2.2 Gompertz-Makeham Gompertz Makeham Gompertz Gavrilov and Gavrilova Gavrilov and Gavrilova (1991) Mori and Nakazawa (2003) S DNA mev-1 II

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1 (1) ([email protected]) 1 aged population senior citizen elderly people * (1) (2) (3) (4) *1 1

2 2.2 Gompertz-Makeham Gompertz Makeham Gompertz Gavrilov and Gavrilova Gavrilov and Gavrilova (1991) Mori and Nakazawa (2003) S DNA mev-1 II 2000 DNA 2002 Sir2 Sirtuin (GH) Fontana et al., 2010 Colman % 20 Colman et al., 2009 Colman DNA 5178 A 45% 62% 5178A G 79% 67% A Kazuno et al.,

3 Gavrilov and Gavrilova (2010) Honolulu Heart Program 2.4, 1998 Charnov, 1992;, 1992 SOD Mn Cu Zn 2 K K Charnov (1992) K (Hawkes et al., 1998; Alvarez, 2000) Charnov(1992) 3

4 αm (1) α (2) (3) αm (b) αb (1) 1/M = 0.4 ω 0.1 M ω (Charnov, 1992) (2) (3) 2.6 Westendorp (1998) DNA 3 NPO (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ; 2004 Seeman Crimmins 4

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6 4.1 21% 20% 25% 65 7% 14% 65 14% 21% 65 21% % % % 4.2 DID % 50% 28% 70.9% 59.7% 30% 35% 32% 70% % * * *2 R *3 6

7 7

8 [ (Activities of Daily Living; ADL )

9 ADL (Healthy Life Expectancy) (Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth) Rogers Sullivan ADL DALE DALYs 21 *4 5.5 WHOQOL-BREF *4 DALYs (Disability adjusted life years) WHO DALYs (YLL) (YLD) DALY (PYLL) 1 DALY 1 9

10 cf. Alvarez HP (2000) Grandmother hypothesis and primate life histories. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 113: [ ] (2001). 12. Charnov EL (1992) Life History Invariants. Oxford University Press. Colman RJ, Anderson RM, Johnson SC, et al. (2000) Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in Rhesus Monkeys. Science, 325: Fontana L, Partridge L, Longo VD (2010) Extending healthy life span from yeast to humans. Science, 328: Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS (1991) The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach. Harwood Academic Publisher, New York. Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NS (2010) Demographic consequences of defeating aging. Rejuvenation Research, 13(2-3): Hawkes KJF, O Connell NG, Blurton-Jones HA, Charnov EL (1998) Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95: Kazuno A-a, Munakata K, Nagai T, Shimozono S, Tanaka M, et al. (2006) Identification of Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms That Alter Mitochondrial Matrix ph and Intracellular Calcium Dynamics. PLoS Genet 2(8): e128. [doi: /journal.pgen ]. Kinnula VL, Crapo JD (2003) Superoxide dismutases in the lung and human lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 167: (2007).. (2000).. Mori Y, Nakazawa M (2003) A new simple etiological model of human death. The Journal of Population Studies (Jinko-Gaku-Kenkyu), 33: (1992).. Seeman TE, Crimmins E (2005) Socilal Environment Ellects on Health and Aging: Integrating Epidemiologic and Demographic Approaches and Perspectives. In: Weinstein M, Hermalin AI, Stoto MA [Eds.] Population Health and Aging: Strengthening the Dialogue between Epidemiology and Demography, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. USA, 954, pp (2000).. (2002). (2002).. (1998). (2000). one 21. Westendorp RGJ, Kirkwood TBL (1998) Human longevity at the cost of reproductive success. Nature, 396:

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