account of Grid Connection (GWh) - Low Case Table Existing and Committed Major Plants Table Planed Alternative Plant Specifications and Restrictions Table Criteria of Cambodian Power System Table Main Characteristics of Generators and Step-Up Transformers Table Main Characteristics of Transmission Lines and Transformers Table Recoverable Gas Reserve Table Example of Heavy Fuel Oil Price Table Taxes for Fuels Table Distillate Fuel Quality Specification Table Fuel Oil Quality Specification Table Analysis Data of High Speed Diesel Fuel Table Analysis Data of Fuel Oil No Table Standard Specification for Singapore Oil Table Sulfur and Lead Standard permitted to Fuel and other Combustion Substances Table Properties of Typical Natural Gas Table Comparison of Type of Plant Table Emission Levels in Each Power Plant Table Quality of Air pollutant Discharged from Each Power Plant v -

13 Table Calculation of Air Pollutant Discharged from Each Power Plant Table Composition of Fuel Oil Table Composition of Typical Natural Gas Table Characteristics of Candidates of Power Plants and Fuel Cost Table Calculation for Equivalent Installed Capacity and Generation Energy Table Comparison among the Power Plant Candidates Table Net Present Value and Levelized Production Cost Table Investigation Results of Candidate Sites Table Estimated Cost for Items which are variable by Sites Table Annotated Tables of Contents for EIA Reports Table Maximum Wind Speed at Sihanoukville Meteorological Station Table Rainfall Data in Short Time Period Table Probable Rainfall in Short Period by Gumbel Method Table Probable Rainfall in 10 min Table Probable Wave Height and Period Table Properties of Typical Natural Gas Table Properties of Diesel Oil Table Non-Excess Probability Dry Season Rainfall at Sihanoukville Table Quality of Fresh Water Table Comparison of Intake and Discharge Facility Type Table Comparison between Single Shaft and Multiple Shaft Configurations Table Performance of Typical Gas Turbines (Natural Gas, ISO Base) Table Performance of Typical Gas Turbines with N.G. at Site Conditions Table Performance of Typical Gas Turbines with D.O. at Site Conditions Table Type of HRSG Table Comparison between Natural Circulation and Forced Circulation Type of HRSG Table Comparison of Type of HRSG Table Recommended Personnel Allocation in Sihanoukville C/C Power Station Table Composition of Operators Table Composition of Maintenance Personnel Table Program of Classroom Training and OJT Table Breakdown of the Classroom, and vi -

14 Table Summary of Construction Cost Table Estimate of Project Construction Cost (as of 2001) Table Breakdown of Construction Cost Table Capacity Factor of Sihanoukville C.C. Power Plant Table Fuel Prices for Economic Analysis Table Project Characteristics and Assumed Conditions Table Characteristics of Alternative Diesel and Assumed Conditions Table Calculation Cases and Summary of Results Table Capacity Factors of Sihanoukville C.C. Power Plant Table Estimated Construction Cost (M. US$) Table Future Power Tariff Scenario (Riel/kWh) Table Exchange Rate Forecast (Riel/US$) and Power Tariff Forecast ( /kwh) Table Cost Related to Power Generation in Phnom Penh Operation (Million Riel) Table EDC Staff Cost in PHN s for Table Taxes and Duties on Fuel Table Percent of Annual Depreciation Table Sihanoukville C.C. Project Calculation Conditions Table Calculation Cases and Results for Financial Analysis Table Total Project Cost and Financial Arrangement for Sihanoukville Combined Cycle Project Table Power Purchase Prices from Vietnam Table Comparison of Purchase Price and LPC vii -

15 List of Figures Fig Population of Cambodia Fig GDP of Cambodia Fig Daily Load Curve (June 24, 2000) Fig Yearly Load Curve (1999) Fig Peak Demand Forecast until 2016 (by IBRD) Fig Power Generation Forecast until 2016 (by IBRD) Fig Comparison between IBRD Forecast and Actual Record Fig Comparison of Total Peak Demand Forecast Fig Comparison of Total Power Generation Forecast Fig Relation between Electricity Consumption per Capita and GDP per Capita Fig.2.2-1(1) Proposed Power Generation Expansion Plan (Base Case) Fig.2.2-1(2) Proposed Power Generation Expansion Plan (Low Case) Fig Transmission Expansion Plan (until 2010) Fig.2.3-2(1) Load Flow in Fig.2.3-2(2) Load Flow in Fig System Stability Analysis (in 2006) Fig System Stability Analysis (in 2010) Fig Short Circuit Current at Each Station in Fig Frequency Characteristic of Cambodian Power System Fig Frequency Drop after Generation Unit Trip Fig Plan of 220 kv Transmission Lines Fig Gas and Oil Blocks (Offshore) in Cambodia Fig Natural Gas Development Schedule Fig Proposed Organizational Chart of Cambodian National Petroleum Authority Fig Natural Gas Fields and Gas Pipelines of Thailand Fig Fuel Price in Phnom Penh (CIF) Purchased from CUPL Fig System Diagram of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plant Fig System Diagram of Diesel Power Plant Fig System Diagram of Conventional Power Plant Fig Comparison of Production Cost Components at Plant excluding Taxes imposed on Fuel (10% Discount Rate) Fig Location of Candidate Sites viii -

16 Fig EIA Process for Proposed Project Approved by Royal Government or CDC Fig EIA Process for Proposed Project Approved by Project s Owner as Ministry and Institution Fig EIA Process for Proposed Project Approved by Provincial-Urban Authorities Fig Environmental Examination Application Form Fig Frequency of Wind Direction and Averaged Wind Speed Distribution Fig Fetch and Water Depth Fig Relation of Wave Run-up Height and Wave Steepness Fig Ground Elevation of Grid Node in the Plant Area Fig Variation of Rainfall in Dry Season Fig World Earthquake Distribution ( ) Fig Seismic Hazard Map Fig Comparison of Intake/Discharge Facility Type Fig Arrangement of Heat Exchanger Fig Cooling Method of Generator Fig Brushless Excitation System Fig Static Excitation System Fig Heat Balance of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plant (Natural Gas) Fig Heat Balance of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plant (Diesel Oil) Fig Steam and Water System of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plant Fig Flow Diagram of Main Cooling Water System Fig Flow Diagram of Fresh Water Supply System Fig Flow Diagram of Wastewater Treatment System Fig Flow Diagram of Compressed Air System Fig Unit Power Supply System Fig System Configuration for In-Plant Substation Fig Preferable Typical Scheme for Station Auxiliary Electrical Supply Fig Typical Control and Supervising System for Multi-Shaft Combined Cycle Power Plant Fig Layout of Plant Fig Foundation of Oil Storage Tank Fig Foundation of Heavy Equipment Fig Foundation of Intake Structure Fig Foundation of Discharge Outlet Structure Fig Foundation of Offshore Cooling Water Pipes Fig Plot Plan for Combined Cycle Power Station Fig General Arrangement for Power Plant ix -

17 Fig Comparison of the Organization between DG P/S and Combined Cycle P/S Fig Organization and Function of Sihanoukville Combined Cycle Power Station Fig Schedule of Training Plan Fig.9-1 Approximate Implementation Schedule of 180 MW CCGT Fig Taxes and Duties on Project Fig Loan Agreement and Subsidiary Loan Agreement Fig Comparison of Relate Power Cost x -

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19 MW 2 GCP International Inc. SIAM TONE Co., Ltd. TEAM Consulting Engineering Management CO., Ltd. (EIA) % /kwh 100% IPP 1-1

20 EDC (Electricite du Cambodge) MW 367 GWh % 25.2% 13% IPP 30 MW % 12% 12% 27% MW 2,634 GWh MW (S/W) 1-2

21 1.2. MIME (Ministry of Industries, Mines and Energy) EDC (Electricite du Cambodge) 90 MW 2 1-3

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23 (1) UNFPA (The United Nations Population Fund) (People s Republic of Kampuchea) 1994 UNFPA NIS (National Institute of Statistics) 5, NIS 20, Table Data on Population Census Surveyed Year Type of Survey Total Population (person) 1962 Population census 5,728,771 Official census Rough population census Socio-economic survey Remarks 6,589,954 Administrative control data 9,870, Population census 10,702, (Source : Forecast from the survey data of the 5,578 sample families Forecast from the survey data of the 20,000 sample families Full scale population 11,437,656 Full scale survey census General Population Census of Cambodia 1998, Provisional Population Total & Final Census Results Data Sheet, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning) 2-1

24 % % % % % % 1998 Table Table Number and Density of Population by Each Region (Year 1998) Region Population Percentage vs. Population Density (person) Total Population (%) (person/km 2 ) Banteay Meanchey 577, Battambang 793, Kampong Cham 1,608, Kampong Chhnang 417, Kampong Speu 598, Kampong Thom 569, Kampot 528, Kandal 1,075, Koh Kong 132, Kratie 263, Mondul Kiri 32, Phnom Penh 999, ,448 Preach Vihear 119, Prey Veng 946, Pursat 360, Ratanak Kiri 94, Siem Reap 696, Sihanoukville 155, Stung Treng 81, Svay Rieng 478, Takeo 790, Otdar Mean Chey 68, Krong Kaeb 28, Krong Pailin 22, Total 11,437, (Average)

25 (2) Table GDPGDP Table Actual and Forecast on GDP and Other Indices Year 1995 Actual 1996 Actual 1997 Actual 1998 Forecast 1999 Forecast 2000 Forecast 2001 Forecast 2002 Forecast GDP (Billion Riel) GDP (Million$, Converted at market price) Average Exchange Rate Riel/$ Actual GDP Growth Rate (%) Consumer price increase rate (%) (Source : National Bank of Cambodia and Economic Unit Ministry of Economy and Finance) GDP % % GDP Table

26 Table Actual and Forecast on GDP Composition and Growth Rates by Each Category Year Agriculture GDP Comp. (%) GDP Growth (%) Industry GDP Comp. (%) GDP Growth (%) Commercial GDP Comp. (%) GDP Growth (%) 1995 Actual Actual Actual Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast GDP (1) EDC GWh 97 MW 1990 Table Table GDP GDP Fig Fig Fig Fig Table Energy Generation and Generation Availability of EDC System Year Energy Generation (GWh) Generation Availability (MW) (Source : EDC) 2-4

27 Person (Million) Year (Source : EDC) Fig Population of Cambodia Million US$ Year (Source : Ministry of Planning) Fig GDP of Cambodia 2-5

28 1.0 (MW/MW peak) (hour) (Source : EDC) Fig Daily Load Curve (June 24, 2000) 1.0 (MW/MW peak) 0.5 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. (Source : EDC) Fig Yearly Load Curve (1999) 2-6

29 (2) MW 2,634 GWh 12.0%9.4% Table 2.1-6Table Fig Fig % GDP 1% 30% GDP 1% 2-7

30 Table Forecasted Peak Demand (MW) - by IBRD - Year Banteay Meanchey Battambang Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondul Kiri Phnom Penh Preach Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanak Kiri Siem Reap Sihanoukville Stung Treng Svay Rieng Takeo TOTAL (Source : EDC) 2-8

31 Table Forecasted Energy Generation (GWh) - by IBRD - Year Banteay Meanchey Battambang Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondul Kiri Phnom Penh Preach Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanak Kiri Siem Reap Sihanoukville Stung Treng Svay Rieng Takeo TOTAL (Source : EDC) 2-9

32 (MW) 1,000 High Case Base Case 500 Low Case (Year) (Source : IBRD Report) Fig Peak Demand Forecast until 2016 (by IBRD) (GWh) 4,000 High Case 3,000 Base Case 2,000 Low Case 1, (Year) (Source : IBRD Report) Fig Power Generation Forecast until 2016 (by IBRD) 2-10

33 (3) Fig Fig GWh Previous Forecast (IBRD) 1000 Actual Record Year Fig Comparison between IBRD Forecast and Actual Record JICA GDP 2-11

34 D n = D n-1 ( 1 + E n GDP n ) + ER n ( P n / k) CC n ER n ( P n / k) CC n D n-1 (E n GDP n ) D n-1 D n D n-1 D n = D n-1 ( 1 + E n GDP n ) D n-1 (E n GDP n ) D n-1 D n D n-1 D P E ER CC : Demand : Population Growth Rate : Elasticity (estimated from the past record) : Electrification Ratio : Demand per Residential Customer GDP : GDP Growth Rate by Sector n, n-1 : Year k : Population per Customer JICA Fig Fig Attachment

35 (MW) IBRD Revised (year) Fig Comparison of Total Peak Demand Forecast (GWh) IBRD Revised (year) Fig Comparison of Total Power Generation Forecast 2-13

36 Table GDP Fig Table Electricity Consumption per Capita Consumption Countries kwh/cap.(1997) Malaysia 2352 Thailand 1360 Philippines 432 Indonesia 329 Vietnam 203 Lao PDR 94 Bangladesh 76 Myanmar 57 Nepal 39 Cambodia 37 (in 2000) 86 (in 2010) 121 (in 2015) Electricity Consumption/Capita (kwh) Myanmar Malaysia Thailand Philippines Indonesia Vietnam Cambodia (2015) Lao PDR Cambodia (2010) Bangladesh Cambodia (2005) Nepal Cambodia (2000) GDP/Capita (US$) Fig Relation between Electricity Consumption per Capita and GDP per Capita 2-14

37 (4) ha (5) Table Table EDC Table 2.1-9Table % Base CaseLow Case

38 Table (1) Forecasted Peak Demand Taking Account of Grid Connection (MW) - Base Case - Year Banteay Meanchey 24.6 Battambang 30.8 Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang 6.2 Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondul Kiri Phnom Penh Preach Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanak Kiri Siem Reap 15.8 Sihanoukville Stung Treng Svay Rieng Takeo TOTAL

39 Table (2) Forecasted Peak Demand Taking Account of Grid Connection (MW) - Low Case - Year Banteay Meanchey 21.2 Battambang 26.5 Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang 5.4 Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondul Kiri Phnom Penh Preach Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanak Kiri Siem Reap 13.5 Sihanoukville Stung Treng Svay Rieng Takeo TOTAL

40 Table (1) Forecasted Energy Generation Taking Account of Grid Connection (GWh) - Base Case - Year Banteay Meanchey 80.4 Battambang Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang 18.8 Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondul Kiri Phnom Penh Preach Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanak Kiri Siem Reap 48.9 Sihanoukville Stung Treng Svay Rieng Takeo TOTAL

41 Table (2) Forecasted Energy Generation Taking Account of Grid Connection (GWh) - Low Case - Year Banteay Meanchey 69.1 Battambang 90.6 Kampong Cham Kampong Chhnang 16.2 Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Koh Kong Kratie Mondul Kiri Phnom Penh Preach Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanak Kiri Siem Reap 42.0 Sihanoukville Stung Treng Svay Rieng Takeo TOTAL

42 (1) MIME/EDC IPP2 (60 MW) 2002 KiriromPrek Thnot (29 MW) Temporary IPP (15MW / 3 ) 2004/5 (90 MW 2) 2008 Kamchay 2011 Battambang 1& Stung Atay ( MW) (60 MW) (110 MW) 2014 (90 MW) 2016 Russei Chrum (125 MW) IPP Kirirom Prek Thnot (29 MW) 2003 Kirirom (12 MW) IPP (15 MW) (2) Stage 1 Stage Stage EDC 1 90 MW

43 (3) MW MW Hz (Fig.2.3-6) 47 Hz 15% MW 2-21

44 (1) Table 2.2-1Table MW MW IPP2 Prek Thnot Table Existing and Committed Major Plants Plant Name Capacity (MW) SMD (days/yr) FOR (%) Plant Life (years) Fixed O/M Cost ($/kw-yr) Variable O/M Cost ($/MWh) Fuel Type Heat Rate (MMBTU/ MWh) Fuel Cost ($/ MMBTU) Installed Year IPP HFO Temporary IPP Diesel C2 (1) HFO (3) (Rehabili.) C3 (2) Diesel C Diesel C HFO (3) SMD : Scheduled maintenance day (Source : EDC, Consultant s data-base) FOR : Forced outage rate Note : (1) Demolished in 2004, (2) Demolished in 2004 and 2006, (3) Sifted to HFO in 2000 Table Planned Alternative Plant Specifications and Restrictions Plant Name Capacity (MW) Annual Hydro Energy (GWh) per Unit Total Installed Cost ($/kw) SMD FOR (days/ (%) yr) Plant Life (years) Fixed O/M Cost ($/kw -yr) Variable O/M Cost ($/MWh) Sihanoukville Fuel Type natural gas Heat Rate (MMBTU /MWh) Fuel Cost ($/ MMBTU) Maximum Units Allowed in Study Maximu m Units Allowed per year First Year Available Kirirom , hydro Kamchay , hydro Stung Atay , hydro St. Russei Chrum Battambang 1 & , hydro , hydro SMD : Scheduled maintenance day (Source : EDC, Consultant s data-base) FOR : Forced outage rate 2-22

45 (2) Table 2.2-1, Table % LOLPLoss of Load Probability 24 Fig Base Case 2006 Stage 1 90 MW Stage 2 90 MW 2008 Attachments Kamchay 2-23

46 (MW) St. Russei Chrum 125 MW Stung Atay 110 MW Kamchay 127 MW Temporary IPP 15 MW Sihanoukville 90 MW From Vietnam 80 MW Kirirom 12 MW From Vietnam 120 MW Sihanoukville 90 MW Installed Capacity Peak Demand (year) Fig (1) Proposed Power Generation Expansion Plan (Base Case) (MW) Kamchay 127 MW Stung Atay 110 MW From Vietnam 120 MW Sihanoukville 90 MW Installed Capacity Sihanoukville 90 MW From Vietnam 80 MW Kirirom 12 MW Temporary IPP 15 MW Peak Demand (year) Fig (2) Proposed Power Generation Expansion Plan (Low Case) 2-24

47 kv EDC 2010 Fig kv 2 30 MW Table 2.3-2Table EDC Table Table Criteria of Cambodian Power System kv 100 ms115 kv 140 ms 50 ±0.5 Hz 47 ~ 52 Hz ±5% 10% ~5% 31.5 ka 2-25

48 G 115 kv 220 kv Generator Load Kampong Cham 2009 K. Cham S/S K.Cham - NPP (115kV 2cct) 2001 GS1 - GS3 (115kV 2nd cct) G Kirirom 2002 K. Speu S/S Kirirom P/S WPP - K. Speu - Kirirom (115kV 1cct) 2007 NPP S/S NPP - WPP (115kV 2cct) 2004 WPP S/S Kampong Speu WPP pu NPP GS3 GS1 CPP 2004 WPP - GS3 (115kV 2nd cct) G G C5 C6 IPP1 G 2003 WPP Connection (115kV 2cct x 2) 2004 WPP - Takeo (220kV 2cct) Sihanoukville 180 MW G G 2006 & 2008(or 2009) Sihanoukville S/S Kampot 2006 Sihanoukville - Kampot (220kV 2cct) 2004 Kampot S/S 2004 Kampot -Takeo (220kV 2cct) 2004 Takeo - Vietnam (220kV 2cct) Fig Transmissin Expansion Plan (until 2010) GS2 Takeo Vietnam 2004 Takeo S/S 2-26

49 Table Main Characteristics of Generators and Step-Up Transformers Station Type Cap (MW) (Own MVA base) Xd (%) (Own MVA base) Xd' (%) Reactance Nominal Rating (Own MVA base) Xd" (%) (Own MVA base) Xq (%) H (100 MVA (Sec) base) C2 Diesel C3 Diesel C5 Diesel C6 Diesel IPP-1 Diesel Sihanoukville C/C Kirirom Hydro (Source : EDC, Consultant s data-base) Table Main Characteristics of Transmission Lines and Transformer No. Volt (kv) GS1 (Phonm Penh) Location Length (km) No.of Circuits Type Conductor Size (mm 2 ) Current Carrying Capacity (MVA/cct) Impedance : Z = R + jx %p.u. line total /cct (100 MVA base) %p.u. /cct (100 MVA base) - Branch 10 2 ACSR j WPP - Branch 14 2 ACSR j GS3 (Phonm Penh) WPP - GS2 (Phonm Penh) Kirirom - Kampong Speu - Branch 1 2 ACSR j ACSR j ACSR j Kampong Speu - WPP 55 1 ACSR j /220 WPP (115kV) - WPP (220kV) - 2 Bank (Transformer) 200/bank + j WPP (220kV) - Takeo 70 2 ACSR j Takeo - Kampot 80 2 ACSR j Kampot - Sihanoukville ACSR j (Vietnam) - Takeo ACSR j NPP - Kampong Cham ACSR j WPP - NPP 20 2 ACSR j GS1 - CPP 15 1 ACSR j GS2 - CPP 15 1 ACSR j (Source : EDC, Consultant s data-base) 2-27

50 Stage Stage ) ±5% 2) 1 150% 10% ~ 5% Fig.2.3-1Fig kv 2-28

51 12 MW G Kirirom pu Kampong Speu 45 MW 0.99 pu 33 GS1 37 G G C5 C pu G 115 kv 220 kv Generator Load 1.00 pu 37 WPP 0 G C3 GS3 IPP1 G 35 MW 37 GS2 105 MW 2 MW Sihanoukville 90 MW G 1.04 pu 4 Kampot 86 MW 76 MW 1.03 pu 10 Fig (1) Load Flow in pu Takeo 33 MW Vietnam 10 MVA 16 Kampong Cham G Kirirom 12 MW Kampong Speu pu pu NPP 50 MW 0.97 pu 40 GS1 G G C5 C6 CPP pu MVA 0.97 pu G 115 kv 220 kv Generator Load 0.98 pu WPP MVA GS3 IPP1 G 0 40 GS2 250 MW 70 MW Sihanoukville 180 MW G G 1.04 pu 6 Kampot 174 MW 159 MW 1.03 pu 14 Fig (2) Load Flow in pu Takeo 100 MW Vietnam

52 kv ms Fig Fig Fig System Stability Analysis (in 2006) 2-30

53 Fig System Stability Analysis (in 2010) Fig Fig kA Short Circuit Curent (ka) 5 0 Sihanoukville P/S Kampot Takeo WPP (230kV) WPP (115kV) GS2 GS3 GS1 Fig Short Circuit Current at Each Station in

54 Hz 47 Hz Fig Fig % Fig Fig MW (Hz) 0 50 % Capacity of Generation Trip 10 15% System Frequency Condition Generator speed regulation Spinning reserve Load frequency characteristic : 4% : 3% : 4% MW / Hz Fig Frequency Characteristic of Cambodian Power System 2-32

55 (Hz) (year) MW UNIT 20 MW UNIT System Frequency Frequency Criteria 20 MW UNIT 20 MW UNIT 30 MW UNIT 30 MW UNIT 30 MW UNIT MW UNIT (Note : Peak time system capacity is assumed. In off-peak time, generation output is assumed to be reduced in accordance with decrease of system capacity) 45 Fig Frequency Drop after Generation Unit Trip MW 30 M 2-33

56 2.4. JICA Cambodia Rural Electrification and Transmission Project (RE & T Project) (1) RE&T Project 3 Rural electrification component Transmission component Technical assistance Transmission component Takeo 109 km 220 kv Takeo 220/110/22 kv 115 kv GS1 GS2 GS Takeo Kampot Kampot (Phase 1) 2 Feasibility Study EIA

57 30 MW (2) RE&T Project 89 (JBIC)International Development Association (IDA)Global Environmental Facility (GEF) 44 JBIC IDA JBIC (3) Pre-appraisal mission Project appraisal Board approval JBIC JBIC JBIC

58 (4) RE&T Project Chau Doc Chau Doc Thot Not O Mon O Mon 600 MW O Mon - Thot Not T/L220 kv 2 (28 km) 2004 Thot Not - Chau Doc - Tinh Bien T/L, 220 kv 2 (96 km) 2003 Thot Not Chau Doc Thot Not - Chau Doc - Tinh Bien Takeo Takeo KampotTakeo 220 kv Kampot Fig

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61 (1) , % 41,000 (24.7%) 40,000 (24.1%) 46,000 (27.7%) 3,000 (1.8%) Energy Statistics Yearbook 1988 ~ 1995 ) IPP BTU IPP SokimexSHELLCALTEXTELACUPL Sokimex kl 38 kl 3-1

62 Sokimex 5 Sokimex 72 kl Sokimex Sokimex SHELLCALTEX TELA Sokimex Sokimex 5,400 m ,200 m 3 10,500 m 3 1 6,500 m ,500 m 3 2,000 m 3 2 1,030 m ,000 m 3 72,000 m ,000 m ,000 DWT 5,000 DWT Sokimex 1,500 DWT Sokimex SHELL 5,000 DWT 1,500 DWT 5,000 DWT 6 12 ~ 16 (2) (a) (i)

63 Woodside (PSC) Woodside Koah TangKoah Pring ApsaraPoulo WaiAngkor DA 1 ~ 4 Fig Woodside 2.7 TCF Table MW 10 BCF Angkor-1 55 Woodside 3.5 BCF MW 100 Woodside Fig ~ 5 CNPA

64 Table Recoverable Gas Reserve Field Natural Gas (BCF) Koah Tang Koah Tang Southwest Koah Tang Northeast Total of Koah Tang Fields 850 Koah Pring East-1 Koah Pring East Total of Koah Pring Fields 228 Koah Poulo Wai North Koah Pulo Wai Total of Koah Poulo Fields 410 Apsara 1 Angkor 1 Da Total of Aspara, Ankor and Da Fields 1,198 Grand Total 2,686 (BCF : Billion cubic feet) (Source : CNPA) 3-4

65 OVERLAPPING ZONE Ⅰ Ⅱ Sihanoukville Ⅲ B1-1 Koah Tang-1 4 Koah Pring-1 Apsara-1 Devada-1 3 H-1 Poulo Wai-1 Bayon-1 Angkor-1 Preah Kahn-1 DA-1 2 L-1 Ⅳ 1 New Development Zone 100 km Fig Gas and Oil Blocks (Offshore) in Cambodia 3-5

66 PSC Commercial Operation 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year Seismic analysis Exploration Drilling (proving) Appraisal Development Fig Natural Gas Development Schedule (ii) Elf Aquitaine Esso East West Center 50 ~ 100 1,500 ~ 3,500 BCF

67 Enterprise Oil Exploration 40% Total 30%British Gas 20% Compagnie Europeanne des Petroles 10% 1 (4,700 km 2 ) 2 (4,900 km 2 ) 150 km PSA (4,000 km 2 ) 130 km Premier Oil Pacific 33.3% Empolex 33.3% 4 (4,775 km 2 ) Nawa Oil Cairn Energy Marimex BV Technitrade International Overseas Petroleum Co. Chinese Petroleum /3 (iii) CNPA (Cambodian National Petroleum Authority) 3-7

68 Fig CNPA National Petroleum Company Chairman Vice Chairman Direct General Support Staff & Advisory Team Upstream Department Administration Department Legal & Negotiation Department Downstream Department Oil & Gas Exploration Administration Negotiation & Contract Refinery & Petrochemical Industry Reservoir Engineering Accounting & Finance Legal Aspect Import & Export Engineering & Development Personnel Distribution Data Management & Mapping Research & Information System Health, Safety & Environment Laboratory National Petroleum Company Royal Decree on the Nomination of the Board of Management for the Cambodian National Petroelum Authority Fig Proposed Organizational Chart of Cambodian National Petroleum Authority 3-8

69 (b) 9 TCF (MOU) 1) 2) 50% 3) 4 MOU (c) (i) Fig

70 JICA (MOECO) MOECO Unocal Thailand PTT (Petroleum Authority of Thailand) Unocal-MOECO ,000 MMCFD 10 ft % Unocal-MOECO MOECO Unocal IPP (Independent Power Purchaser) 4 Unocal Unocal IPP 2 2 Yadana 2007 ~

71 300 km 300 km Unocal 300 MW (ii) MOECO/Unocal/PTTEP/PVE km 6 1 ~ 5 TCF OMON 2 (300 MW) IPP 2007 ~ 2008 OMON 2 IPP 3-11

72 Fig Natural Gas Fields and Gas Pipelines of Thailand 3-12

73 (3) (LNG) LNG 180 MW 130 ~ LNG LNG (40,000 m 3 ) BOG (4) Stage MW 130 (5) 3-13

74 (1) EDC SokimexCALTEXSHELLTOTAL CUPL 2 3 Table % 7% VAT 10% Table Custom Cost 1 Fig EDC CIF VAT $/ton

75 Table Example of Heavy Fuel Oil Price (Unit : $/MT) Date Singapore Market Price Low High Average 30th Nov., st Dec., nd Dec., rd Dec., th Dec., Average 1450 Premium Price (CIF at Station) Table Taxes for Fuels Kind of Fuel Custom Import Tax Cost ($) % Amount ($) Exceptional Tax % Amount ($) Social Funds *1 ($) Sub Total VAT % Amount ($) Grand Total Amount ($) Gasoline Diesel Oil Heavy Fuel Oil Gas Lubricant Note; *1 : 3 Riel/1 % 3-15

76 CIF Phnom Penh FuelType Ave Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Heavy Fuel Diesel Oil Note: The above fuel prices exclude tax and duties. CIF Phnom Penh Heavy Fuel Oil Diesel Oil Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Source: Information from EDC Fig Fuel Price in Phnom Penh (CIF) Purchased from CUPL Nov Fuel Price (US$/ton) 3-16

77 (2) UNOCAL 1,800 MMCFD 1,000 MMCFD Erawan 2.2 $/MMBTU 2.5 $/ MMBTU Erawan 1,000 Yadana 2.5 $/MMBTU UNOCAL 750 MW ~ 800 MW 2.5 ~ 3 $/MMBTU 2.5 ~ 3.0 $/MMBTU CNPA Woodside km km MW % ~ 1.5 $/MMBTU 3.5 ~ 4.5 $/MMBTU 3-17

78 Tables Table 0.5% 0.2% Tables Sokimex Table % 3% Table % Sokimex Table % Table CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 70% CO

79 Table Distillate Fuel Quality Specification Unit Test Methods Limits Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C cst ASTM D Density at 15 C kg/l ASTM D Gross Calorific Value Btu/lb ASTM D240 19,100 Sulphur wt% ASTM D max Ash wt% ASTM D482 1 max Microcarbon Residue % max. ASTM D max Sediment by Extraction wt% ASTM D473 1 max Water by Distillation vol% ASTM D95 5 max Flash Point C ASTM D93 66 min Pour Point C ASTM D97 9 max Cetane Index - ASTM D min Colour - ASTM D max Distillation, 90% recovery C ASTM D max Corrosion, Copper (3h@ 100 C) - ASTM D130 1 max Strong Acid Number mgkoh/g ASTM D974 nil Total Acid Number mgkoh/g ASTM D max (Source : EDC) Table Fuel Oil Quality Specification Unit Test Methods Limits Kinematic Viscosity at 50 C cst IP 71 ASTM D max Flash Point (PMCC) C IP 34 ASTM D93 66 min Relative Density at 15.6/15.6 C kg/l IP 160 ASTM D max Pour Point C IP 15 ASTM D97 21 max Sulphur wt% IP 61 ASTM D max. 3.0 annual average Vanadium mg/kg IP 285T ASTM D max Sodium mg/kg IP 288T ASTM D max Carbon Residue (Conradson) wt% IP 13 ASTM D max Sediment by Extraction wt% IP 53 ASTM D max Ash wt% IP 4 ASTM D max Water by Distillation vol% IP 74 ASTM D max Gross Calorific Value Btu/lb IP 12 ASTM D240 18,500 min Asphaltenes wt% IP 143/84 5 max Aluminium & Silicon mg/kg IP 377 ASTM D max (Source : EDC) 3-19

80 Table Analysis Data of High Speed Diesel Fuel Tested by Alliance Refining Company Limited Property Units Test Method Specified Value Result Appearance - Visual Pass Pass Ash wt% ASTM D482 1 max <01 *1 Carbon Residue on 10% Distillation Residue, Micro Method Calculated Cetane Index or Cetane Number wt% ASTM D max 0 *1 - ASTM D976 or ASTM D min Color, ASTM - ASTM D max 0.5 Corrosion, Copper Strip 3 hr. at 50 C - ASTM D130 1 max 1a Density at 15 C g/ml ASTM D Distillation : C ASTM D86 10% Recovered % Recovered % Recovered 357 max % Recovered Flash Point C ASTM D93 66 min 73.5 Pour Point C ASTM D97 9 max -9 Sulfur Content wt% IP max 3 Viscosity, Kinematic at 40 cst ASTM D Water & Sediment vol% ASTM D max 05 Sampling Date : 19 Feb., 2000 (Source : Sokimex) *1 This test is performed on a 6-monthly basis. The result was obtained from sample dated 03 Dec.,

81 Table Analysis Data of Fuel Oil No.2 Tested by Alliance Refining Company Limited Property Units Test Method Specified Value Result Ash wt% ASTM D max 18 *1 Density at 15 C g/ml ASTM D max Flash Point C ASTM D93 60 min 62.5 Heat of Combustion, Gross kcal/kg ASTM D4868 9,900 min 10,407 Pour Point C ASTM D97 - Summer (1 March - 31 October) 24 max - Winter (1 November - 28 February) 18 max -9 *2 Sodium plus Vanadium mg/kg IP max 23.2 Sulfur Content wt% ASTM D max 1.75 Viscosity, Kinematic at 50 cst ASTM D Water & Sediment vol% ASTM D max 0.10 Sampling Date : 25 Dec., 1999 (Source : Sokimex) *1 This test is performed on a 6-monthly basis. The result was obtained from sample dated 09 July, *2 This test is performed on a monthly basis. The result was obtained from sample dated 01 Dec.,

82 Table Standard Specification for Singapore Oil Diesel Oil No. Test Definition Method ASTM Range Type 1 Appearance Visual - 2 Color ASTM D-1500 Max Density at 15 C D-1298 Max Copper Corrosion (3h, 50 C) D-130 Max. No.1 5 Distillation D-86 - I.B.P, C - 10%, C - 50%, C - 90%, C Min. Max. Max. Max. Max Flash Point D-93 Min Pour Point, C D-97 Max Ash Content, %WT D-482 Max. 1 9 Water Andsediment, 5 vol. D-1796 Max Sulfur Content, %WT D-1216 Max Cetane Inde D-976 Min Water by Distillation D-95 Max Acid Number, mgkoh/g D-664 Max Carbon Residue, %WT D-189 Max Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C, cst D-445 Max. Min (Source : EDC) Heavy Fuel Oil No. Test Definition Method ASTM Range Type 1 Density at 15 C D-198 Max Flash Point, C D-93 Min Pour Point, C D-97 Max Sulfur Content, %WT D-1266 Max Ash, %WT D-482 Max Sediment by Extraction % vol. D-96 Max Water by Distillation, % vol. D-95 Max Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C, cst D-445 Max Carbon Residue, %WT D-189 Max. 8.0 (Source : EDC) 3-22

83 Table Sulfur and Lead Standard permitted to fuel and Other Combustion Substances No. Combustion Substance Sulfur (S) Lead (Pb) 1 Dark fuel 1.0% 2 Diesel 0.2% 3 Petrol g.l 4 Coal 1.5% Remark : This standard applied to control concentrations of sulfur, lead, Benzene and hydrocarbons contains in fuel and coals. (Source : Cambodian Environmental Law) Table Properties of Typical Natural Gas Components Unit CO 2 vol. % 1.65 N 2 vol. % 1.92 CH 4 vol. % C 2 H 6 vol. % 0.72 C 3 H 8 vol. % 7 C 4 H 10 vol. % 2 C 5 H 12 vol. % 0.10 High Heating Value kj/nm 3 38,700 Low Heating Value kj/nm 3 34,

84 GTCC (HRSG) GTCC Fig HRSG 3-24

85 H.P. Steam From No.3 HRSG From No.2 HRSG L.P. Steam From No.3 HRSG From No.2 HRSG HP Turbine Bypass Note : LP Turbine Bypass shows the steam line. shows the water line. No.1 Deaerator Steam Turbine G No.1 HRSG Condenser Seawater Fuel (Natural Gas/Diesel Oil) G LP BFP HP BFP Boiler Feed Water To No.2 HRSG & Deaerator Condensate C.P. Air No.1 Gas Turbine To No.3 HRSG & Deaerator Note: This diagram is an example of multi-shaft type. Fig System Diagram of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plant 3-25

86 Fig ~ 700 rpm 150 rpm Fig

87 Fuel (Heavy Fuel Oil) Air Diesel Engine G De-NOx De-SOx Fig System Diagram of Diesel Power Plant Stack 3-27

88 Fuel (Heavy Fuel Oil) Air Main Steam Stack Boiler De-SOx H.P. Heaters Deaerator L.P. Heaters B.F.P. Fig System Diagram of Conventional Power Plant Steam Turbine G Condenser Seawater C.P. 3-28

89 Table GTCC 4 GTCC GTCC 50% 43% 39% GTCC 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 0 C 3-29

90 Table GTCC NOxSOx NOx GTCC GTCC GTCC Table GTCC

91 Table Comparison of Type of Power Plant Item Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Diesel (Middle Speed) Diesel (Low Speed) Conventional (Oil-fired Thermal) Construction Cost 870US$/kW 1,370US$/kW 2,020US$/kW 1,340US$/kW Fuel Natural Gas Heavy Fuel Oil Heavy Fuel Oil Heavy Fuel Oil Efficiency ( LHV ) Approx. 50% Approx. 43% Approx. 49% Approx. 39% Auxiliary Power Consumption Ratio Approx. 2.8% Approx. 4.6% Approx. 4.6% Approx. 6.7% Environmental Air Pollution not necessary necessary necessary necessary Mitigating Measures Hot Water necessary not necessary not necessary necessary Discharge Ease of Operation Good Better Better Good Reliability Good Better Better Good LHV : Low Heating Value 3-31

92 Table Emission Levels in Each Power Plant Item Cambodian Standard Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Diesel Generator (Middle Speed) Diesel Generator (Low Speed) Conventional Power Plant NOx 1,000 mg/m 3 (487 ppm) < 150 ppm < 1,500 ppm < 1,500 ppm < 300 ppm SOx 500 mg/m 3 (175 ppm) - < 700 ppm < 700 ppm < 2,200 ppm Particulate 100 mg/m 3 < 5 mg/m 3 < 250 mg/m 3 < 250 mg/m 3 < 200 mg/m 3 Note : Cambodian standard is based on the sub-decree on Control of Air Pollution and Noise. The maximum concentration of sulfur for diesel oil and heavy fuel oil is 0.2 % and 3.5 % respectively. Emission levels for Gas Tribune Combined Cycle are based on natural gas, because diesel oil is used as back-up fuel. Above concentrations are based on 760 mmhg, 0 C condition, and the emission levels of NOx and Particulates are referred to typical maximum level given by main manufacturers. 3-32

93 MW Table Table Table Table NOx SOx (NO 2 < 1,000 mg/nm 3 (487 ppm)so 2 < 500 mg/nm 3 (175 ppm)) Table Quantity of Air Pollutant Discharged from Each Power Plant NOx as NO 2 SOx as SO 2 CO 2 ton/year ton/year ton/year GTCC ,000 Diesel (Middle Speed) 3,766 *1 1,353 *2 527,000 Diesel (Low Speed) 3,335 *1 1,198 *2 466,000 Oil-fired Conventional *2 596,000 *1 : after DeNOx system *2 : after DeSOx system GTCC GTCC NOx NOx SOx CO 2 GTCC 4 GTCC GTCC CO

94 Table Calculation of Air Pollutant Discharged from Each Power Plant Quantity of Exhaust Gas a b c d e e = a b c d Sending-Out Energy Heat Rate Unit Gas Volume Specific Gravity Quantity of Gas GWh/year kcal/kwh Nm 3 /10 6 kcal kg/nm 3 ton/year GTCC 827 1,772 3, E+06 Diesel (middle speed) 827 2,084 3, E+06 Diesel (low speed) 827 1,845 3, E+06 Oil-fired Conventional 827 2,358 1, E+06 Emission of NOx f g g = e f 10-6 Quantity of NO 2 PPM ton/year Concentration of NOx GTCC Diesel (middle speed) 487 * 3,766 Diesel (low speed) 487 * 3,335 Oil-fired Conventional * : after DeNOx system Emission of SOx h I I = e h 10-6 Quantity of SO 2 PPM ton/year Concentration of SOx GTCC 0 0 Diesel (middle speed) 175 * 1,353 Diesel (low speed) 175 * 1,198 Oil-fired Conventional 175 * 506 * : after DeSOx system Emission of CO 2 j k k = e j 10-6 Concentration of CO 2 Quantity of CO 2 Vol.% ton/year GTCC E+05 Diesel (middle speed) E+05 Diesel (low speed) E+05 Oil-fired Conventional E

95 Table Composition of Fuel Oil (Unit : wt.%) Components Diesel Oil Heavy Fuel Oil Carbon Hydrogen Oxigen Nitrogen Sulfur Water & Sediment Ash 0 0 Table Composition of Typical Natural Gas (Unit : vol.%) Components Natural Gas CO N CH C 2 H C 3 H 8 7 C 4 H 10 2 C 5 H

96 (1) (Net Present Value) (2) (Levelised Production Cost) kwh kw (1) (Net Present Value) NPV = n Cost( i ) i r ) i= 1 ( 1+ i : n : + = r : (= 10%) 1 Cost (i) : i 1 10% ~ 12% 10% 3-36

97 (2) (Levelised Production Cost) (International Energy Agency) Levelised Production Cost = NPV(Cost) NPV(Production Energy) ΣNPV (Cost) ( ) ΣNPV (Production Energy) (1) (2) ( ) (3) ( ) (4) Table

98 2 (1) (2) CIF (Cost, insurance and freight) CIF ~ 2001 CIF 4.0 $/MMBTUL.H.V. (3) % Table Table Table Fig

99 Table Net Present Value and Levelised Production Cost Type Natural Gas Diesel Diesel Oil-fired Combined Cycle (Middle Speed) (Low Speed) Conventional Fuel Price 4.0 $/MMBTU ( - $/ton) 3.99 $/MMBTU (154 $/ton) 3.99 $/MMBTU (154 $/ton) 3.99 $/MMBTU (154 $/ton) NPV M.$ M.$ M.$ M.$ LPC 5.52 /kwh 7.92 /kwh 9.30 /kwh 8.05 /kwh Fuel NG HFO HFO HFO 70% 59% 69% 3-39

100 Table Characteristics of Candidates of Power Plants and Fuel Cost Unit Capacity Installed Cost Construction Period Disbursement Schedule Station Use Fixed O/M Cost Variable O/M Cost SMD FOR Plant Life Fuel Name of Plant Type MW US$/kW Years 1st year 2nd year days/year % % Years $/kw-year $/MWh Combined Cycle % 60% NG Diesel (Middle Speed) 90 1, % 50% HFO Diesel (Low Speed) 90 2, % 50% HFO Oil-fired Conventional 100 1, % 60% HFO Note: SMD =Scheduled Maintenance Days, FOR=Forced Outage Rate, NG = Natural Gas, HFO=Heavy Fuel Oil Installed costs of Diesel and Oil-fired Conventional include the mitigation equipment costs against the air pollution. Plant Type Fule Type Fuel Price* Efficiency Fuel Cost US$/MMBTU BTU/kWh US$/MWh Combined Cycle NG , Diesel (Middle Speed) HFO , Diesel (Low Speed) HFO , Oil-fired Conventional HFO , Note: *Fuel Price based on L.H.V. (Low Heating Value) 3-40

101 Table Calculation for Equivalent Installed Capacity and Generation Energy Year Capacity Factor 71% 75% 55% 63% 67% 70% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% Stage1 90 MW Stage 2 90 MW 1 Combined Cycle (Natural Gas-fired) Installed Capacity (90 MW x 2 stages) 180 MW Scheduled Maintenance Days 49 days Forced Outage Rate 8.0% Station Use 2.8% Generation Energy GWh Sending-out Energy GWh Diesel (Middle Speed) Scheduled Maintenance Days 28 days Forced Outage Rate 2% Station Use 4.6% kw Adjustment Factor kwh Adjustment Factor Equivalent Installed Capacity Equivalent Generation Energy GWh Diesel (Low Speed) Scheduled Maintenance Days 28 days Forced Outage Rate 2% Station Use 4.6% kw Adjustment Factor kwh Adjustment Factor Equivalent Installed Capacity Equivqlent Generation Energy GWh Oil-fired Conventional Scheduled Maintenance Days 53 days Forced Outage Rate 8.0% Station Use 6.7% kw Adjustment Factor kwh Adjustment Factor Equivalent Installed Capacity Equivalent Generation Energy GWh

102 Table Comparison Among the Power Plant Candidates Year Sending-out GWh Discount Rate 1% Conversion Factor Sum NPV of Sending-out GWh Combined Cycle (Natural Gas-fired) Net Present Value of Cost M.US$ Levelised Production Cost 5.52 c/kwh Generation Energy GWh Sum Construction Cost M.US$ Fixed O/M Cost M.US$ Variable O/M Cost M.US$ Fuel Cost M.US$ Cost Total M.US$ NPV as of Year 1 M.US$ Diesel (Middle Speed) Net Present Value of Cost M.US$ Levelised Production Cost 7.92 c/kwh Generation Energy GWh Construction Cost M.US$ Fixed O/M Cost M.US$ Variable O/M Cost M.US$ Fuel Cost M.US$ Cost Total M.US$ NPV as of Year 1 M.US$ Diesel (Low Speed) Net Present Value of Cost M.US$ Levelised Production Cost 9.3 c/kwh Generation Energy GWh Construction Cost M.US$ Fixed O/M Cost M.US$ Variable O/M Cost M.US$ Fuel Cost M.US$ Cost Total M.US$ NPV as of Year 1 M.US$ Oil-fired Conventional Net Present Value of Cost M.US$ Levelised Production Cost 8.05 c/kwh Generation Energy GWh Construction Cost M.US$ Fixed O/M Cost M.US$ Variable O/M Cost M.US$ Fuel Cost M.US$ Cost Total M.US$ NPV as of Year 1 M.US$

103 1 Fuel : NG HFO HFO HFO Levelised Production Cost (c/kwh) Combined Cycle Diesel (Middle Speed) Diesel (Low Speed) Oil-fired Conventional Capital Cost Operation Cost Type of Power Plants Fig Comparison of Production Cost Components at Plant excluding Taxes imposed on Fuel (10%Discount Rate) 3-43

104 GTCC GTCC NOx 75%SOx 100%CO 2 35% GTCC GTCC 1960 GTCC 1980 GTCC GTCC GTCC

105 4

106 Fig OP OP-3 OP MIME/EDC MIME/EDC OP-3 OP-3 OP-3 Sokimex OP-3 OP-5 MIME/EDC 2 OP-3 OP

107 Fig Location of Candidate Sites 4-2