Text Carlos Barria/Reuters
1990 97 2011 2016
原 化 燃料 電源 然エネルギー 熱電併給 独占 市場 公正な競争市場 閉鎖的 地域独 型 ネットワーク 開放的 広域的 垂直統合 構造 平展開 受け 統 的 市 の役割 活発 多様
< 由化以前 : 発送電 貫 > < 由化以降 > < 発送電分離以降 > 発電 発電 IPP 発電事業 由競 争 法定独占 送配電 送配電 送配電事業 法定独占 売り 売り 売り事業 PPS 由競 争
1 2015.4 2015.9 2 2016.4 3 2020.4 2016 4 2013 11 13 2014 6 11 22 14 2015 6 18
2016 11 11
2016 10 7
2016 10 7
2016 10 7
2016 10 7
fuel mix disclosure ; fuel mix and emission disclosure DC, environmental information disclosure, environmental disclosure program, fuel mix and environmental characteristics disclosure) Gurantee of Origin EU
http://www.energychoice.ohio.gov/applestoapplescategory.aspx?category=electric
Rockland Rockland Rockland Rockland 37.8 33.7 21.9 3.8 1.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.1 100
Green-e 1998 Center for Resource Solutions RPS 15 2 http://www.green-e.org/ 2000 http://www.naag.org/ 2000 Green-e http://lowimpacthydro.org/ REC REC 2000 http://apps3.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/markets/certificates.shtml?page=3 2012 14 https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/10/ftc-issues-revised-green-guides
http://www.thegoodshoppingguide.com/
2005 Ofgem The Electricity (Fuel Mix Disclosure) Regulations 2005 (SI No. 391), the Regulations implement Article 3(6) of Directive 2003/54/EC 18
http://www.verivox.de/oekostrom/
100 2013 100 20.2 EEG 24.5 55.3 2013 58 17 25 CO2 0g/kWh 0g/kWh CO2 511g/kWh 0.0004g/kWh https://www.naturstrom.de/privatkunden/strom/naturstrom/
http://www.gpn.jp/database/index.html
http://kakaku.com/energy/service/?en_service=5
https://enechange.jp/try/result
U.S. Solar: 5-8 /kwh Wind: 4.7 /kwh Peru: Wind: 3.8 /kwh Solar: 4.8 /kwh Chile: Solar: 8 /kwh Canada: Wind: 6.6 /kwh Morocco: Wind: 4 /kwh Brazil: Wind: 4.5 /kwh Solar: 8 /kwh Uruguay: Solar: 9 /kwh Germany: Wind: 6.7-10 /kwh Solar: 9.6 /kwh Egypt: Wind: 4 /kwh Jordan: Solar: 6-8 /kwh Turkey: Wind: 7.3 /kwh UAE: Solar: 2.9 /kwh UAE: Solar: 5.6 /kwh UAE: Solar: 2.42 /kwh South Africa: Wind: 5 /kwh Solar: 7 /kwh China: Wind: 8-9 /kwh Parts of India: Solar: 6-8 /kwh Wind: 6-10 /kwh, Australia: Wind: 4-7 / kwh Chili: Solar: 2.91 /kwh Source: presentation from WB at REI s REvision2016 Conference in March 2016 + media reports
GW 250.0 230.6GW 230.6 200.0 2015 2 3 kw 180.0 150.0 2015 51 kw 15.2 12 139.0 100.0 71.8 100.8 50.0 0.0 41.3 24.5 16.2 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.7 5.1 6.7 9.4 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 GW 2014 2015 50GW 2016 70GW 3 kw 40.0! 35.0! 30.0! 25.0! 20.0! GW 2015 35.4 kw 35.4GW 23.4 35.4 15.0! 13.7 source: BP Statical Review of World Energy 2016 10.0! 5.0! 0.0! 6.7 4.9 3.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.6 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
450! 400! 350! 300! 250! 200! 150! 100! 50! 0! 2015 4 3 kw 2015 64 kw 30 0.24 source: Global Wind Energy Council 94.0 74.0 59.1 17.4 23.9 31.1 39.4 47.6 318.5 283.0 238.1 198.0 159.0 120.1 432.9GW 340.0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 96 kw 96 kw 107 kw 127 kw 150 kw 262 kw 3,050 kw 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 MW source: NEDO JWPA 2007 1,312 2011 2,084 1,830 1,563 2012 FiT 7 10 2,556 2,614 2,661 2,708 2,336 3GW 3,038 275 kw 601.3 kw 859.8 kw source: GWEC 1,000 500 0 1,050 812 582 303 339 243 230 237 262 251 267 330 255 252 166 220 244 36 58 47 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
GW 50! 2015 (GW kw) 45! 43.5 40! 35! 35.4 39.7 30! 25! 25.6 20! 18.9 15! 10! 5! 9.1 6.6 5.4 5.1 5.1 0! JAPAN! CHINA! GERMANY! USA! ITALY! UK! FRANCE! SPAIN! AUSTRALIA! INDIA! source: BP Statical Review of World Energy 2016
2015 (GW kw) GW 160! 145.4! 140! 120! 100! 80! 74.5! 60! 44.9! 40! 25.1! 23! 20! 13.6! 11.2! 10.4! 9! 8.7! 3! 0! JAPAN! CHINA! USA! GERMANY! INDIA! SPAIN! UK! CANADA! FRANCE! ITALY! BRAZIL! source: Global Wind Energy Council (2016) Global Wind Report: Annual Market Update 2015
kw 7000 FiT) RPS 6000 5000 3 kw 3 kw 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 source: http://jref.or.jp/en/statistics/annual.php
20 source:
20
1300.0 1990-2015 1250.0 1200.0 1150.0 1100.0 1050.0 1000.0 950.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1207.79 Mtc in 2015 Source: BP statistical review of world energy 2016
2016 5 4 source: Kyushu Electric, July 2016
Paradigm Shift in Energy CONTACT: Mika Ohbayashi Renewable Energy Institute e-mail: m.ohbayashi AT renewable-ei.org address: 8F, DLX Building, 1-13-1 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, JAPAN