2011 ( ) ph H3O + H + H3O + HCl H3O + HCl + H2O H3O + + Cl HCl H + + Cl OH OH NaOH OH NaOH Na + + OH NH3 OH NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH 1
H + OH H + H + * 1 NH3 HCl NH4Cl NH4Cl NH3 + Cl NH3 + HCl NH4 + + Cl. HCl H + NH3 Cl NH3 HCl H + NH4 + HCl NH3 H2O CH3COOH H2O + CH3COOH H3O + + CH3COO CH3COOH H + H2O CH3COO H2O H + H3O + H + CH3COOH H + H2O H3O + H + CH3COO H2O CH3COO H + 1 2
CH3COOH H3O + CH3COO NH3 H2O + NH3 NH4 + + OH H + NH3 OH NH3 H + NH4 + H + NH3 NH4 + H + OH NH3 OH - H + H2O NH4 + OH H2O CH3COOH H2O H + NH3 H2O H + NH3 H + HCl + H2O Cl + H3O + 1 HCl 1 H + H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O + 3
HSO4 + H2O SO4 2 + H3O + 1 H2SO4 2 H + 1 H H + HCl H2SO4 H3PO4 H + OH - H + NaOH + H + Na + + H2O NH3 H + NH3 + H + NH4 + Ca(OH)2 OH 2 2 H+ Ca(OH)2 + 2H + Ca 2+ + 2H2O H3PO4 Al(OH)3 CH3COOH 4
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O + CH3COOH 0.1 mol L 1 1.3 % CH3COOH H + HCl 100 %0.1 mol L 1 HCl 0.1 mol L 1 CH3COOH H3O + = ()/( ) 5
1 1 1 CH3COOH CH3COOH CH3COOH CH3COO + H + Ka = [CH3COO ][H + ]/[CH3COOH] Ka 0.1 mol L 1 25 C Ka 1.58 10 5 mol L 1 HNO2 Ka 5.01 10 4 mol L 1 Ka pka pka = log10ka 25 C pka pka = log10ka = log10(1.58 10 5 ) = 4.8 pka = log10ka = log10(5.01 10 4 ) = 3.3 pka pka * 2 2 pka 6
H2O H2O H + + OH H2O + H2O H3O + + OH 25 C [H + ] = [OH ] = 1.0 10 7 mol L 1 1 1 L 1 kg H2O 18 g mol 1 1 L 1 kg (1 000 g)/(18 g mol 1 ) = 56 mol 25 C 1.0 10 7 mol 1.0 10 7 mol 56 mol = 1.0 10 7 56 = 1 56 10 7 5 6 1 [H + ] [OH ] 25 C 1.0 10 7 mol 25 C Kw = [H + ][OH ] = (1.0 10 7 mol L 1 )(1.0 10 7 mol L 1 ) =1.0 10 14 mol 2 L 2 Kw 7
H + [H + ] 1.0 10 7 mol H + OH H2O [OH ] 1.0 10 7 mol L 1 Kw 1.0 10 14 mol 2 L 2 OH [OH ] 1.0 10 7 mol OH H + H2O [H + ] 1.0 10 7 mol L 1 Kw 1.0 10 14 mol 2 L 2 Kw [H + ] [OH ] [H + ] 1.0 10 5 mol L 1 [OH ] Kw=[H + ][OH ] [OH ]=Kw/[H + ]=(1.0 10 14 mol 2 L 2 )/(1.0 10 5 mol L 1 ) =1.0 10 9 mol L 1 [H + ] 10 1 mol L 1 [H + ] 10 7 mol 1 [H + ] 10 11 mol L 1 ph [H + ] * 3 ph = log10[h + ] [H + ] = 1 10 ph 3 ph JIS 8
[H + ] [H + ]>[OH - ] [H + ]<[OH ] [H + ]=[OH ] 25 C [H + ]=[OH ]=1.0 10 7 mol L 1 [H + ] > 1.0 10 7 mol L -1 > [OH ] [H + ] = 1.0 10 7 mol L -1 = [OH ] [H + ] < 1.0 10 7 mol L -1 < [OH ] ph 7 ph 0.10 mol L 1 H + 0.10 mol L 1 0.10 mol L 1 = 1.0 10 1 mol L 1 ph=1 10 1 10 ml 100 ml 10 1 10 1 0.010 mol L 1 0.010 mol L 1 = 1.0 10 2 mol L 1 ph=2 10 1 0.0010 mol L 1 0.0010 mol L 1 = 1.0 10 3 mol L 1 ph=3 10 1 ph 1 [H + ] [H + ] ph 7 * 4 4 ph=10 NaOH 10 1 ph=9 10 1 ph=8 ph 7 9
ph 4 HNO3 10 1 ph ph = 5 ph * 5 ph ph ph ph ph ph H + OH ph * 6 1 ph 5 ph 1 4 ph 8 9 ph ph 6 ph ph 10
OH H + OH H + OH HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O HCl NaOH H + + Cl + Na + + OH - Na + + Cl + H2O H + + OH H2O H + OH H2O 11
NaCl NaCl ( ) (1) HNO3 Ca(OH)2 (2) H2SO4 KOH (1) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O (2) H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O HCl NaOH H + OH NaOH H + NaOH H + OH HCl H + OH - H + 1 mol HCl H + 1 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol H2SO4 NaOH H2SO4 2 1 mol 2 mol H + 1 mol H2SO4 NaOH 2 mol H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol ( ) () = () ( ) H + OH - 12
1 mol Ba(OH)2 mol (1) HCl (2) H2SO4 (3) H3PO4 (1) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 + 2H2O 2 mol 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 0.5 mol 1 mol 0.5 mol (2) H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2H2O 1 mol 1 mol 2 mol 1 mol (3) 2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 3Ba(PO4)3 + 6H2O 2 mol 3 mol 6 mol 1 mol 1.5 mol 3 mol 1.5 mol c1 V1 c1v1 c2 V2 c2v2 1 mol 1 mol c1v1 = c2v2 HCl H2SO4 1 mol 2 mol 13
c1v1 = 2c2V2 a b c1 c2 V1 V2 ac1v1 = bc2v2 ph 7 ph ph 1 L 1 mol L 1 1 ml ph 7 3 ph 4 [H + ] 10 4 1 L 1 mol L 1 1 ml ph 7 11 [H + ] 1 CH3COOH CH3COONa ph [H + ] [OH ] [H + ] [OH ] ph CH3COOH CH3COONa ( 2) 14
CH3COOH CH3COO Na+ (H + ) H + + CH3COO CH3COOH H + (OH ) OH + CH3COOH CH3COO + H2O OH CH3COONa CH3COO Na + CH3COOONa CH3COO + Na + CH3COOH CH3COOOH CH3COO + H + CH3COO CH3COOH H + H + CH3COO CH3COOH [H + ] CH3COO + H + CH3COOH OH - OH CH3COOH [OH - ] CH3COOH + OH CH3COO + H2O 15
2 ph H2CO3 HCO3 + H + HCO3 + H + H2CO3 H2CO3 H2CO3 16
H2CO3 CO2 + H2O CO2 H2CO3 CO2 + H2O CO2 [H + ] H2CO3 + OH HCO3 + H2O HCO3 OH CO2 H2PO4 HPO4 2 + H + HPO4 2 + H + H2PO4 H2PO4 H2PO4 + OH HPO4 2 + H2O HPO4 2 H + 17
ph DNA ph ph 18
1. (1) CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O + (2) NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH (3) HSO4 + H2O SO4 2 + H3O + 2. ph H + OH - (1) ph 1 (2) ph 5 (3) ph 7 (4) ph 9 (5) ph 12 3. ph (1) [H + ]=0.01 mol L 1 (2) [H + ]=1 10 9 mol L 1 (3) [OH ]=1 10 4 mol L -1 4. 3.65 g HCl 500 ml NaOH HCl 36.5 g mol -1 NaOH 40.0 g mol 1 5. 9.8 g H2SO4 500 ml KOH H2SO4 98.0 g mol 1 KOH 56.1 g mol 1 6. 4.00 g NaOH 200 ml 5.00 mol L 1 HNO3 5.00 mol L 1 NaOH 40.0 g mol 1 7. H2SO4 100 ml 0.10 mol L 1 NaOH 250 ml 1. (1) CH3COOH H3O + H2O CH3COO (2) H2O NH4 + NH3 OH (3) HSO4 H3O + H2O SO4 2 2. H+ (1) 1 10 1 mol L -1 (2) 1 10 5 mol L -1 (3) 1 10 7 mol L -1 (4) 1 10 9 mol L -1 (5) 1 10 12 mol L -1 OH (1) 1 10 13 mol L -1 (2) 1 10 9 mol L -1 (3) 1 10 7 mol L -1 (4) 1 10 5 mol L -1 (5) 1 10 2 mol L -1 3. (1) ph= log[h + ] = log 0.01 = log10 2 = 2 19
(0.0125 mol)/(0.100 L) = 0.125 mol L 1 = 1.25 10 1 mol L -1 (2) ph= log[h + ] = log 10 9 = 9 (3) [H + ]=[OH ]/Kw = (1 10-4 mol L -1 )/(1 10-14 mol 2 L 2 ) = 1 10 10 mol L 1 4. HCl (3.65 g)/(36.5 g mol -1 ) = 0.100 mol HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl HCl NaOH 0.100 mol (40.0 g mol -1 )(0.100 mol) = 4.00 g 5. H2SO4 (9.8 g)/(98.0 g mol 1 ) = 0.100 mol H2SO4 + 2KOH 2H2O + K2SO4 H2SO4 2 KOH (2)(0.100 mol) = 0.200 mol (56.1 g mol 1 )(0.200 mol) = 11.22 g = 11.2 g 6. 4.00 g NaOH (4.00 g)/(40.0 g mol 1 ) = 0.100 mol NaOH + HNO3 H2O + NaNO3 NaOH HNO3 0.100 mol V (5.00 mol L 1 )(V) = 0.100 mol V = (0.100 mol)/(5.00 mol L 1 ) = 0.0200 L = 20.0 ml 7. NaOH (0.10 mol L 1 )(0.250 L) = 0.0250 mol H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4 H2SO4 (1/2)(0.0250 mol) = 0.0125 mol 100 ml 20