Pinus thunbergii Parl. Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc e.g. Kamijo et al

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(Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : 201-220 (2014) 特集 保全情報 3 1 2 3 4 4 1 2 3 4 Vegetation change in various coastal forest habitats after a huge tsunami: a three-year study Hiroshi Kanno 1, Yoshihiko Hirabuki 2, Takiko Sugiyama 3, Mizuki Tomita 4 and Keitarou Hara 4 1 Tohoku Afforestation & Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., 2 Tohoku Gakuin University, 3 Miyagi Botanical Society, 4 Tokyo University of Information Sciences 2011 3 11 2011 2013 3 Abstract: Much of the coastal forest along Sendai Bay was severely disturbed by the huge tsunami resulting from the Great East Japan Earthquake (March 11, 2011). To evaluate changes in coastal forest vegetation after the tsunami, we implemented a phytosociological survey in four different microhabitats remnant-forest, disturbed-forest, bare-soil, and moist-soil between 2011 and 2013. In 2011, pioneer species such as Chenopodium acuminatum Willd., Oenothera laciniata Hill, and Phytolacca americana L. dominated the forest floor in all microhabitats except moist-soil areas. We propose that these species originated from seeds in sand deposited by the tsunami. However, in 2013, biennial and perennial herbs (Erigeron Canadensis L., Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. and Solidago altissima L.) increased while pioneer species declined. In addition, forest plants (e.g., Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino, Lonicera japonica Thunb.), which began growing before the tsunami, increased in both disturbedand remnant-forest areas. Seedlings of tall tree species, such as Pinus thunbergii Parl., P. densiflora Siebold et Zucc., Prunus verecunda (Koidz.) Koehne, also emerged in bare-soil areas. These results suggest that the coastal forest vegetation is recovering autonomously in the study area. On the other hand, exotic plants (e.g., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruitcosa L.) were also vigorously resprouting from below-ground roots, and may inhibit the recovery of native species. Keywords: annual herb, disturbance, exotic plant, monitoring, soil seed bank 1 980-0014 2 5-1 Tohoku Afforestation & Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., 5-1, Hontyou 2-chome, Aoba, Sendai 980-0014, Japan e-mail: kanno-h@tohoku-aep.co.jp 2013 3 3 2014 10 1 201

2011 3 11 Pinus thunbergii Parl. Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. 2011 2012 2013 2011 2013 2013 2013 e.g. Kamijo et al. 2002 1998 1973 2008 1982 2011 2002 1999 2012 2013 3 調査地 2011 5 N140 59 26 E38 14 09 2011 280m 240m 1b 20 m 2002 Hirabuki and Nagashima 2002 4 2011 Vaccinium hirtum Thunb. Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Momiy. Prunus verecunda (Koidz.) Koehne Prunus grayana Maxim. 202

1ab c 1 20m 20m 2011 3 12 Quercus serrata Murray Rhus trichocarpa Miq. Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. Eurya japonica Thunb. var. japonica 1982 5 7 cm 2013 植生区分と植生調査 2011 3 12 Google Earth 2011 3 27 4 10 m Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 2011 8 9 11 10 9 4 100 m 2 10 m 10 m 6.25 m 2 2.5 m 2.5 m 2011 2013 3 203

8 9 Braun-Blanquet 3 + 0.5 1: 5 2: 17.5 3: 37.5 4: 62.5 5: 87.5 津波後の植生区分 41.5 32.6 7.3 16.2 1c 2.4 2 津波後の植生変化 1 2011 13 18 m 70 90 1 3a b Robinia pseudoacacia L. Vaccinium oldhamii Miq. Ilex serrata Thunb. Coriaria japonica A.Gray 2011 2 2011 7 9 Chenopodium acuminatum Willd. Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre var. lapathifolia 4a b2013 Erigeron canadensis L. Solidago altissima L. Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg. 2012 2012 2013 4a b 2011 Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. Rhus ambigua Lavalleé Lonicera japonica Thunb. Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino Oenothera laciniata Hill Phytolacca americana L. Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. 2011 2012 2013 5a 204

The Ecological Society of Japan 巨大津波直後の多様な立地の植生回復 図 3 調査プロットの 2011 年 左側 と 2013 年 右側 の様子 残存林 a と b 倒壊林 c と d 表層露出地 e と f イグサやヨウシュヤマゴボウなどの外来植物であった 2 倒壊林 津波によって高木層から亜高木層が失われてしまい 高さ 0.8 4 m ほどの低木林となり 代わりに萌芽によ 一方 ナツハゼやヒメヤブラン テリハノイバラ Rosa luciae Rochebr. et Franch. ex Crép. ズミ Malus toringo って再生した外来の木本植物であるハリエンジュやイタ (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese コナラなどの津波発生以 チハギ Amorpha fruticosa L. のほか ウワミズザクラや 前から生育していたと考えられる種の出現頻度も比較的 カスミザクラが優占していた 付表 2 図 3c d 高かった 2013 年には群落高は 2 7 m に達したが これはハ 一年生草本や外来植物の種数および相対優占度は 残 リエンジュの樹高が年間で 1 2 m 近く成長したためで 存林と同様に 2012 年 2013 年に急激に減少した 図 あった 他に セイタカアワダチソウやオオアレチノギ 4c d 図 5b 一方 越年生草本とツル性植物の相対 ク Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. ヒメムカシヨモギといっ 優占度は 2013 年にかけて高くなった また クロマ た外来植物の出現もさらに顕著となっていた ツやコナラ カスミザクラといった高木性樹種の稚樹や 草本層では 2011 年に出現回数が高かったのは 残 実生の優占度も高くなった 存林と同様 マルバアカザなどの一年生草本 コマツヨ 205

4 a, c, e, g b, d, f, h a b c d e fg h 3 2011 3 3e f 2102 2013 2013 4e f 2012 2013 5c Digitaria violascens Link QB2 QB6 Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. Juncus prismatocarpus R.Br. subsp. leschenaultii (J.Gay ex Laharpe) Kirschner QB4 QB8 Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Kunth 2012 2012 2013 Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. var. leiolepis (Franch. et Sav.) T.Koyama Juncus fauriei H.Lév. et Vaniot 2012 2013 4 206

5ab cf 2011 Carex scabrifolia Steud. 2013 4 2011 4g h 5d 2012 Eclipta thermalis Bunge Persicaria posumbu (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross 2013 Salix udensis Trautv. et C.A.Mey. Salix integra Thunb. 2013 2013 5d Hayasaka et al. 2012a, b 7.4 cm 5.3 cm 2013 Monochoria korsakowii Regel et Maack Potamogeton pusillus L. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Ruppia maritima L. 207

2013 3 Bazzaz 1996 2005 Bazzaz 1996 2008 3 root sucker 3 2011 2012 2012 2013 S0801024 208

S1103002 24 25 Bazzaz FA (1996) Plants in Changing Environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hayasaka D, Goka K, Thawatchai W, Fujiwara K (2012a) Ecological impacts of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on coastal sand-dune species on Phuket Island, Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation 21:1971-1985. Hayasaka D, Shimada N, Konno H, Sudayama H, Kawanishi M, Uchida T, Goka K (2012b) Floristic variation of beach vegetation caused by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami in northern Tohoku, Japan. Ecological Engineering 44:227-232. (2012). 66:2. (1999).. pp 43-75.,. (2013) :. 6:39-41. Hirabuki Y, Nagashima Y (2002) Invasion of endozoochorous woody species into old-growth Pinus-plantation on seaside dunes. Saito-Ho-on Kai Museum Research Bulletin 68:29-39. (2002). ( ). pp 43-66.,. (2011). 33:45-57. (2005) :. 50:184-192. Kamijo T, Kitayama K, Sugawara A, Urushimichi S, Sasai K (2002) Primary succession of the warm-temperate broadleaved forest on a volcanic island, Miyake-jima, Japan. Folia Geobotanica 37:71-91. (2012) 2011. 21. pp 12-17.,. (1998). 2:179-187. (2012). 11:33-42. (1973). 55:361-367. (1982). ( ). pp 51-61+.,. (2011). 16:59-68. (2013). 38:9-15. (2012). CROSSROADS 27:8-9. (2013). 6:51-60. (2008). ( ). pp 37-50.,. (2008). 53:301-307. (2013) SPOT. 6:43-49. 209

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2 2011 2013 0 20 21 40 41 60 61 80 81 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 Q4 Q6 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q51 Q53 Q58 Q60 Q61 Q4 Q6 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q51 Q53 Q58 Q60 Q61 Q4 Q6 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q51 Q53 Q58 Q60 Q61 H + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + H + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + / H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 + 1 - + + H + 1 - + + + + + 5 + + H + 1 - + + + 3 + + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + H + 1 - - + / H + 1 - - + / H - 1 1 + + + + + 1 1 7 1 1 + + + + 1 1 1 1 7 + +-1 H - + + + 3 + + 2 + + H - + + 2 + 2 2 2 + +-2 H - + + 2 + 1 + + H - + + 2 - + H - + + 2 - + H - + 1 + + + + 4 + + H - + 1 + + + 3 + + H - + 1 + 1 + + H - + 1 + 1 + + H - + 1 + 1 + + H - + 1 + 1 + + H - + 1 + 1 + + H - + 1 + 1 + + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - + 1 - + H - - + + 2 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + 216

2 2011 2013 0 20 21 40 41 60 61 80 81 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 Q4 Q6 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q51 Q53 Q58 Q60 Q61 Q4 Q6 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q51 Q53 Q58 Q60 Q61 Q4 Q6 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q51 Q53 Q58 Q60 Q61 H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + / H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - + 1 + H - - 1 1 1 1 217

m 2 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 3 2011 2013 0 20 21 40 41 60 61 80 81 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 QB1 QB5 QB4 QB8 QB9 QB7 QB2 QB3 QB6 QB1 QB5 QB4 QB8 QB9 QB7 QB2 QB3 QB6 QB1 QB5 QB4 QB8 QB9 QB7 QB2 QB3 QB6 / 8/3 8/12 8/12 9/17 9/17 8/12 8/3 8/3 8/12 9/29 9/29 9/15 9/29 9/29 9/15 9/15 9/15 9/15 8/15 8/15 8/16 8/16 8/15 8/16 8/15 8/15 8/15 m 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.5 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.3 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 90 80 20 30 30 5 40 60 40 95 90 60 30 40 20 40 80 50 95 95 80 40 40 40 40 80 50 + + 3 3 + 2 2 5 1 1 2 2 + + 4 + + 2 +-3 +-2 + / + 2 2 + 1 1 1 1 5 + + + 2 2 1 1 5 + + 1 1 1 1 4 +-2 +-2 +-1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 + 2 2 2 2 3-1-2 +-2 + 2 2 1 1 3 + + 2 2 2 2 4 + + + 1 1 2 2 5 +-2 +-2 +-2 + + 2 2 3 + 1 - +-2 + + + + 3 + + + 3 + + + 1 1 4 + + +-1 + + + 3 + + 2 - + + 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 + + + 3 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 + + 2 2 2 + + 1 2 1 2 + 2 + 6 3 3 4 4 + 3 +-2 +-1 +-4 + 1 1 2 1 1 1 + + 1 2 3 +-1 1 +-1 + 1 1 2 + 2 2 2 + 3 3 2 +-1 +-2 +-3 1 1 + 2 2 2 1 1 2 - +-1 1-2 + 1 1 2 + + 2 2 3 + 1 +-1 +-2 + 1 1 + 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 + 3 +-1 1 +-2 + + 2 + 1 - + + 1 1 + 2 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 1 1 + 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 6 +-1 +-3 +-3 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 + 1-1 + 2 2 1 - - 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 2 1 1 +-1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 2 1 3 3 + 2-1 +-3 1 1 1 1 1 + 2-1 +-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 + 2 1 1 +-2 1 1 1 + 1 1 2 + + 2 2 1 +-1 + + 1 1 1 + 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 + + + + 4 + +-2 + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 + + 1 + + + 1 1 + 5 + + 2 2 + 4 + +-1 +-2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 - + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 3 + + +-1 + 1 - + 1 + + + 1 - - + + 1 - - + + 1 - - + + 1 + 1 1 + 3 - + +-1 + 1 + + + 3 + + + 3 + + + + 1 + + 2 + 1 + + + / + 1 - - + + 1 - - + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + / - + + 1 1 2 2 + 5 + 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 6 +-2 +-3 / - + + + 1 1 4 + + 1 1 3 +-1 +-1-2 2 + + 3 + 1 +-2 + - + + + 3 + 1 + + - + 1 1 2 + + 1 1 3 +-1 +-1 218

3 2011 2013 0 20 21 40 41 60 61 80 81 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 QB1 QB5 QB4 QB8 QB9 QB7 QB2 QB3 QB6 QB1 QB5 QB4 QB8 QB9 QB7 QB2 QB3 QB6 QB1 QB5 QB4 QB8 QB9 QB7 QB2 QB3 QB6 - + + 2 + + 2 + + - + + 2 + + + 3 + + - + + 2 + 1 + + - + + 2 - + - + + 2 - + - + + 2 - + - 1 1 1-1 - 2 2 1 + 1 2 + - 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 3 1 +-1 - + 1 + + 2 + + - + 1 + 1 + + - + 1 - + - + 1 - + - + 1 + + 2 + + - + 1 - + - + 1 + 1 + + - + 1 + 1 + + - + 1 - + - + 1 - + - + 1 - + - - + + + 3 + - - + + 2 + - - + + 2 + - - + 1 + - - + 1 + - - + 1 + - - + 1 + - - + 1 + - - + 1 + - - + 1 + 219

4 2011 2013 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 QW1 QW2 QW3 QW4 9/17 QW1 QW2 QW3 QW4 9/8 9/15 9/15 9/15 QW1 QW2 QW3 QW4 9/8 9/15 9/15 9/15 / 8/3 8/12 8/12 S m 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.8 S 80 95 30 95 90 95 60 95 95 80 80 90 H m 0.8 1 1 0.8 0.9 1 1 0.8 1 1 1 1 H 60 10 80 20 60 20 80 30 60 60 80 70 2 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 100 2-5 100 3-5 100 5 + 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 75 +-5 75 2-4 100 2-4 / + + 2 + 1-50 + 25 + 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 25 3 25 3 25 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 + 2 25 2 25 2 50 +-2 5 5 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 25 5 25 4 25 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 25 1 25 + 25 1 + 1 + + 2 + 1 25 + 50 + 25 + + 1 + 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 25 + 25 + 75 1-2 + 1 + 1-25 +- 25 + + 1 + 1 1 2 + 1 1 2 25 +- 50 +-1 50 +-1-1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 25 1 75 1-2 - 2 2 1-25 2 - + 1-25 + - + 1-25 + - + 1-25 + - + 1-25 + / - - + 1 2 2 50 +-1 - - + 1 1 2 50 +-1 - - + 1 25 + - - + 1 25 + - - + 1 25 + - - + 1 25 + - - + 1 25 + m 2 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 220

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