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WHO (kd ) Lol p 1 grass group? 27 35 Lol p 2? 11 Lol p 3? 11 Lol p 4? 57 Lol p 5? 25 30 Lol p 9? 31 35 Lol p10 12 Lol p11 16 15 How about recent studies? Animal exposure Biomedical tests Questionnaire survey How about deposition of air pollutants? DEP, DEG, SPM, etc. VOC, SVOC Secondary particles: NH 4 NO 3, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Humidity, etc. - Concept of pollen-air pollutant possible interaction processes in our studies. Here, DEP: diesel exhaust particulates, DEG: diesel exhaust gases, SPM: suspended particulate matter, VOC: volatile organic Pollen Cryptomeria japonica Pollen (Dp: ca. 30 mm) NOx, SO 2, NH 3, HNO 3, etc. Allergen release Yubissu bodies (Dp 1 mm) Adjuvant effects Aeroallergens Our studies
Glass slide (b) Pollen sampler (counter) 5-1 Sampling equipments used for collecting airborne particulate matter and pollen.
9.0 Concentration (µg m -3 ) 7.5 6.0 4.5 3.0 1.5 0.0 M (n= 7) U (n= 6) Al Fe Ti NO - 3 SO 2-4 NH + 4 5-2 Al, Fe, Ti, NO 3 -, SO 4 2-, NH 4 + concentrations of collected airborne particles in mountainous (M: Okuchichibu) and urban (U: Saitama City) areas. The bars show the standard deviation. Concentrationµg m -3 ) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 (a) Urban areas Cl - SO 2-4 NO - 3 NH + 4 Concentrationµg m -3 ) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 (b) Mountainous areas Cl - SO 2-4 NO - 3 NH + 4 0.0 1.1 1.12.0 2.03.3 3.37.0 7.0 5-3 Size-distribution of the ionic concentrations of airborne particles collected in mountainous and urban areas. 0.0 1.1 1.12.0 2.03.3 3.37.0 7.0 Dp: particle size (µm)
Al, Fe and Ti concentrations of collected Cryptomeria japonica periponium pollen in mountainous (M) and urban (U) areas. Site M: Okuchcibu (n = 8) U: Saitama City (n = 8) Al Fe Ti (µg m -3 ) n.d. a) n.d. a) n.d. a) 1,070 1,140 52 a) n.d. means below the limit of detection. Crustal particulate (a) 20 µm Concentration (µg g -1 ) 300 250 200 150 100 50 M (n = 8) U (n = 8) 0 NO - 3 SO 2-4 NH + 4 NO - 3, SO 2- + 4, NH 4 concentrations of collected Cryptomeria japonica periponium pollen in mountainous (M) and urban (U) areas. The bars show the standard deviation. (b) Crustal particulate 100µm Scanning electron micrographs of pollen surfaces (a) suspended pollen and Kanto loam dust in the chamber experiment 4), and Cryptomeria japonica perigonium surfaces (b)
TEC concentrationµg m -3 ) 15 10 5 Urban area Mountainous area 0 1.1 1.12.0 2.03.3 3.37.0 7.0 Dp: particle size (µm) Size-distribution of TEC concentrations of collected air samples in mountainous (M) and urban (U) areas. TEC is total elemental carbon. Ratio of urban to mountainous areas [Ion]x (Urban) [Ion]x (Mountainous) 4 3 2 1 0 Ionic components in SPM Ionic components in pollen NO 3 - SO 4 2- NH 4 + ios of ionic concentrations ([Ion]x (Urban) ) in samples collected in urban area to ionic concentrations ([Ion]x (mountainous) ) collected in mountainous area. (b) (c) (d) (e) U (n= 6) (a) Pollen flying (Dp:: ~30~ µm) Formation of small particles (Dp: 10~20 µm) Transmutation Transport processes Yubissu bodies with air pollutants (Dp 1 µm) Transubstantiation (Dp 1 µm) Morphological changes of cedar pollen during airborne transport to or within the urban area. (Dp: pollen or particle sizes) (f ) M (n= 7) Al Fe Cl - NO - 3 SO 2-4 Na + NH + 4 Ca 2+ TOC TEC 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 Particulate air pollutants (Dp7 µm) concentration of collected air samples (µg m -3 ) Particulate (Dp>7 µm) concentrations of collected air samples in mountainous (M) and urban (U) areas. TOC is total organic carbon, and TEC is total elemental carbon.
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