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- みひな いそみ
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1
2 (confounding)
3 Confounding Exposure? Outcome Confounders adjustment (confounders)
4
5 Not Confounding? 2 exposure 3rd factor 3rd factor
6 NEJM 2000; 342: (adjustment) univariate or crude relative risk (univariate or crude OR)adjusted relative risk (or adjusted OR) multivariate adjustment adjusted value 10
7 (OR = 14.3; 95%CI: ) 13, ,0003.9
8 Overestimation
9 (RR=0.3; 95%CI: ) (<10%)
10 Overestimation
11 ,
12 Underestimation
13 (adjustment) (restriction)
14 Exposure Outcome Randomization Matching restriction Confounder Adjustment (confounders)
15 Confounder vs. Effect modification Confounder exposure outcome ( Effect modification: Effect modifier exposure, outcome ()
16 Crude data vs. Mantel-Haenszel adjustment crude data adjusted data exposure factor disease risk ratio (RR), odds ratio (OR) RRcrude = (a/n 1 ) / (c/n 0 ) ORcrude = ad/bc adjustment Mantel-Haenszel adjustment(mh) RR MH = [(a i )(N 0i )/T i ]/[(c i )(N 1i )/T i ] = [(w i )(RR i )]/[(w i )] w i = (c i )(N 1i )/T i = [T i ][(N 1i N 0i )/(T i T i )][c i /N 0i ] OR MH = [(a i )(d i )/T i ]/[ (b i )(c i )/T i ] = [(w i )(OR i )]/[ w i ] w i = (b i )(c i )/T i RR crude = RR MH, OR crud e = OR MH RR crude RR MH, OR crude OR MH
17 i closed cohort study :
18
19 ? RR crude = (210/500) / (90/500) = RR boy = = (120/200) / (80/400) = RR girl (90/300) / (10/100) = = 3.00
20 Mantel Haenszel RRcrude RRadjusted confounder RRboy = RRgirl effect modifier
21 adjustment boys girls (120 x 400)/600 + (90 x 100)/400 = = (80 x 200)/600 + (10 x 300)/400 = = / 34.2 = 3.00 = RR adjusted
22 confounder effect modifier
23 ? RR crude = (210/500) / (70/500) = RR boy = (120/200) / (40/200) = RR girl (90/300) / (30/300) = = 3.00
24 RRcrude = RRadjusted confounder RRboy = RRgirl effect modifier
25 adjustment boys girls (120 x 200)/400 + (90 x 300)/600 = = 105 (40 x 200)/400 + (30 x 300)/600 = = / 35 = 3.00 = RRadjusted
26 confounder effect modifier
27 ? RR crude = (210/500) / (70/500) = RR boy = (160/200) / (40/200) = RR girl (50/300) / (30/300) = = 1.67
28 RRcrude = RRadjusted confounder RRboy RRgirl effect modifier crude 10effect modification crude homogeneity test effect modification effect modification effect modification effect modification
29 adjustment boys girls (160 x 200)/400 + (50 x 300)/600 = = 105 (40 x 200)/400 + (30 x 300)/600 = = / 35 = 3.00 = RRadjusted
30 Stratification open cohort study i = 1,,,,, I strata stratum i,
31 i opened cohort study :
32 British Doctors Study revised 1.72
33 Stratification (open cohort study) s ns s ns s ns s ns s ns PY 52,407 18,790 43,248 10,673 28,612 5,710 12,663 2,585 5,317 1,462 British Doctors Study S: smoker, ns: non-smokerpy: person-years British Doctors Study revised
34 1.72
35 Just simply summarized s ns PY 142,247 39,220 IR IRR 1.72 incidence rate ratio (IRR)1.72
36 IRR effect modifier confounder chi 2 = (O E) 2 / var O: observed, E: expected, var:variance Open cohort study chi 2 = [X E(X/H 0 ) ] 2 / var(x/h 0 ) X = = a E(X/H 0 ) = confounder = M1(N1/T) Var(X/H 0 ) = M 1 (N 1 /T)(1- N 1 /T)=M 1 N 1 N 0 /T 2 (crude table) = [630 ( /181467)] 2 / (731 x x 39220/ ) = 26.24
37 crude table chi2= [Xi Ei (X i /H0 i) ]2 / vari (X i /H0 i) I Xi = = ai Ei(Xi/Hi0) = confounder = M1i(N1i/Ti) Vari(Xi/H0i) = M1i(N1i/Ti)(1- N1i/Ti)=M1iN1iN0i/Ti2 H0: HA: Xi 630
38 Effect Modification in Stratified Table IR: incidence rate, IRR: incidence rate ratio
39 Ei(Xi/Hi0) Vari(Xi/H0i) Ei(Xi/Hi0) = Vari(Xi/H0i) = chi2= [Xi Ei (X i /H0 i) ]2 / vari (X i /H0 i)=( )2 / = Pr (chi2> 11.02) = H0 control (control 101 :residual confounder)10 (residual confounder)( ),
40 c ( )c crude data adjust Effect modification (restriction) PY IRR(weight) PY(weight) Inverse variance weights {wi = 1/var[ln(RRi)] = 1/(1/ai + 1/bi)}a or b 0weight 0 strata Mantel- Haenszel weights
41 Adjusting to exclude confounding by age PY IR IRR E i (X i /H i0 ) Var i (X i /H 0i ) E(X/H 0 ) = V(X/H 0 ) = (32+2) x = (32+2) x x = 6.61 ( ) 2 variance
42 wi = bin1i/ti effect modification weight RRMH = wi RRi / wi =bin1i/ti(ai/n1i)/(bi/n0) /(bin1i/ti) =(ain1i/ti)/(bin1i/ti) ain1i/ti= bin1i/ti=82.09 RRMH = (ain1i/ti)/(bin1i/ti)=1.42 IRR , 42
43 value 95% confidence interval (CI) lnirrmh 1.96var(lnIRRMH) var(lnirrmh)= A/BC A = M1iN1iN0I / Ti2 B= ain0i /Ti C= bin1i/ti var(lnirrmh)= A/BC= ln(1.42) = (0.141, 0.560) e(0.141, 0.560)= (1.15, 1.76) adjust IRR1.72positive confounding
44 Calculate at each stratified table
45 rate difference (RD) RD = wi RDi / wi Var (RD) = a/n12 + b/n02 = (an02 + bn12)/n12n02 w i = 1/vari(RDi) = N1i2N0i2 /(N0i2ai + N1i2b1) RD = wi RDi / wi = , 10,000PY6.1 RD 1.96var(RD) Var(RD) = 1 / wi =(3.7/104 PY, 8.5/104 PY) RDcrude = 1.85/1,000PY (12.4/104 PY, 24.6/104 PY) RDcrudeRDadjusted RDconfounder
46 Calculate at each stratified table
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