5 K 5
3 HP http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/shakaihosho/iryouseido01/taikou03.html 2004 1 2 1 http://www.dm-net.co.jp/calendar/2007/06/005835.php 6
85cm 100cm 2 90cm 2 TG 150mg/dl HDLHDL-C 40mg/dl 130mmHg 85mmHg 110mg/dl 2005 4 HP Gregg 2 1990 1991 18 2,896 1 2 39 34 1 3 4 3 40 65 70,102 2 8 1,419 1 30 2 Edward W. Gregg et al : Relationship of Walking to Mortality Among US Adults with Diabetes, Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol.163, 2003, 1440-1447 3 Frank B. Hu et al: Walking Compared With Vigorous Physical Activity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol.282, No.15, 1433-1439,Oct., 1999 7
4 2 Compared With Vigorous Physical Activity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women 5 3,000 407 48 12 2,914 249 kcal 3.0kg (kg) (R2 0.224) 3000 200 kcal 2.8kg 6 7 89 1,894 2,113 4 5 2005 54 42-43 6 48 2006 7 48 2006 593 8 vol.57 No.8 2007 637-642 9 32 2002 107-113 8
HDL 2003 112.7 96.3 2004 107.6 86.4 (P<.001) 57 1 2 3 LDL LDL 10 11 Hammond 12 Hammond 1,064,004 4 Some Preliminary Findings on Physical Complaints from a Prospective Study of 1,064,004 Men and Women 10,,Vol.19,No.4,361-365,2002 11 12 E. Cuyler Hammond : Some Preliminary Findings on Physical Complaints from a Prospective Study of 1,064,004 Men and Women, American Journal of Public Health, 54, 1964, 11-23 9
Oscar H 13 14 50 3030 3333 1.3 3.7 1.2 3.2 1.5 3.5 1.3 3.3 1 24 24 Effects of Physical Activity on Life Expectancy With Cardiovascular Disease 15 10 35 63 6,017 3 BMI 1 1 13 Oscar H et al : Effects of Physical Activity on Life Expectancy With Cardiovascular Disease, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.165, No.20, November 14, 2005 14 The Framingham Heart Study BMI LDL/HDL Framingham Score 15 Tomoshige Hayashi et al. : Walking to Work and the Risk for Hypertension in Men: The Osaka Health Survey, Annuals of Internal Medicine, 131, 1, 1999, 21-26 10
Walking to Work and the Risk for Hypertension in Men: The Osaka Health Survey Johanna L. Johnson 16 Johnson 40 65 334 ATP 17 171 3 6 Johnson 30 16 Johanna L. Johnson et al : Exercise Training Amount and Intensity Effects on Metabolic syndrome(from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise), American Journal of Cardiology, vol.100, 2007, 1759-1766 17 ATP TG HDL-C 5 3 11
Exercise Training Amount and Intensity Effects on Metabolic syndrome 2000 21 21 1 30 18 2004 32.1 10.4 1/3 2004 19 18 1 19 http://www.dm-net.co.jp/calendar/2007/06/005835.php 12
20 3 ( ) 4 5,4996 52,029 30 30 1 40 79 27,431 4 4 1 1 Impact of walking upon medical care expenditure in Japan: the Ohsaki Cohort study 20 Ichiro Tsuji et al :Impact of walking upon medical care expenditure in Japan : the Ohsaki Cohort Study, International Journal of Epidemiology, 32, 2003, 809-814 13
29.3% 22.1% 33.6% 16.7% 21 22 51 60 POMS 23 T 50.6 45.1 53.8 48.7 48.7 44.1 49.0 52.2 53.0 47.5 55.7 48.8 21 22 39 2002 41-47 23 POMS Profile of Mood State 6 5 14
Giovanni Ravaglia 24 65 749 4 7 Ravaglia E 25 2627 24 F.Ravaglia et al : Physical activity and dementia risk in the elderly. Findings from a prospective Italian study, Neurology, 2007 25 2003 26 11 2004 91-102 27 15
28 20 11 18 28 16
17
3 90 2000 1970 1980 2930 3 (CPTED:Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) 29 2005 8 30 (Schneider& Kitchen 2002) 18
(Broken Windows Theory) ibid : 100-103 N ibid: 108-109 31 NPO ibid: 126 ibid: 128-129 46 400 ibid: 130-132 3 2003 12 18 2005 46 43 32 31 BID: Business Improvement District 32 32 11 2005 34-38 19
33 34 35 a. 2004 4 2005 3 2000 12 4 2003 6 4 2004 1 2 27 18 3 3 3 2006 11 75 b. c. 30 33 E-journal GEO 2 1 2007 25-33 34 3 6 8 2007 35 60 3 2007 20
30 5 03 3702 2 090 abcdefg@nifty.com 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 6 6 9 4 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 6 4 6 9 3,4,5 9 12 12 15 18 3,4 5 28 29 30 31 18 3,4 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 21
PTA 2006 1 10 d. 2003 4 2004 3 2004 4 2005 3 2005 4 2006 3 20 4 3 100.0% 80% 85% 376 358 303 100.0% 4.8% 19.4% 1.203 1.244 1.195 100.0% 3.4% 0.7% 2002 4 ~2003 3 3 2003 4 ~2004 3 22
36 37 1979 NFS(National Federation of Shopmobility) 36 2005 37 2002: 39-48 23
1979 20 200 (AA) 10 196 38 a. 70 51 46 61 65 29 72 21 9 20 30 4 31 40 11 41 50 15 51 60 24 61 46 100 65 29 16 6 3 8 2 100 38 ( 1999: 44-65) 24
b. 58% 1 5 27% 62% 5 (8) ( ) 10 ( 2000 ) 14 10 20 18 20 30 17 30 40 17 40 50 11 50 100 14 100 ( 20,000 ) 9 100 5 113 (58 ) 53 (27 ) 3 4 44 (22 ) 38 (19 ) 1 2 31 (16 ) 18 (9 ) 1 8 (4%) 87 (45 ) 196 (100 ) 196 (100 ) 25
3940 41 a. 13 b. 39 16 2002 271-282 40 ( 1999: 21-27) 4 (1) (2) (3) (4) 41 2006 26
2000 2002 c. 2003 7 2 2005 4 5 3 3 500 42 a. b. 2004 3 6 3 30 c. 21 32 42 2006.5 27
19 75 2 30 1 40 1 50 7 60 4 70 80 1 15 6 2 d. 1.103 3.071 21 761.9 3,773.81 21 e. 15 43 15 1 2 379 8,603 383 9,223 763 7,826 155 5803 0.92 1.84 1.34 2.69 235 9,120 232 5,766 468 4,886 293 2,614 1 109 1,065 2 402 3,680 3 204 2,785 1 2 3 43 2006.5 28
44 1996 1997:61 19 44 16 2002.3 271-282 29
1996 3 2008 2 65 65 -- 2 2 a 1999 b c - a 2002 b c a. 2004 6 1997 3 2001 14 30
(1556 1630) () 1 5 40 5 7 1992 1993 2008 10 12 1 1947 b. 27 2005 1993 1979 2002 3 4 31
13 10 9 8.5km JWA 2005 98 99 100 10 10 20 20 3 13 98 2006 3 2015 2008 3 1 2 32
70 1 1 2km 162kg-CO 2 45 2km 1974 5 45 33
34