52 5 252 1 23 2010. 12 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1970 1 1967 2 3 4 5 6 1

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2

20 21 3 22 23 24 1990 25 26 27 28 29 3

30 31 32 1960 1969 33 34 1980 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 1980 42 43 4

44 45 46 47 1980 1960 48 49 50 51 52 53 1980 54 55 5

1980 56 57 58 59 60 9 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 6

69 70 71 72 73 1970 74 75 76 1980 1990 77 78 79 80 81 7

82 83 1980 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 1990 91 92 1 93 2 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 8

104 105 106 1970 107 108 109 1970 110 111 1970 112 113 114 1990 115 116 117 118 119 120 1990 121 122 1970 123 9

2 124 125 126 1970 1970 127 128 2002 129 130 1998 131 2 132 133 134 1970 1980 135 1990 136 1950 1971 137 1983 138 10

2003 139 140 141 142 143 144 1 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 11

156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 2000 173 174 12

175 176 177 178 1980 179 180 181 182 1970 1960 1970 13

183 184 185 1960 186 187 188 189 14

190 191 1 2004 40 45 2 White, L. Jr., The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis Science, 155, 1967, pp.1203 1207. 3 1991 215 234 4 338 2003 169 191 5 1 1989 13 23 1991 8 58 137 217 1994 87 146 181 230 1996 167 179 2004 271 306 6 1991 11 14 1998 251 270 4 7 2004 113 139 184 192 193 8 2003 169 186 2003 131 166 9 10 11 12 1996 326 353 1 2002 4 23 2003 203 223 1 4 6 13 Fujimura, K., Problems with Essentialism and Constructionism in Contemporary Geographical Studies of Religion Geographical Review of Japan 79, 2006, pp. 251 263 15

14 Sopher,D.E.,Geography of Religions, Prentice-Hall, 1967, pp.32 33. Park,C.C., Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion, Routledge, 1994, pp.3 4. 15 1979 16 1992 1 74 17 1956 9 11 18 1983 4 5 294 1988 437 438 19 http://www.wanogakkou.com/koto/syui.htm 2010 10 5 20 2001 105 142 18 2002 25 87 21 2004 162 163 22 1997 109 118 23 Biggar, N., Ethics in McGrath, A. ed., The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought, Blackwell, 1993, pp. 181 182. 24 Bakken, P. W., Stewardship in Taylor, B.R., et al. eds., The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Thoemmes Continuum, 2005, pp. 1598 1599. 25 160 1992 12 15 161 1992 26 29 26 1994 139 140 1996 50 94 27 2001 22 23 28 284 1989 14 19 29 1995 193 224 30 2 7 2 15 38 1995 15 36 50 4 1995 38 43 31 1993 206 208 2006 13 14 116 32 COP3 12 4 1998 53 58 33 1977 25 43 1985 9 3 1990 http://homepage3. nifty.com/eternal-life/prof.htm 2010 10 5 34 1993 258 292 294 35 399 1983 51 59 36 367 1980 32 39 37 1985 78 83 16

17 1998 89 23 1998 153 168 38 32 39 1997 1 36 184 195 40 2006 97 41 1978 9 26 1978 27 103 1978 133 208 42 2000 51 73 43 1982 161 183 441992 65 101 40 1992 41 54 45 37 6 1983 332 336 37 78 83 1989 36 47 2003 148 170 46 2005 37 63 148 150 162 185 568 610 47 37 75 102 128 148 48 11 2 1956 21 24 491959 280 300 50 1965 6 20 51 2003 342 351 52 2005 90 135 53 490 1991 25 34 57 2004 192 194 54399 1983 4 13 55 517 1993 88 96 56 56 1998 340 356 2006 218 235 57 90 1 1993 16 23 58 1970 150 168 16 130 131 59 50 2000 227 60 1988 94 97 61 16 1 1977 134 154 1995 363 408 62 1985 469 472 63 58 1921 10 15 2 3 1921 18 23

18 641 8 1896 14 20 65 1919 232 234 66 115 1923 32 41 67 1937 111 114 68 1 1942 283 301 3 1944 1 58 69 13 1974 47 53 70 16 1982 1 20 71 1993 23 31 72 1 1983 123 141 73 1973 504 548 74 1996 1992 172 174 75 2002 355 370 76 1987 177 221 771989 5 10 395 398 78 77 1990 79 1991 9 145 80 29 1983 51 1990 478 479 81 2000 359 82 2004 28 33 48 57 146 149 83 58 1993 287 300 1998 171 185 84 77 78 85 30 1988 239 244 20 1988 136 146 32 1990 49 54 1986 1989 77 86 1989 1 9 99 119 21 1990 216 235 87 1994 579 630 29 1998 467 468 88 2000 1 76 89 1 1995 79 82 5 1999 197 200 90 27 1999 73 102 91 1996

19 50 1998 8 69 2000 2002 92 1998 11 20 93 71 94 2007 159 170 95 2002 1 10 96 21 1996 117 135 97 96 117 145 98 3 1988 222 223 99 1986 112 114 176 178 100 1999 129 143 101 283 1990 182 184 102 71 103 16 87 101 115 139 104 1980 417 418 80 51 52 62 486 488 105 55 1920 1 7 106 110 1959 69 70 107 7 1973 1 50 108 2003 153 171 109 68 2003 209 234 110 1994 125 245 2008 111 1965 376 386 112 1 1973 74 109 J 1975 65 73 113 29 1 1990 110 132 2000 136 142 114 61 115 17 1992 2 9 1999 497 512 116 2000 135 138 117 80 41 42 118 61 138 139 119 66 120203 1930 6 12 31 1966 181 193 69 121 57 4 1990 48 49 2001 1 1 122 1994 150 168 123 1973 150 185 1984 195 202

124 1987 5 82 1994 17 37 122 135 215 246 1995 26 35 2008 125 1994 105 134 10 1998 18 28 2006 140 153 126 9 2003 1 3 127 128 1970 110 112 186 188 1976 42 43 95 106 129 http://www.shasou.org/ 2010 10 5 130 http://www.shasou.org/const.pdf 2010 10 5 131 2003 296 132 4 2006 61 62 133 1937 196 233 134 1949 327 336 1964 1963 7 69 135 1976 8 12 1976 21 23 1984 18 23 1988 266 282 136 1993 11 68 56 2000 14 18 2005 44 49 2006 188 216 137 2002 395 421 422 138 1983 25 40 139 14 2008 44 45 140 56 2002 224 229 141 138 27 28 142 1978 101 103 2 1998 165 169 2 2004 27 34 227 2006 7 143 134 67 20

1994 172 174 144 2001 242 244 145 137 395 421 422 146 138 39 40 147 1984 91 102 148 136 130 144 149 1996 185 187 150 63 9 1996 86 90 151 1978 358 360 1725 1528 1928 195 249 1996 1935 978 999 153 1957 111 112 154 1974 7 16 155 134 156 154 10 11 20 21 1996 178 2000 84 87 157 2005 12 15 158 1975 1971 109 111 1988 101 104 Sakurai, H., Shinto Idea of the Natural Environment and Human Life Bulletin of Shint Institute, 12, 1996, pp.1 9. 15975 79 1975 89 103 136 130 144 1994 407 409 160 2007 186 201 208 215 161 1967 13 47 111 119 162 2004 194 208 136 188 216 163 1997 128 165 2007 98 100 164 1998 192 193 165 5 1997 1 10 362 363 166 2003 19 42 81 101 137 146 325 331 167 1995 168 21

! BAB 2001 265 294 169 1994 26 29 170 1999 26 32 171 1995 338 357 172 1999 295 298 PHP 2000 35 88 164 219 173 PHP 2001 17 67! 2002 27 66 174 PHP 2004 205 175 1972 57 60 1980 28 29 176 1956 7 61 1996 1949 133 150 191 208 177 1989 284 303 178 1989 175 179 135 182 192 180 1990 41 50 181 1985 36 51 1991 4 1 182 163 128 165 Shintoism 2003 50 57 183 1973 319 338 1993 7 15 184 2002 1081 1096 185 2007 46 60 300 303 186 14 pp. 1 2. 187 Matsui, K., Recent Trends in the Geography of Religion in Japan Geographical Review of Japan, 81, 2008, pp.317 318. 188 2000 75 41 1989 512 528 189 1977 411 427 1980 35 82 190 23 2 1977 33 44 1 4 6 191 187 pp. 318 319. 22

Changes of Views of Nature from Christianity, Buddhism and Shinto in Japan in Connection with Contemporary Environmental Problems FUJIMURA Ken ichi As a result of the influence of Lynn White s thesis, relationships between the natural environment and religions have been discussed frequently in Japan since the 1970s. In these discussions, Western civilization and Christianity have often been blamed for environmental destruction, while traditional forms of beliefs involving nature worship and animism in Japanese religions, especially Buddhism and Shinto, have often been viewed positively. However, only a few researchers have noted modern doctrinal opinions by individuals of religions in Japan that focus on the natural environment. In this paper, I analyze the views of nature by priests, theologians and adherents of Christianity, Buddhism and Shinto in modern Japan and examine how individuals of each religion have understood nature. Many individuals of religions in Japan express the so-called Japanese view of nature (which includes apotheosis of nature, an affinity with nature and a sense of oneness with nature). Indeed, Japanese Christians often express an affinity with nature and a sense of oneness with nature. The Japanese view of nature was often despised from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. But this view has been re-examined since the 1970s, when environmental problems received serious attention. Given that both Christianity and Buddhism were originally foreign religions in Japan, and both are religions for human salvation, they have not traditionally placed much emphasis on doctrines that directly concern nature. Recent Christianity has tended to explain the close relationship between humanity and nature by quoting Japanese theories concerning identity with others including Nishida s philosophy or by citing ideas of Japanese traditional beliefs including animism. Buddhists also quote a Japanese doctrine concerning the attainment of Buddhahood by plants and the thought of animism. However, some Christians and Buddhists oppose the Japanese view of nature and the doctrines of their respective religions related to it because of conflict with their original teachings. Japanese Christian and Buddhist views of nature are thus conflicted. By contrast, Shinto is not a religion that seeks salvation, as do Christianity and Buddhism, but is said to be a Japanese ethnic religion that developed from the idea of nature worship. Shinto is thus more harmonious with the Japanese view of nature. However, there is no consensus as to whether Shinto is a type of nature worship (animism) or not. In conclusion, each religion in Japan is not monolithic regarding the view of nature. Most Japanese geographers have never taken doctrinal opinions by individuals of religions seriously. Yet geographers of religion should listen to the voices of adherents. Key words: Christianity, Buddhism, Shinto, geography of religion, environmental problem 23